Kev kub ntxhov |

los ntawm lat. temperation - qhov tseeb ratio, proportionality

Alignment ntawm lub caij sib raug zoo ntawm cov kauj ruam ntawm lub suab suab hauv suab paj nruag. Kev txiav txim. T. yam ntxwv ntawm cov theem tom ntej hauv kev loj hlob ntawm txhua tus muses. systems: los hloov cov "natural" systems (piv txwv li, Pythagorean, ntshiab, ie e. Raws li lub sij hawm los ntawm lub ntuj scale), dag, tempered scales tuaj - tsis sib xws thiab uniform T. (12-, 24-, 36-, 48-, 53-ceev, thiab lwm yam). Qhov xav tau rau T. tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov kev cai ntawm muses. hnov, nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub suab-altitude suab paj nruag. systems, txhais tau tias ntawm suab paj nruag. kev nthuav qhia, nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab ib hom ntawv thiab, thaum kawg, nrog kev txhim kho suab paj nruag. cov cuab yeej. Yog li, hauv Dr. Tim Nkij teb chaws, nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm ib tug zoo meej tuning ntawm lub tetrachord, Aristoxenus npaj muab faib ib quart rau 60 qhov sib npaug thiab rau ob b. vib nas this (a – g, g – f) xaiv 24 shares, thiab rau m. vib nas this (f – e) – 12; xyaum nws yog heev ze rau niaj hnub. 12-ceev uniform T. Cov kev tshawb fawb hnyav tshaj plaws hauv thaj tsam ntawm T. belongs rau 16th-18th centuries. e. los ntawm lub sijhawm tsim ntawm homophonic-harmonic. warehouse, kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv loj ntawm cov suab paj nruag. ntau lawm, tsim kom tiav qhov loj-me ntawm cov yuam sij. Hauv yav dhau los siv Pythagorean thiab ntshiab tunings (cf. Stroy) muaj qhov siab me me qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke. lus (cf. Enharmonism), tsis sib xws hauv qhov siab, piv txwv li, lub suab nws thiab c, dis thiab es. Cov kev sib txawv no tseem ceeb heev los qhia. kev ua suab paj nruag, tab sis lawv hampered txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub tonal thiab harmonic. systems; Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tsim cov twj paj nruag nrog ob peb lub kaum os tus yuam sij ib octave, los yog tso tseg kev hloov mus rau cov yuam sij nyob deb. Ua ntej, tsis sib xws T. musicians sim ua kom tus nqi ntawm b. qhov thib peb yog tib yam li nyob rau hauv lub ntshiab tuning (Temperament A. Shlyka, P. Arona, midtone T. thiab lwm yam); rau qhov no, qhov loj ntawm qee qhov thib tsib hloov me ntsis. Txawm li cas los xij, dep. fifths sounded heev tawm ntawm lub suab (ie, Mr. hma tsib). Hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej, eg. hauv midtone T., b. qhov thib peb ntawm ib tug ntshiab tuning tau muab faib ua ob lub suab tag nrho ntawm tib qhov loj. Nws kuj ua rau nws tsis tuaj yeem siv txhua tus yuam sij. A. Werkmeister thiab kuv. Neidhardt (ib. 17 – lus. 18 centuries) tso tseg b. thib peb ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntshiab thiab pib faib Pythagorean comma ntawm decomp. tsib. Yog li, lawv xyaum tau los ze rau 12-ceev uniform T. Nyob rau hauv 12-kauj ruam sib npaug-tempered tuning, tag nrho cov ntshiab fifths raug txo nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog lub thib tsib los ntawm lub ntuj scale los ntawm 1/12 ntawm lub Pythagorean comma (kwv yees 2 xees, los yog 1/100 ntawm tag nrho cov suab); Lub kaw lus kaw, lub octave tau muab faib ua 12 qhov sib npaug semitones, txhua lub sijhawm ntawm tib lub npe tau ua tib yam loj. Hauv qhov system no, koj tuaj yeem siv tag nrho cov yuam sij thiab chords ntawm feem ntau decomp. cov qauv, tsis ua txhaum txoj cai tsim rau kev nkag siab ntawm lub sijhawm thiab tsis cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov twj paj nruag nrog lub suab ntawm lub suab (xws li lub cev, clavier, harp). Ib qho ntawm thawj qhov tseeb heev ntawm 12-ceev T. tsim los ntawm M. Mersenne (17th caug xyoo); lub rooj ntawm kev txav mus los ntawm lub voj voog thib tsib nrog rov qab mus rau qhov chaw pib tau muab tso rau hauv nws "Music Grammar" los ntawm N. Diletsky (1677). Thawj qhov ci ntsa iab ntawm kev kos duab. kev siv cov tempered system tau ua los ntawm I. C. Bach (Lub Well-Tempered Clavier, ch. 1, 1722). 12-ceev T. tseem yog qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws rau qhov teeb meem system. Qhov no T. tsim cov xwm txheej rau kev loj hlob ntxiv ntawm modal harmonic. systems nyob rau hauv lub 19th thiab 20th centuries. Thaum hu nkauj thiab ntaus twj paj nruag nrog lub suab tsis tas, cov tshuab raj siv lub npe hu ua. Mr. cheeb tsam system, nyob rau hauv kev sib raug rau Krom tempered system yog ib tug tshwj xeeb rooj plaub. Nyob rau hauv lem, T. kuj cuam tshuam rau cheeb tsam qauv, txiav txim siab qhov nruab nrab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kauj ruam zones. Tsim los ntawm N. A. Garbuzov theoretician. lub tswvyim ntawm lub zonal xwm ntawm lub suab hnov ​​(saib. Zone) tau ua kom paub txog psychophysiological. lub hauv paus ntawm 12-ceev T. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws ntseeg tias qhov system no tsis tuaj yeem ua qhov zoo tagnrho. Rau lub hom phiaj ntawm overcoming intonation. qhov tsis zoo ntawm 12-ceev T. tunings tau tsim nrog ntau dua ntawm tempered kauj ruam ib octave. Qhov nthuav tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab ke nrog 53 cov kauj ruam hauv octave, thov los ntawm N. Mercator (18th caug xyoo), Sh. Tanaka thiab R. Bosanquet (19th caug xyoo); nws tso cai rau koj kom rov tsim dua cov ntu ntawm Pythagorean, huv si thiab 12-kauj ruam sib npaug ntawm kev sib tw.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th kev sim los tsim qhov sib txawv. xaiv T. txuas ntxiv mus. Hauv Czechoslovakia hauv 20s A. Khaba tau tsim 1/4-tone, 1/3-tone, 1/6-tone thiab 1/12-tone systems. Hauv Sov. Union nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, AM Avraamov thiab GM Rimsky-Korsakov ua thwmsim nrog lub quarter-tone suab system; AS Ogolevets tau npaj 17- thiab 29-kauj ruam T. (1941), PP Baranovsky thiab EE Yutsevich – 21-kauj ruam (1956), EA Murzin – 72-kauj ruam system T. 1960).

References: Khaba A., Harmonic hauv paus ntawm lub quarter-tone system, "Rau shores tshiab", 1923, Tsis muaj 3, Shtein R., Quarter-tone music, ibid., Rimsky-Korsakov GM, Substantiation ntawm lub quarter-tone suab paj nruas system, hauv: De musisa. Vremnik tawm ntawm keeb kwm thiab kev xav ntawm suab paj nruag, vol. 1, L., 1925; ib. Ogolevets AS, Fundamentals of the harmonic language, M., 1941; nws, Introduction to modern music xav, M., 1946; Garbuzov NA, Intrazonal intonation lub rooj sib hais thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob, M. – L, 1951; Suab paj nruag Acoustics, ed. HA Garbuzova, M., 1954; Baranovsky PP, Yutsevich EE, Pitch analysis of the free melodic system, K., 1956; Sherman NS, Formation of a uniform temperament system, M., 1964; Pereverzev NK, Teeb meem ntawm suab paj nruag intonation, M., 1966; Riemann H., Katechismus der Akustik, Lpz., 1891, 1921

Yu. N. Rags