Vasily Alekseevich Pashkevich |

Vasily Pashkevich

Nws paub rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb uas muaj kev pom kev muaj txiaj ntsig zoo npaum li cas thiab, ntxiv rau, kev ua yeeb yam lom zem ua yeeb yam ... Qhov no yog daim iav uas txhua tus tuaj yeem pom lawv tus kheej kom pom tseeb ... vices, tsis hwm, yog nyob mus ib txhis nthuav tawm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam rau kev coj ncaj ncees thiab peb kev kho. Zaj Lus Qhia 1787

Lub xyoo pua 1756 yog suav tias yog lub sijhawm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, tab sis txawm tawm tsam qhov kev xav ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm ntau hom thiab hom, kev hlub thoob plaws tebchaws rau Lavxias teb sab comic opera, yug hauv peb lub xyoo pua xeem, xav tsis thoob nrog nws lub zog. thiab tsis tu ncua. Cov teeb meem mob hnyav tshaj plaws ntawm peb lub sijhawm - kev ua qhev, kev pe hawm ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws, kev ua lag luam arbitrariness, kev ua phem nyob mus ib txhis ntawm noob neej - avarice, kev ntshaw, kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj thiab kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj - xws li yog qhov ntau ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv thawj lub tsev comic. ua yeeb yam. Ntawm cov creators ntawm hom no, ib qho chaw tseem ceeb belongs rau V. Pashkevich, composer, violinist, conductor, singer thiab xib fwb. Nws ntau yam kev ua ub no tshuav ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov suab paj nruag Lavxias. Txawm li cas los xij, peb paub tsawg heev txog tus neeg sau lub neej txog niaj hnub no. Yuav luag tsis muaj dab tsi paub txog nws keeb kwm thiab xyoo ntxov. Raws li cov lus qhia ntawm lub suab paj nruag historian N. Findeisen, nws yog feem ntau lees tias nyob rau hauv 1763 Pashkevich nkag mus rau hauv lub tsev hais plaub kev pab cuam. Nws yog qhov tseeb paub tias nyob rau hauv 1773 tus tub ntxhais hluas tshuab raj yog ib tug violinist nyob rau hauv lub tsev hais plaub "pob" orchestra. Hauv 74-XNUMX. Pashkevich qhia hu nkauj ntawm Academy of Arts, thiab tom qab ntawd tom Tsev Hais Plaub Hu Nkauj Chapel. Nws kho nws txoj kev kawm ua lub luag haujlwm, uas tau sau tseg hauv cov lus piav qhia ntawm tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag los ntawm tus kws tshuaj xyuas Academy: "… Mr. Pashkevich, tus kws qhia hu nkauj ... ua nws txoj haujlwm zoo thiab ua txhua yam ua tau los pab txhawb rau nws cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav ... " Tab sis lub ntsiab teb nyob rau hauv uas tus artist lub peev xwm nthuav tawm yog - Qhov no yog ib tug ua yeeb yam.

Xyoo 1779-83. Pashkevich koom tes nrog Free Russian Theatre, K. Knipper. Rau qhov kev koom ua ke no, koom tes nrog cov neeg ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws Y. Knyazhnin thiab M. Matinsky, tus kws sau nkauj tau tsim nws cov yeeb yaj kiab zoo tshaj plaws. Nyob rau hauv 1783, Pashkevich los ua ib tug tsev hais plaub chamber tshuab raj, ces yog ib tug "chapel tswv ntawm ballroom suab paj nruag", ib tug violinist-reegitator nyob rau hauv tsev neeg ntawm Catherine II. Thaum lub sij hawm no, tus composer twb yog ib tug authoritative suab paj nruag uas tau txais kev lees paub thoob plaws thiab txawm tau txais qib ntawm collegiate ntsuam xyuas. Thaum pib ntawm lub 3s thiab 80s. Pashkevich cov hauj lwm tshiab rau kev ua yeeb yam tau tshwm sim - operas raws li cov ntawv ntawm Catherine II: vim muaj txoj haujlwm nyob hauv lub tsev hais plaub, tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag raug yuam kom hu nkauj rau tus huab tais me ntsis kev kos duab thiab cov neeg sau ntawv. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Catherine, tus kws sau ntawv raug tso tawm tam sim ntawd yam tsis muaj nyiaj laus thiab tuag sai tom qab.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag cov cuab yeej cuab tam muaj tswv yim yog operas, txawm hais tias tsis ntev los no cov nkauj hu nkauj tau tsim rau Lub Tsev Hais Plaub Hu Nkauj Chapel - Mass thiab 5 concerts rau plaub feem hu nkauj kuj tau paub. Txawm li cas los xij, xws li kev nthuav dav ntawm hom ntau yam tsis hloov lub ntsiab lus: Pashkevich feem ntau yog tus kws ua yeeb yaj kiab ua yeeb yaj kiab, tus neeg xav tsis thoob thiab txawj ntse ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem zoo heev. 2 hom kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Pashkevich yog qhov txawv heev: ntawm ib sab, cov no yog cov comic operas ntawm kev coj noj coj ua, ntawm qhov tod tes, ua haujlwm rau lub tsev hais plaub ua yeeb yam ("Fevey" - 1786, "Fedul nrog Cov Me Nyuam" - 1791 , ua ke nrog V. Martin-i-Soler ; suab paj nruag rau kev ua yeeb yam "Oleg's Initial Management" - 1790, ua ke nrog C. Canobbio thiab J. Sarti). Vim yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm libretto, cov kev ua yeeb yam no tau tshwm sim tsis zoo, txawm hais tias lawv muaj ntau cov suab paj nruag pom thiab cais qhov ci ci. Kev ua yeeb yam ntawm lub tsev hais plaub tau txawv ntawm qhov khoom kim heev uas tsis tau pom dua. Ib tus neeg xav tsis thoob tau sau txog Fevey opera: "Kuv yeej tsis tau pom ib lub spectacle ntau haiv neeg thiab zoo kawg li, muaj ntau tshaj li tsib puas leej neeg nyob rau theem! Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv lub auditorium ... peb txhua tus ua ke muaj tsawg tshaj li tsib caug tus neeg saib: tus empress yog intractable heev txog kev nkag mus rau nws Hermitage. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov operas no tsis tau tawm ntawm qhov cim pom hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag. Txoj hmoo sib txawv tos txog 4 zaj yeeb yaj kiab comic - "Kev txom nyem los ntawm Carriage" (1779, lib. Y. Knyazhnina), "The Miser" (c. 1780, lib. Y. Knyazhnin tom qab JB Molière), "Tunisian Pasha" (suab paj nruag. tsis khaws cia, libre los ntawm M. Matinsky), "Raws li koj nyob, yog li koj yuav paub, lossis St. Petersburg Gostiny Dvor" (1st edition – 1782, score not preserved, 2nd edition – 1792, libre. M. Matinsky) . Txawm hais tias muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb thiab ib hom ntawv sib txawv, tag nrho cov neeg sau ntawv comic operas raug cim los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm accusatory orientation. Lawv hais txog tus cwj pwm thiab kev coj noj coj ua uas tau thuam los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv Lavxias ua thawj ntawm xyoo pua XNUMX. Tus kws sau paj huam thiab tus kws sau nkauj A. Sumarokov tau sau tias:

Xav txog ib tug soulless tus neeg ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim, Ib tug kws txiav txim uas tsis to taub hais tias sau nyob rau hauv tsab cai Qhia kuv ib tug dandy uas lifts nws lub qhov ntswg Yuav ua li cas tag nrho cov xyoo pua xav txog cov plaub hau kev zoo nkauj. Qhia rau kuv zoo siab bloated zoo li Qav Tus miser uas yog npaj txhij rau hauv ib lub suab rau ib nrab.

Tus kws sau nkauj tau hloov lub ntsej muag ntawm lub ntsej muag mus rau theem theatrical, zoo siab hloov pauv qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub neej mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ntawm cov duab zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj nrog lub zog ntawm cov suab paj nruag. Luag ntawm qhov tsim nyog ntawm kev thuam, cov neeg mloog tib lub sijhawm qhuas qhov kev sib haum xeeb ntawm lub suab paj nruag tag nrho.

Tus kws sau nkauj muaj peev xwm qhia tau cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm tus neeg los ntawm kev siv suab paj nruag, qhia txog kev loj hlob ntawm kev xav, kev hloov pauv ntawm tus ntsuj plig. Nws comic operas nyiam nrog kev ncaj ncees thiab theem kev ntseeg siab ntawm txhua yam, txhua yam khoom siv suab paj nruag. Lawv tau xav txog tus kws sau ntawv qhov kev txawj ntse ntawm orchestral thiab kev sau suab, kev ua haujlwm zoo, thiab kev xav zoo. Lub veracity ntawm socio-psychological yam ntxwv ntawm lub heroes, rhiab heev embodied nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag, ruaj rau Pashkevich lub yeeb koob ntawm lub Dargomyzhsky XVIII caug xyoo. Nws daim duab rightfully belongs rau lub siab tshaj plaws piv txwv ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai ntawm lub era ntawm classicism.

N. Zabolotnaya