Benjamin Britten |

Benjamin Britten

Cov hauj lwm ntawm B. Britten cim qhov kev txhawb siab ntawm Opera nyob rau hauv teb chaws Askiv, ib tug tshiab (tom qab peb centuries ntawm silence) nkag mus rau lus Askiv suab paj nruag mus rau lub ntiaj teb no theem. Raws li kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws thiab tau paub txog qhov dav tshaj plaws ntawm kev nthuav qhia niaj hnub no, Britten tsim ntau yam haujlwm hauv txhua hom.

Britten pib sau thaum muaj yim xyoo. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 12 xyoos nws tau sau "Simple Symphony" rau txoj hlua orchestra (2nd edition - 1934). Xyoo 1929, Britten nkag mus rau Royal College of Music (Conservatory), qhov chaw nws cov thawj coj yog J. Ireland (suab paj nruag) thiab A. Benjamin (piano). Xyoo 1933, tus kws sau ntawv muaj hnub nyoog kaum cuaj xyoo Sinfonietta tau ua, uas tau nyiam cov pej xeem nyiam. Nws tau ua raws los ntawm ntau chav ua haujlwm uas tau suav nrog hauv cov kev pabcuam ntawm cov suab paj nruag thoob ntiaj teb thiab tau tsim lub hauv paus rau European lub koob meej ntawm lawv tus kws sau ntawv. Cov thawj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Britten yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub suab chamber, clarity thiab conciseness ntawm daim ntawv, uas coj cov lus Askiv composer los ze zog mus rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm neoclassical kev taw qhia (I. Stravinsky, P. Hindemith). Hauv 30s. Britten sau ntau zaj nkauj rau kev ua yeeb yam thiab xinesmas. Nrog rau qhov no, tshwj xeeb mloog yog them rau chamber suab hom, qhov twg cov style ntawm yav tom ntej operas maj matures. Cov ntsiab lus, xim, thiab kev xaiv ntawm cov ntawv muaj ntau yam tshwj xeeb: Peb cov poj koob yawm txwv yog cov neeg tua tsiaj (1936) yog kev thuam thuam cov nom tswv; Lub voj voog "Illumination" ntawm nqe ntawm A. Rimbaud (1939) thiab "Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo" (1940). Britten mob siab kawm cov suab paj nruag pej xeem, ua lus Askiv, Scottish, Fabkis cov nkauj.

Xyoo 1939, thaum pib ua tsov ua rog, Britten tawm mus rau Tebchaws Meskas, qhov chaw nws nkag mus rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm kev muaj tswv yim txawj ntse. Raws li cov lus teb rau cov xwm txheej tragic uas nthuav tawm nyob rau sab av loj European, cantata Ballad of Heroes (1939) tau sawv, mob siab rau cov neeg tawm tsam tawm tsam fascism hauv Spain. 30s lig - ntxov 40s. instrumental music prevails in Britten's work: lub sij hawm no, piano thiab violin concertos, Symphony Requiem, "Canadian Carnival" rau orchestra, "Scottish Ballad" rau ob pianos thiab orchestra, 2 quartets, thiab lwm yam. Zoo li I. Stravinsky, Britten dawb siv cov cuab yeej cuab tam yav dhau los: qhov no yog li cas cov suites los ntawm cov suab paj nruag G. Rossini ("Musical Evenings" thiab "Musical Mornings") tshwm sim.

Xyoo 1942, tus kws sau nkauj tau rov qab los rau nws lub tebchaws thiab nyob hauv lub nroog ntug hiav txwv ntawm Aldborough, nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Askiv. Thaum tseem nyob hauv tebchaws Amelikas, nws tau txais kev txiav txim rau Peter Grimes, uas nws ua tiav xyoo 1945. Lub sijhawm ntawm Britten thawj qhov kev ua yeeb yam yog qhov tseem ceeb: nws tau kos npe rau kev txhawb siab ntawm lub teb chaws suab paj nruas ua yeeb yam, uas tsis tau tsim cov classical masterpieces txij li thaum. Lub sijhawm ntawm Purcell. Zaj dab neeg tu siab ntawm tus neeg nuv ntses Peter Grimes, ua raws txoj hmoo ( zaj dab neeg ntawm J. Crabbe ), tau tshoov siab rau tus kws sau nkauj los tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab suab paj nruag nrog lub suab nrov niaj hnub. Ntau yam kev lig kev cai ua raws li Britten ua rau cov suab paj nruag ntawm nws cov opera muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm cov style. Tsim cov dluab ntawm kev cia siab nyob ib leeg, kev poob siab, lub composer cia siab rau cov style ntawm G. Mahler, A. Berg, D. Shostakovich. Kev txawj ntse ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv, qhov tseeb qhia txog kev ua yeeb yam loj ua rau ib tus neeg nco qab G. Verdi. Lub refined pictorialism, colourfulness ntawm lub orchestra nyob rau hauv seascapes rov qab mus rau lub impressionism ntawm C. Debussy. Txawm li cas los xij, tag nrho cov no yog koom ua ke los ntawm tus thawj sau lub intonation, kev nkag siab ntawm cov xim tshwj xeeb ntawm British Isles.

Peter Grimes tau ua raws los ntawm chav ua yeeb yam: Lub Desecration of Lucretia (1946), satire Albert Herring (1947) ntawm zaj dab neeg ntawm H. Maupassant. Opera txuas ntxiv nyiam Britten mus rau qhov kawg ntawm nws lub hnub. Hauv 50-60s. Billy Budd (1951), Gloriana (1953), The Turn of the Screw (1954), Noah's Ark (1958), A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960, raws li kev ua yeeb yam los ntawm W. Shakespeare), chamber opera tshwm rau Carlew River ( 1964), ua yeeb yam The Prodigal Son (1968), mob siab rau Shostakovich, thiab Tuag hauv Venice (1970, tom qab T. Mann).

Britten yog dav lub npe hu ua ib tug enlightening tshuab raj. Zoo li S. Prokofiev thiab K. Orff, nws tsim ntau lub suab paj nruag rau cov menyuam yaus thiab cov hluas. Hauv nws cov suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam Let's Make an Opera (1948), cov neeg tuaj saib tau koom ncaj qha rau hauv cov txheej txheem ua yeeb yam. "Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Purcell" yog sau ua "kev qhia rau lub orchestra rau cov tub ntxhais hluas", qhia cov neeg mloog rau timbres ntawm ntau yam twj paj nruag. Rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm Purcell, nrog rau cov suab paj nruag Askiv thaum ub, Britten tig rov qab. Nws kho nws cov yeeb yam "Dido thiab Aeneas" thiab lwm yam hauj lwm, nrog rau ib tug tshiab version ntawm "The Beggar's Opera" los ntawm J. Gay thiab J. Pepusch.

Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Britten txoj haujlwm - kev tawm tsam tawm tsam kev ua phem, kev ua tsov ua rog, kev lees paub ntawm tus nqi ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis muaj zog thiab tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tib neeg - tau txais nws qhov kev qhia siab tshaj plaws hauv "War Requiem" (1961), qhov twg, nrog rau cov ntawv sau ib txwm muaj. cov kev pabcuam Catholic, W. Auden cov paj huam tawm tsam yog siv.

Ntxiv nrog rau kev sau, Britten ua tus ntaus piano thiab tus neeg xyuas pib, ncig xyuas ntau lub tebchaws. Nws rov mus xyuas USSR (1963, 1964, 1971). Qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib qho ntawm nws txoj kev mus rau Russia yog lub voj voog ntawm cov nkauj rau cov lus ntawm A. Pushkin (1965) thiab Third Cello Suite (1971), uas siv cov suab paj nruag Lavxias teb sab. Nrog kev txhawb siab ntawm Askiv ua yeeb yam, Britten tau los ua ib tus neeg tsim kho tshiab tshaj plaws ntawm ib hom ntawv hauv xyoo pua XNUMX. "Kuv txoj kev npau suav zoo siab yog los tsim ib daim ntawv ua yeeb yam uas yuav sib npaug rau Chekhov cov yeeb yam… Nws muab sijhawm rau tsom mus rau tib neeg kev puas siab puas ntsws. Tab sis qhov no yog qhov tseeb uas tau dhau los ua lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev kos duab niaj hnub. "

K. Zenkin