Scherzo |

ital. scherzo, lit. - tso dag

1) Nyob rau hauv lub 16-17 centuries. ib qho kev xaiv rau peb lub suab canzonets, nrog rau monophonic woks. plays ntawm cov ntawv ntawm ib tug playful, comic xwm. Cov qauv - los ntawm C. Monteverdi ("Musical scherzos" ("tso dag") - "Sherzi musicali, 1607), A. Brunelli (3 collections of 1-5-head. scherzos, arias, canzonettes and madrigals -" Scherzi, Arie, Canzonette e Madrigale”, 1613-14 thiab 1616), B. Marini (“Scherzo and canzonettes for 1 and 2 voices” – “Scherzi e canzonette a 1 e 2 voci”, 1622). Los ntawm qhov pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th S. kuj dhau los ua lub npe ntawm instr. ib daim nyob ze rau ib tug capriccio. Cov kws sau ntawv zoo li no yog A. Troilo (“Symphony, scherzo…” – “Sinfonie, scherzi”, 1608), I. Shenk (“Musical scherzos (jokes)” – “Scherzi musicali” for viola da gamba and bass, 1700 ) S. kuj tau suav nrog hauv instr. chav suite; Raws li ib feem ntawm kev ua haujlwm suite, nws muaj nyob hauv JS Bach (Partita No 3 rau clavier, 1728).

2) Los ntawm con. 18th caug xyoo ib qho ntawm qhov chaw (feem ntau yog 3rd) ntawm sonata-symphony. Lub voj voog - symphonies, sonatas, tsawg zaus concertos. Rau S. qhov loj me 3/4 lossis 3/8, nrawm nrawm, hloov suab paj nruag dawb. kev xav, qhia txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev npaj txhij txog, tam sim ntawd thiab ua rau S. hom muaj feem xyuam rau lub capriccio. Zoo li burlesque, S. feem ntau sawv cev rau kev hais lus lom zem hauv suab paj nruag - los ntawm kev lom zem kev ua si, tso dag mus rau grotesque, thiab txawm mus rau lub embodiment ntawm qus, phem, dab. duab. S. feem ntau yog sau nyob rau hauv 3-ntu daim ntawv, uas S. tsim nyog thiab nws repetition yog interspersed nrog ib tug trio ntawm calmer thiab lyrical. tus cwj pwm, qee zaum - hauv daim ntawv ntawm rondo nrog 2 decomp. trio. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov sonata-symphony. Lub voj voog thib peb yog minuet, nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm ntawm composers ntawm Viennese classic. tsev kawm ntawv, qhov chaw ntawm minuet tau maj mam coj los ntawm S. Nws ncaj qha loj hlob tawm ntawm minuet, nyob rau hauv uas cov yam ntxwv ntawm scherzoism tau tshwm sim thiab pib tshwm ntau dua. Xws li yog cov minuets ntawm lig sonata-symphonies. Lub voj voog ntawm J. Haydn, qee lub voj voog thaum ntxov ntawm L. Beethoven (1st piano sonata). Raws li lub npe ntawm ib feem ntawm lub voj voog, lub sij hawm "S." J. Haydn yog thawj tus siv hauv "Lavxias quartets" (op. 33, No. 2-6, 1781), tab sis cov s. nyob rau hauv essence tseem tsis tau txawv ntawm lub minuet. Nyob rau theem pib ntawm kev tsim ib hom ntawv, lub npe S. lossis Scherzando tau qee zaum hnav los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub voj voog, txhawb nqa qhov ntau thiab tsawg. Classic hom S. tsim nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm L. Beethoven, to-ry muaj ib tug meej nyiam rau hom ntawv no nyob rau hauv lub minuet. Nws tau txiav txim siab los qhia. S. possibilities, ntau dua nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau minuet, txwv los ntawm predominance. sphere ntawm "gallant" dluab. Qhov loj tshaj plaws masters ntawm S. raws li ib feem ntawm lub sonata-symphony. Lub voj voog nyob rau sab hnub poob yog tom qab F. Schubert, leej twg, txawm li cas los xij, nrog rau S. siv lub minuet, F. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, uas gravitated rau ib tug peculiar, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub teeb thiab airy scherzoism generated los ntawm fairy taleas motifs, thiab A. Bruckner. Nyob rau xyoo 19th S. feem ntau siv cov ntsiab lus qiv los ntawm cov lus dab neeg ntawm lwm lub teb chaws (F. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy's Scottish Symphony, 1842). S. tau txais kev nplua nuj nyob hauv Lavxias. symphonies. Ib hom ntawm lub teb chaws Qhov kev siv ntawm hom ntawv no tau muab los ntawm AP Borodin (S. los ntawm 2nd symphony), PI Tchaikovsky, uas suav nrog S. nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov symphonies thiab suites (them thib 3 ntawm 6th symphony tsis muaj npe S. , tab sis nyob rau hauv lub essence yog S., cov yam ntxwv ntawm uas yog ua ke ntawm no nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub peb hlis ntuj), AK Glazunov. S. muaj ntau yam. symphonies ntawm owls composers - N. Ya. Myaskovsky, SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich thiab lwm tus.

3) Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm romanticism, S. los ua ywj siab. suab paj nruag, ch. arr. rau fp. Thawj cov qauv ntawm xws li S. yog ze rau capriccio; hom S. no twb tsim los ntawm F. Schubert. F. Chopin tau txhais hom ntawv no rau hauv txoj kev tshiab. nws 4fp. S. puv nrog cov yeeb yam siab thiab feem ntau tsaus nti hauv cov xim xim hloov nrog cov suab nkauj sib zog. Fp. S. kuj sau R. Schumann, I. Brahms, los ntawm Lavxias teb sab. composers - MA Balakirev, PI Tchaikovsky, thiab lwm yam. Muaj S. thiab rau lwm yam twj paj nruag solo. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th S. tau tsim thiab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev ywj pheej. orc. ua si. Ntawm cov kws sau ntawv xws li S. yog F. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (S. los ntawm cov suab paj nruag rau W. Shakespeare's comedy A Midsummer Night's Dream), P. Duke (S. The Sorcerer's Apprentice), MP Mussorgsky, AK Lyadov thiab lwm tus.