György Ligeti |
Cov kws sau

György Ligeti |

György Ligeti

Hnub yug
28.05.1923
Hnub tuag
12.06.2006
Txoj hauj lwm
composer
Lub teb chaws
Hungary

György Ligeti |

Lub ntiaj teb suab ntawm Ligeti, qhib zoo li tus kiv cua, qhov kev xav ntawm nws lub suab paj nruag, nyuam qhuav hais tawm hauv cov lus, lub zog cosmic, qhia txog qhov xwm txheej txaus ntshai rau ib lossis ob lub sijhawm, muab cov ntsiab lus sib sib zog nqus thiab mob siab rau nws cov haujlwm txawm tias thaum xub thawj siab ib muag , lawv nyob deb ntawm dab tsi los yog kev tshwm sim. M. Pandey

D. Ligeti yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Western European composers ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Festivals thiab congresses, ntau yam kev tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb tau mob siab rau nws txoj haujlwm. Ligeti yog tus tswv ntawm ntau lub npe qhuas thiab khoom plig.

Tus kws sau nkauj tau kawm hauv Budapest High School of Music (1945-49). Txij li thaum 1956 nws tau nyob rau sab hnub poob, qhia ntau lub teb chaws, txij li xyoo 1973 nws tau ua haujlwm tas li ntawm Hamburg Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Suab paj nruag. Ligeti pib nws txoj hauj lwm ua ib tug staunch Bartokian nrog kev paub txog cov suab paj nruag classic. Nws tas li them tribute rau Bartok, thiab nyob rau hauv 1977 nws tsim ib hom suab paj nruas portrait ntawm tus composer nyob rau hauv lub ua yeeb yam "Monument" (Peb daim rau ob pianos).

Hauv 50s. Ligeti ua haujlwm ntawm Cologne electronic studio - tom qab ntawd nws tau hu nws thawj qhov kev sim "ntiv tes gymnastics", thiab tsis ntev los no tau tshaj tawm tias: "Kuv yuav tsis ua haujlwm nrog lub computer." Ligeti yog thawj qhov kev thuam ntawm qee hom kev sib xyaw ua ke, feem ntau hauv 50s. nyob rau sab hnub poob (serialism, aleatorics), mob siab rau kev tshawb fawb rau cov suab paj nruag ntawm A. Webern, P. Boulez thiab lwm tus. Thaum pib ntawm 60s. Ligeti xaiv txoj kev ywj pheej, tshaj tawm txoj kev rov qab los qhib suab paj nruag, hais txog tus nqi ntawm lub suab thiab xim. Nyob rau hauv "non-impressionistic" orchestral compositions "Lub zeem muag" (1958-59), "Atmospheres" (1961), uas coj nws lub koob meej thoob ntiaj teb, Ligeti nrhiav pom timbre-xim, spatial orchestral kev daws teeb meem raws li kev nkag siab zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem polyphonic, uas. tus composer hu ua "micropolyphony". Cov cag caj ces ntawm Ligeti lub tswv yim yog nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm C. Debussy thiab R. Wagner, B. Bartok thiab A. Schoenberg. Tus kws sau ntawv piav txog micropolyphony raws li hauv qab no: "polyphony tsim thiab kho nyob rau hauv cov qhab nia, uas yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov, peb tsis hnov ​​polyphony, tab sis nws tsim dab tsi ... ntawm nws yog muab zais rau hauv dej. Tab sis yuav ua li cas cov dej khov no zoo li, nws txav li cas, nws raug ntxuav los ntawm ntau yam dej ntws hauv dej hiav txwv - tag nrho cov no siv tsis tau tsuas yog rau nws pom, tab sis kuj rau nws qhov pom tsis tau. Tias yog vim li cas kuv thiaj hais tias: kuv cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg thiab txoj hauv kev sau cia yog qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, lawv khib nyiab. Kuv qhia ntau cov ntsiab lus uas lawv tsis hnov ​​los ntawm lawv tus kheej. Tab sis qhov tseeb tias cov ntsiab lus no tau qhia yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev xav tag nrho ... "

Tam sim no kuv xav txog lub tsev loj, qhov twg ntau cov ntsiab lus tsis pom. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv ua lub luag haujlwm feem ntau, tsim kom muaj kev xav zoo tag nrho. Ligeti's static compositions yog raws li cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv qhov ceev ntawm lub suab teeb meem, kev sib nrig sib hloov ntawm cov yeeb yuj ntim, dav hlau, me ntsis thiab masses, nyob rau hauv lub fluctuations ntawm lub suab thiab suab nrov: raws li tus composer, "cov thawj lub tswv yim yog hais txog dav branched labyrinths puv nrog. suab thiab suab nrov. " Maj mam thiab tam sim ntawd influxes, spatial transformations yog qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm lub suab paj nruas (lub sij hawm - saturation los yog lightness, ceev los yog sparseness, immobility los yog ceev ntawm nws ntws yog ncaj qha nyob ntawm seb cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub "musical labyrinths". ntawm 60s kuj tseem cuam tshuam nrog lub suab-xim xim xyoo: cais qhov chaw ntawm nws Requiem (1963-65), ua haujlwm orchestral "Lontano" (1967), uas cuam tshuam qee cov tswv yim ntawm "kev hlub niaj hnub no." Lawv qhia txog kev sib koom ua ke ntxiv, ciam teb. ntawm synesthesia, muaj nyob rau hauv tus tswv.

Cov theem tom ntej hauv Ligeti txoj hauj lwm tau cim kev hloov pauv mus rau qhov muaj zog. Txoj kev tshawb nrhiav yog txuas nrog cov suab paj nruag tsis txaus ntseeg hauv Adventures thiab New Adventures (1962-65) - cov nkauj rau cov neeg hu nkauj thiab cov cuab yeej cuab tam. Cov kev paub dhau los no hauv kev ua yeeb yam tsis txaus ntseeg tau ua rau txoj hauv kev rau cov yeeb yam tseem ceeb. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm lub sijhawm no yog Requiem, sib txuas cov tswv yim ntawm qhov zoo li qub thiab muaj zog muaj zog thiab ua yeeb yam.

Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub 60s. Ligeti pib ua hauj lwm nrog "kev hloov maj mam thiab tsis yooj yim dua polyphony", gravitating rau ntau dua simplicity thiab intimacy ntawm hais. Lub sijhawm no suav nrog Cov Cuam Tshuam rau txoj hlua orchestra lossis 12 tus neeg hu nkauj (1968-69), Melodies rau orchestra (1971), Chamber Concerto (1969-70), Ob Chav Concerto rau flute, oboe thiab orchestra (1972). Lub sijhawm no, tus kws sau nkauj tau ntxim nyiam los ntawm cov suab paj nruag C. Ives, raws li kev xav ntawm cov haujlwm orchestral "San Francisco Polyphony" (1973-74) tau sau. Ligeti xav ntau heev thiab txaus siab hais tawm ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm polystylistics thiab suab paj nruag collage. Cov txheej txheem collage hloov mus ua neeg txawv teb chaws heev rau nws - Ligeti nws tus kheej nyiam "kev xav, tsis yog cov lus hais, kev xav, tsis yog cov lus hais." Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no yog qhov ua yeeb yam The Great Dead Man (1978), ua tiav hauv Stockholm, Hamburg, Bologna, Paris, thiab London.

Tej hauj lwm ntawm lub 80s nrhiav tau cov lus qhia txawv: Trio rau violin, horn thiab piano (1982) - ib hom kev mob siab rau I. Brahms, indirectly txuas nrog lub ntsiab lus romantic Peb fantasies ntawm nqes los ntawm F. Hölderlin rau ib tug kaum rau-lub suab sib xyaw hu nkauj. cappella (1982), loyalty rau cov kab lig kev cai ntawm Hungarian suab paj nruag yog txhawb nqa los ntawm "Hungarian etudes" rau nqe lus los ntawm Ch. Veresh rau kev sib xyaw kaum rau-lub suab hu nkauj a cappella (1982).

Kev saib tshiab ntawm pianism yog qhia los ntawm piano etudes (Thawj Phau Ntawv - 1985, etudes No. 7 thiab No. 8 - 1988), refracting txawv tswv yim - los ntawm impressionistic pianism mus rau African suab paj nruag, thiab Piano Concerto (1985-88).

Ligeti lub tswv yim muaj tswv yim yog txhawb nqa los ntawm cov suab paj nruag los ntawm ntau lub sijhawm thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Kev sib koom ua ke uas tsis tuaj yeem, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov tswv yim thiab cov tswv yim nyob deb yog lub hauv paus ntawm nws cov ntawv sau, sib txuas cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg thiab kev xav pom tseeb.

M. Lobanova

Sau ntawv cia Ncua