Sijhawm |

lub sij hawm (los ntawm Greek. periodos - bypass, ncig, ib lub voj voog ntawm lub sijhawm) - daim ntawv yooj yim tshaj plaws, uas yog ib feem ntawm cov ntawv loj lossis muaj nws tus kheej. lub ntsiab lus. Main P. txoj haujlwm yog ib qho kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov suab paj nruag tiav. kev xav (cov ntsiab lus) hauv kev tsim khoom. homophonic warehouse. Ntsib P. dec. cov qauv. Ib qho ntawm lawv tuaj yeem txhais tau tias yog qhov tseem ceeb, kev cai. Qhov no yog P., nyob rau hauv uas lub symmetry ntawm ob kab lus uas ua rau nws tshwm sim. Lawv pib tib yam (lossis zoo sib xws) tab sis xaus rau ntau txoj kev. cadence, tsawg ua tiav nyob rau hauv thawj thiab ntau dua nyob rau hauv kab lus thib ob. Qhov feem ntau piv ntawm cadences yog ib nrab thiab tag nrho. Qhov xaus ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm qhov kawg ntawm thawj kab lus sib raug rau qhov xaus ntawm tonic thaum kawg ntawm qhov thib ob (thiab lub sijhawm tag nrho). Muaj qhov sib haum xeeb ntawm qhov yooj yim qhov tseeb. ib ntus, uas ua rau muaj kev ncaj ncees ntawm P. Lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm cadences kuj tseem ua tau: ua tiav imperfect - ua tiav zoo tag nrho, thiab lwm yam. Raws li kev zam, qhov piv ntawm cadences tuaj yeem thim rov qab (piv txwv li, zoo meej - imperfect lossis tag nrho - tsis tiav. ). Muaj P. thiab nrog tib lub cadence. Ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov kev xaiv rau harmonica. P. cov qauv – kev hloov kho nyob rau hauv kab lus thib ob, feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia tseem ceeb. Qhov no dynamizes daim ntawv ntawm P.; modulating P. yog siv tshwj xeeb los ua ib feem ntawm cov ntawv loj.

Metric kuj ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Lub hauv paus ntawm P. Hom rau ntau (tab sis tsis yog tag nrho) cov qauv thiab hom ntawm cov suab paj nruag nyob sab Europe yog squareness, uas tus naj npawb ntawm cov tuav hauv P. thiab nyob rau hauv txhua kab lus yog sib npaug rau lub hwj chim ntawm 2 (4, 8, 16, 32). ). Squareness tshwm sim vim qhov hloov pauv tsis tu ncua ntawm lub teeb thiab hnyav ntaus (lossis, hloov pauv, hnyav thiab lub teeb). Ob lub pas tuav tau muab faib ua ob los ntawm ob rau hauv plaub kab, plaub tuav rau hauv yim kab, thiab lwm yam.

Ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov lus piav qhia, lwm cov qauv kuj siv tau. Lawv tsim P. yog tias lawv ua haujlwm ib yam li lub ntsiab. hom, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv tsis mus dhau ib qho kev ntsuas, nyob ntawm hom thiab cov qauv ntawm cov suab paj nruag. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev hloov pauv no yog hom kev siv muses. cov ntaub ntawv, nrog rau metric. thiab harmonic. qauv. Piv txwv li, kab lus thib ob yuav tsis rov hais dua thawj zaug, tab sis txuas ntxiv mus, uas yog, ua suab paj nruag tshiab. khoom. Xws li P. hu ua. P. ntawm ib qho tsis rov ua dua lossis ib qho qauv. Ob kab lus heterogeneous kuj tau ua ke hauv nws los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cadences. Txawm li cas los xij, P. ntawm ib qho qauv yuav tsis muab faib ua kab lus, uas yog, yuav tsum tau fused. Hauv qhov no, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm P. raug ua txhaum. Thiab tsis tau qhov kev tsim kho tseem nyob P., yog tias nws teev cov lus txhais. thematic cov ntaub ntawv thiab occupies tib qhov chaw nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tag nrho raws li cov normative P. Thaum kawg, muaj P., muaj peb kab lus nrog cov feem ntau sib txawv. thematic piv. khoom (a1 a2 a3; ab1b2; abc, thiab lwm yam).

Kev sib txawv ntawm hom P. tseem tuaj yeem siv rau metric. cov tsev. Lub symmetry ntawm ob kab lus square tuaj yeem tawg los ntawm kev nthuav qhov thib ob. Qhov no yog li cas ib qho kev ncua ntev P. tshwm sim (4 + 5; 4 + 6; 4 + 7, thiab lwm yam). Cov ntawv luv ntawm kab lus thib ob yog tsawg dua. Tseem muaj cov squares, nyob rau hauv uas tsis yog-squareness tshwm sim tsis yog los ntawm kev kov yeej lub qub squareness, tab sis nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej, raws li ib tug khoom uas yog organically inherent nyob rau hauv no suab paj nruag. Xws li cov tsis-square P. yog ib yam, tshwj xeeb, rau Lavxias teb sab. suab paj nruag. Qhov piv ntawm cov voj voog nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no tuaj yeem sib txawv (5 + 5; 5 + 7; 7 + 9, thiab lwm yam). Thaum kawg ntawm P., tom qab nws xaus. cadence, ib qho ntxiv tuaj yeem tshwm sim - kev tsim kho lossis kev tsim kho, raws li nws tus kheej muses. lub ntsiab lus txuas nrog P., tab sis tsis muaj kev ywj pheej. tus nqi.

P. feem ntau rov ua dua, qee zaum nrog ntau cov ntaub ntawv hloov pauv. Yog tias, txawm li cas los xij, kev hloov pauv thaum rov hais dua qhia qee yam tseem ceeb rau hauv txoj kev npaj sib haum xeeb ntawm P., vim tias nws xaus nrog qhov sib txawv los yog hauv qhov sib txawv, ces nws tsis yog P. thiab nws qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov rov ua dua uas tshwm sim, tab sis ib tug qauv ntawm ib tug complex P. Ob kab lus complex ntawm ib tug complex P. yog ob tug qub P.

P. sawv hauv Tebchaws Europe. prof. suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm homophonic warehouse, uas hloov lub polyphonic (16-17 centuries). Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv nws txoj kev tsim tau ua si los ntawm Nar. thiab tsev neeg seev cev. thiab nkauj thiab seev cev. hom ntawv. Li no tus nyiam rau squareness, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev seev cev. suab paj nruag. Qhov no kuj cuam tshuam rau lub teb chaws tshwj xeeb ntawm suab paj nruag thov-va Western-Europe. lub teb chaws - nyob rau hauv nws., Austrian, Italian, Fabkis. nar. zaj nkauj kuj dominated squareness. Rau Lavxias teb sab zaj nkauj kos tawm yog uncharacteristic ntawm squareness. Yog li ntawd, organic non-squareness yog dav nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab. suab paj nruag (MP Mussorgsky, SV Rachmaninov).

P. in prof. instr. suab paj nruag feem ntau sawv cev rau thawj feem ntawm daim ntawv loj - ib qho yooj yim ob lossis peb feem. Tsuas yog pib nrog F. Chopin (Preludes, op. 25) nws ua ib daim ntawv ntawm kev ywj pheej ntau lawm. Wok. suab paj nruag P. yeej qhov chaw ruaj khov ua ib daim ntawv ntawm nqe lus hauv zaj nkauj. Kuj tseem muaj cov nkauj uas tsis yog khub niam txiv thiab romances sau rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm P. (SV Rachmaninov's romance "Nws Zoo Ntawm No").

References: Catuar G., Musical form, part 1, M., 1934, o. 68; Sposobin I., Musical form, M.-L., 1947; M., 1972, nr. 56–94; Skrebkov S., Analysis of music works, M., 1958, p. 49; Mazel L., Structure of music works, M., 1960, p. 115; Reuterstein M., Cov ntaub ntawv suab paj nruag. Ib feem, ob ntu thiab peb daim ntawv, M., 1961; Musical Form, ed. Yu. Tyulina, M., 1965 p. 52, 110; Mazel L., Zukkerman V., Analysis of music works, M., 1967, p. 493; Bobrovsky V., Nyob ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm cov suab paj nruag, M., 1970, p. 81; Prout E., Musical form, L., 1893 Ratner LG Einghteenth century theories of musical period structure, “MQ”, 1900, v. 17, no 31.

VP Bobrovsky