Choj |
German Choral, lig Lat. cantus choralis - choral chant
Lub npe dav dav ntawm cov tsoos (canonized) monophonic chants ntawm Western Christian Church (qee zaum kuj lawv cov kev npaj polyphonic). Tsis zoo li ntau yam ntawm sab ntsuj plig nkauj, X. yog ua nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj thiab yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev pab cuam, uas txiav txim siab qhov zoo nkauj. zoo X. Muaj 2 lub ntsiab. hom X. – Gregorian (saib Gregorian chant), uas coj zoo nyob rau hauv thawj centuries ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm lub Catholic. Cov tsev teev ntuj (German Gregorianischer Choral, Lus Askiv hu nkauj gregorian, suab paj nruag, suab paj nruag, suab paj nruag, suab paj nruag Fabkis txoj grégorien, plain-chant, Italian canto gregoriano, Spanish canto piano), thiab Protestant chant tsim thaum lub sij hawm Reformation era (German Choral, lus Askiv chorale, nkauj hu nkauj. , Fabkis choral, Italian corale, Spanish coral protestante). Lub sij hawm "X." tau dhau los ua ntau yam tom qab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov phenomena txhais los ntawm nws. Thaum xub thawj (los ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th) qhov no tsuas yog ib qho lus qhia qhia tus neeg ua yeeb yam. kev sib xyaw (choral - choral). Maj mam, lo lus ua ntau universal, thiab los ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. Nyob rau hauv ltalis thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees, cov lus qhia cantus choralis pom, uas txhais tau hais tias ib lub taub hau. suab paj nruag unmetrized as opposed to polygonal. mensural (musica mensurabilis, cantus mensurabilis), kuj hu ua figurative (cantus figuratus). Nrog rau nws, txawm li cas los xij, cov lus txhais thaum ntxov tseem raug khaws cia: musica plana, cantus planus, cantus gregorianus, cantus firmus. Siv rau polygonal ua ntawm Gregorian X. lo lus tau siv txij li xyoo pua 16th. (eg, choralis Constantinus X. Isaac). Thawj cov thawj coj ntawm Kev Hloov Kho tsis tau lub npe Protestant chants X. (Luther hu ua lawv korrekt canticum, psalmus, German nkauj; nyob rau lwm lub teb chaws cov npe chant ecclésiastique, Calvin cantique, thiab lwm yam.); hais txog Protestant hu nkauj, lo lus yog siv nrog con. 16th caug xyoo (Osiander, 1586); nrog con. XVIII xyoo pua X. yog hu ua polygon. kev npaj ntawm Protestant suab paj nruag.
Keeb kwm lub luag hauj lwm ntawm X. yog loj heev: nrog X. thiab choral npaj nyob rau hauv lub txhais tau tias. tsawg kawg cuam tshuam nrog kev loj hlob ntawm Tebchaws Europe. composer tus kos duab, nrog rau cov evolution ntawm hom, qhov tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm counterpoint, kev sib raug zoo, suab paj nruag. daim ntawv. Gregorian X. absorbed los yog relegated rau keeb kwm yav dhau los chronologically ze thiab zoo nkauj hais txog phenomena: Ambrosian hu nkauj, Mozarabic (nws tau txais ua ntej lub xyoo pua 11th nyob rau hauv Spain; qhov ciaj sia taus - Leon antiphonary ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th tsis tuaj yeem deciphered los ntawm suab paj nruag) thiab Gallican hu nkauj. , ob peb cov qauv nyeem ua tim khawv rau qhov kev ywj pheej ntau dua ntawm cov suab paj nruag los ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, uas tau nyiam los ntawm qee yam ntawm Gallican liturgy. Gregorian X. yog qhov txawv ntawm nws lub hom phiaj loj, tus cwj pwm tsis zoo (qhov tseem ceeb sib npaug rau tag nrho cov zej zog kev ntseeg). Raws li cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm pawg ntseeg Catholic, qhov pom tsis tau "qhov tseeb los saum ntuj los" tau tshwm sim hauv "kev pom ntawm sab ntsuj plig", uas txhais tau hais tias tsis muaj nyob hauv X. ntawm txhua yam kev xav, tib neeg tus kheej; Nws manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv "Vajtswv txoj lus", yog li ntawd X. lub suab paj nruag yog subordinate rau cov ntawv liturgical, thiab X. yog zoo li qub nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev raws li "invariably ib zaug hais los ntawm Vajtswv lo lus." X. - monodic foob ("qhov tseeb yog ib qho"), tsim los cais tus neeg los ntawm kev muaj tiag txhua hnub, kom tsis txhob muaj kev xav ntawm lub zog ntawm "cov leeg nqaij" txav, tshwm sim hauv kev sib dhos. tsis tu ncua.
Lub suab nkauj ntawm Gregorian X. yog thawj zaug contradictory: lub fluidity, lub continuation ntawm lub melodic tag nrho yog nyob rau hauv kev sib sau nrog cov txheeb ze. kev ywj pheej ntawm cov suab uas tsim cov suab paj nruag; X. yog qhov tshwm sim tshwm sim: txhua lub suab (nruam, nws tus kheej txaus nyob rau lub sijhawm) "dhau mus" yam tsis muaj kab mus rau lwm qhov, thiab ua haujlwm zoo. qhov dependence ntawm lawv yog manifested tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub melodic tag nrho; saib Tenor (1), Tuba (4), Repercussion (2), Medianta (2), Finalis. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb (lub suab paj nruag muaj suab-nres) thiab txuas ntxiv (kev xa tawm ntawm txoj kab "kab rov tav") yog lub hauv paus ntawm X.'s predisposition rau polyphony, yog hais tias nws yog to taub raws li inseparability. ntawm melodic. tam sim no ("kab rov tav") thiab harmonic. filling (" ntsug"). Yog tias tsis txo cov keeb kwm ntawm polyphony rau choral kab lis kev cai, nws tuaj yeem sib cav tias X. yog cov khoom ntawm prof. counterpoint. Qhov yuav tsum tau ntxiv dag zog, condense lub suab ntawm X. tsis yog los ntawm theem pib (piv txwv li, intensification ntawm dynamics), tab sis ntau radically - los ntawm multiplication (doubling, tripling nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm los yog lwm yam), ua rau mus dhau qhov txwv ntawm monody ( saib Organum, Gimel, Faubourdon). Lub siab xav ua kom siab tshaj qhov ntim ntawm X. lub suab qhov chaw ua rau nws tsim nyog rau txheej melodic. kab (saib counterpoint), qhia imitations (zoo ib yam li foundations hauv painting). Keeb kwm, ib-paus xyoo lub koom haum X. thiab kos duab ntawm polyphony tau tsim, manifesting nws tus kheej tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ntau yam choral kev npaj, tab sis kuj (nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau broad kev txiav txim siab) nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb warehouse ntawm muses. xav: hauv polyphony. suab paj nruag (xws li suab paj nruag tsis cuam tshuam nrog X.), kev tsim cov duab yog txheej txheem ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab uas tsis ua rau muaj qhov zoo tshiab (qhov tshwm sim tseem zoo ib yam rau nws tus kheej, txij li kev xa mus cuam tshuam nrog kev txhais cov ntsiab lus, tab sis tsis yog nws qhov kev tsis pom zoo. ). Ib yam li X. yog tsim los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm ib qho. cov duab melodic, polyphonic cov ntaub ntawv (nrog rau cov fugue tom qab) kuj muaj variational thiab variant hauv paus. Lub polyphony ntawm ib tug nruj style, unthinkable sab nraum lub cua ntawm X., yog qhov tshwm sim rau cov suab paj nruag ntawm Zap coj. European Gregorian X.
Tshiab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm X. yog vim qhov pib ntawm Reformation, uas mus rau ib tug degree los yog lwm yam npog tag nrho cov teb chaws ntawm sab hnub poob. Teb chaws Europe. Cov postulates ntawm Protestantism txawv txawv ntawm cov Catholic, thiab qhov no yog ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau lub peculiarities ntawm Protestant X. lus thiab lub meej pem, nquag assimilation ntawm pej xeem nkauj suab paj nruag (saib Luther M.) immeasurably ntxiv dag zog rau lub siab lub ntsws thiab tus kheej lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv X. (cov zej zog ncaj qha, tsis muaj ib tug pov thawj intermediary, thov Vajtswv). Syllabic. lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub koom haum, nyob rau hauv uas muaj ib lub suab ib lub suab, nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm lub predominance ntawm poetic ntawv, txiav txim siab lub normality ntawm meter thiab lub dissection ntawm phrasing. Raws li kev ua suab paj nruag txhua hnub, qhov twg ua ntej thiab nquag tshaj li cov suab paj nruag tshaj lij, cov suab nrov homophonic-harmonic tau tshwm sim. tendencies, lub suab paj nruag choral tau txais ib qho yooj yim chord tsim. Kev txhim kho rau kev ua tau zoo ntawm X. los ntawm tag nrho cov zej zog, tsis suav nrog txoj kev polyphonic. kev nthuav qhia, nyiam qhov kev ua tiav ntawm qhov muaj zog no: kev coj ua ntawm 4 lub hom phiaj tau nthuav dav. kev sib haum xeeb ntawm X., uas tau pab txhawb rau kev tsim homophony. Qhov no tsis tau txiav txim siab tawm daim ntawv thov rau Protestant X. ntawm kev paub ntau ntawm polyphonic. ua, sau nyob rau hauv lub dhau los era, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Protestant suab paj nruag (choral prelude, cantata, "passions"). Protestant X. los ua lub hauv paus ntawm nat. prof. art-va Lub teb chaws Yelemees, Czech koom pheej (lub harbinger ntawm Protestant X. yog Hussite nkauj), pab txhawb rau kev tsim suab paj nruag. kab lis kev cai ntawm Netherlands, Switzerland, Fabkis, Great Britain, Poland, Hungary thiab lwm lub tebchaws.
Pib los ntawm ser. XVIII xyoo pua cov masters loj yuav luag tsis tig mus rau X., thiab yog tias nws tau siv, ces, raws li txoj cai, hauv kev coj noj coj ua. hom ntawv (piv txwv li, hauv Mozart's requiem). Yog vim li cas (sib nrug los ntawm qhov tseeb paub zoo tias JS Bach coj kev kos duab ntawm kev ua X. mus rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws zoo tshaj plaws) yog tias qhov kev zoo nkauj ntawm X. (qhov tseem ceeb, lub ntiaj teb kev pom hauv X.) tau dhau los lawm. Muaj kev sib sib zog nqus. cov hauv paus hniav ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv uas tshwm sim hauv suab paj nruag hauv nruab nrab. 18th caug xyoo (saib Baroque, Classicism), nyob rau hauv feem ntau daim ntawv manifested nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub dominance ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev loj hlob. Kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntsiab lus raws li kev ua txhaum ntawm nws txoj kev ncaj ncees (ie, symphonic-kev loj hlob, thiab tsis choral-variational), muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo. ib qho kev hloov pauv hauv cov duab qub (qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo ib yam rau nws tus kheej) - cov khoom no txawv cov suab paj nruag tshiab thiab yog li tsis lees paub cov qauv kev xav ntawm lub sijhawm dhau los thiab embodied feem ntau hauv kev xav, metaphysical X. Hauv suab paj nruag. ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. qhov kev thov rov hais dua rau X., raws li txoj cai, tau txiav txim los ntawm qhov kev zov me nyuam ("Reformation Symphony" los ntawm Mendelssohn) lossis los ntawm cov phiaj xwm (opera "Huguenots" los ntawm Meyerbeer). Choral quotations, feem ntau cov Gregorian sequent Dies irae, tau siv los ua ib lub cim nrog ib tug zoo-tsim semantics; X. tau siv ntau zaus thiab ntau txoj hauv kev los ua ib yam khoom ntawm stylization (thaum pib ntawm 19st act of the opera The Nuremberg Mastersingers by Wagner). Lub tswv yim ntawm chorality tsim, uas ua rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm X. - chordal warehouse, unhurried, ntsuas txav, thiab hnyav ntawm tus cwj pwm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb sib txawv: lub chorality tau txais txiaj ntsig raws li tus neeg ntawm pob zeb (kev tshaj tawm-fantasy "Romeo thiab Juliet" los ntawm Tchaikovsky), txhais tau hais tias ua kom lub siab nyiam (fp. Prelude, chorale thiab fugue los ntawm Frank. ) los yog lub xeev kev sib cais thiab kev quaj ntsuag (1nd ib feem ntawm symphony No 2 Bruckner), qee zaum, ua ib qho kev qhia ntawm sab ntsuj plig, kev dawb huv, tau tawm tsam rau kev sensual, kev txhaum, rov tsim dua los ntawm lwm txoj kev, tsim kev nyiam romantic. antithesis (operas Tannhäuser, Parsifal los ntawm Wagner), qee zaus los ua lub hauv paus ntawm grotesque dluab - romantic (qhov kawg ntawm Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony) los yog satirical (kev hu nkauj ntawm Jesuits hauv "Scene hauv Kromy" los ntawm Mussorgsky's "Boris Godunov") . Romanticism tau qhib qhov kev nthuav qhia zoo hauv kev sib txuas ntawm X. nrog cov cim ntawm decomp. ib hom ntawv (X. thiab fanfare nyob rau sab ib feem ntawm Liszt lub sonata nyob rau hauv h-moll, X. thiab lullaby nyob rau hauv g-moll nocturne op. 4 Tsis yog 15 los ntawm Chopin, thiab lwm yam).
Nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th X. thiab chorality tseem yog ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm kev txhais lus Ch. arr. asceticism loj heev (Gregorian nyob rau hauv ntsuj plig, lub 1 lub zog ntawm Stravinsky lub Symphony ntawm Psalms), sab ntsuj plig (lub hom phiaj sublime xaus chorus los ntawm Mahler lub 8th symphony) thiab contemplation ("Es sungen drei Engel" nyob rau hauv lub 1st zog thiab "Laemuda Sion" Salvator Qhov kawg ntawm Hindemith's symphony "The Painter Mathis". Qhov tsis meej ntawm X., piav qhia los ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm romantics, hloov mus rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th. mus rau hauv semantic universality: X. raws li ib tug mysterious thiab muaj yeeb yuj yam ntxwv ntawm lub sij hawm thiab qhov chaw ntawm kev txiav txim. (fp. prelude "Lub Sunken Cathedral" los ntawm Debussy), X. raws li lub hauv paus ntawm suab paj nruag. ib daim duab qhia kev lim hiam, ruthlessness ("Crusaders hauv Pskov" los ntawm cantata "Alexander Nevsky" los ntawm Prokofiev). khoom ntawm parody (4th variation los ntawm symphonic paj huam "Don Quixote" los ntawm R. Strauss; "Zaj dab neeg ntawm ib tug tub rog" los ntawm Stravinsky), muaj nyob rau hauv Op. raws li ib tug collage (X. "Es ist genung, Herr, wenn es dir gefällt” los ntawm Bach's Cantata No. 60 hauv qhov kawg ntawm Berg's Violin Concert o).
References: saib ntawm Art. Ambrosian hu nkauj, Gregorian chant, Protestant chant.
TS Kyuregyan
