Ua tsaug |

Lub sij hawm denoting ntau yam melodic kab (suab) nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab polyphonic (choral thiab ensemble) ua yeeb yam ntawm cov nkauj, feem ntau lyrical sawv daws yuav. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv Nar. chanter xyaum, nkag mus rau lub suab paj nruag. lus dab neeg. Lub derivative ntawm nws yog lub ntsiab lus dav dav "vocal polyphony". P. yog txuam nrog lo lus "lub suab" nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev hu nkauj nrog rau ib tug neeg sau ntawv siab (nyob rau hauv xws li mob lawv kuj hais tias "squeal") osn. melody los yog nws variation (art of the bellows). Lwm tus neeg kuj paub. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm tib lub ntsiab lus: "eyeliner" (nyob rau hauv yav qab teb Lavxias teb sab cheeb tsam, nyob rau hauv Ukrainian thiab Belarusian Polesie), "dishkant" (nyob rau hauv lub Don), "rub rau ib tug piston" (Belgorod cheeb tsam), "goryak" (nyob rau hauv Ukraine) . Cov ntsiab lus tom kawg tsuas yog siv rau sab sauv P., tsim kom muaj kev ywj pheej. suab paj nruag tog; Cov suab qis hauv cov xwm txheej no "bass" (Belgorod cheeb tsam), "bass" (Ryazan cheeb tsam), thiab lwm yam. Lo lus "overvoice" tsis yog siv - ob qho tib si sab sauv thiab sab qis. cov suab sib npaug yog hu ua P. Sab qaum P. feem ntau yog tso siab rau ib lub suab, thaum tej zaum yuav muaj ob peb lub suab qis. T. n. lub ntsiab lub suab paj nruag feem ntau yog ua nyob rau hauv nruab nrab lub suab; Feem ntau nws tau ua los ntawm tus neeg hu nkauj (ntawm Don - bass), txawm hais tias lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub suab thoob plaws hauv zaj nkauj hauv qee qhov qauv tuaj yeem hloov pauv (piv txwv li, lub suab nkauj tseem ceeb tuaj yeem txav ntawm lub suab mus rau lub suab). Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, P. yog hu ua lub suab uas deviate los ntawm lub ntsiab ib nce los yog down. Qhov no yog ib tug yam ntxwv lub teb chaws ib tug feature ntawm folklore polyphony raws li ib tug ua ntawm "collective discovery ntawm suab paj nruag" (BV Asafiev). Yam khoom lossis txhawb osn. suab paj nruag (feem ntau los ntawm hauv qab), txawm tias muab nws tawm, ornaments nws (los ntawm saum toj no), los yog tawm tsam nws, ua ib qho kev sib piv ib ntus.

Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb, lub monophonic lub hauv paus ntawm ib zaj nkauj yog hu nyob rau hauv unison los yog nyob rau hauv ib tug octave, thaum P., tsis txhob uniform thaum uas tig mus txav, sib txawv tib lub suab, zoo li yog dai kom zoo nkauj, lub sij hawm tawm tsam nws nrog kev ywj pheej ntawm tus txheeb ze. hu nkauj (feem ntau los ntawm saum toj), sau rau hauv pauses thiab dhia ntawm lub ntsiab. lub suab feem ntau sib koom ua ke nrog nws hauv kev sib koom ua ke lossis ib qho octave, yog li nthuav qhia nws txoj kev tig. Lub unison-octave tiav ntawm zaj nkauj ntawm qhov kawg fret-rhythm yog ib txwm yuav tsum tau ua. ruaj khov. P. - "ib lub sprout ntawm lub ntsiab lus, qee zaum ntau dua, qee zaum tsawg dua kom meej meej tawm ntawm lub cev loj" (Asafiev). Qee zaum P. hauv kev ywj pheej thiab kev nthuav qhia yog sib npaug nrog qhov hu ua. lub ntsiab chant, thiab nws yuav nyuaj rau qhov txawv ntawm lawv. Nyob rau sab qaum teb Russia. Cov qauv yog dominated los ntawm P. - offshoots los ntawm lub ntsiab. suab (hauv essence, nws ze variants):

Los ntawm sau los ntawm EV Gippius thiab ZV Ewald "Cov Nkauj ntawm Pinezhya", No 55.

Los ntawm sau los ntawm AM Listopadov "Cov Nkauj ntawm Don Cossacks", vol. 3, nr19.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yav qab teb Russia. P. tus cwj pwm feem ntau muaj kev ywj pheej counterpointed nrog DOS. suab (saib piv txwv saum toj no).

Qee qhov echoes yooj yim, "txoj cai" lub ntsiab. melody, lwm tus, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, ornament nws, txhim kho nws thiab txhawb nws. Cov hom tshwj xeeb ntawm P. yog cov pedal (ch. arr. hauv ntu luv ntawm zaj nkauj) thiab hu ua. P. - "vocalises" (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam Voronezh), nrog nquag nres ntawm lub suab txuas ntxiv ntawm lub tonic (qis los yog sab sauv) thiab, tsawg zaus, tsib feem pua ​​los yog VII natural degree (nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib ntus deviation).

Hauv Belarusian. Polissya chorus muab faib ua ob tug ywj siab. ob tog: lub ntsiab lub suab nrov nyob rau hauv qis dua, "bass" suab (vim lub suab nrov conciseness, ZV Ewald txhais tias nws yog ib hom cantus firmus), uas nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm polygoal. lub chant tuaj yeem ceg tawm polyphonically, thaum lub suab sab saum toj solo ("padvodchyk") ua rau lub liner. Ib qho thiab tib lub suab feem ntau underlies ob peb. txawv ntawm tus cwj pwm thiab melodic. kev loj hlob ntawm lub lyric. polygonal nkauj (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub zos Polissya ntawm Tonezh).

Thaum lub sij hawm ib zaj nkauj, ib tug maj mam nyuaj ntawm cov chorus yog ua tau. textures, activation ntawm P. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, lub complex, dynamic "mechanics" ntawm lub tiag tiag kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub suab nyob rau hauv ib tug tiag tiag Nar. chorus tseem tsis tau tshawb nrhiav tag nrho. Qhov tseeb multi-channel suab kaw thiab lwm yam kev. txhais tau tias tuaj yeem pab txhawb qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm qhov tseeb qhov chaw thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm P. hauv Nar. hu nkauj. hu nkauj dec. cov qauv hauv cheeb tsam.

References: Melgunov Yu., Lavxias teb sab nkauj kaw ncaj qha los ntawm lub suab ntawm cov neeg, vol. 1, M., 1879; ib. Palchikov N., Peasant songs kaw nyob rau hauv lub zos Nikolaevka, Menzelinsky koog tsev kawm ntawv, Ufa xeev, M., 1888; Lopatin HM, Prokunin VP, Sau los ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem lyrical nkauj, ntu 1-2, M., 1889; Lineva E., Great Lavxias teb sab nkauj nyob rau hauv pej xeem kev sib raug zoo, vol. 1, St. Petersburg, 1904; Gippius E., Ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem polyphony nyob rau hauv lub lig 1948th - thaum ntxov 2th centuries, "Soviet Ethnography", 1960, No. 1974; Rudneva A., Lavxias teb sab pej xeem hu nkauj thiab ua hauj lwm nrog nws, M., 1961, tib yam, 1; Bershadskaya T., Cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm cov polyphony ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem peasant song, L., 1962; Popova T., Lavxias teb sab pej xeem suab paj nruas creativity, vol. Xyoo 1965, M., 1971; Asafiev B., Speech intonation, M.-L., 1972; Mozheiko Z., Nkauj kab lis kev cai ntawm Belarusian Polissya. Lub zos Tonezh, Minsk, XNUMX; Cov qauv ntawm pej xeem polyphony, comp., tag nrho. ed. thiab foreword los ntawm I. Zemtsovsky, L.-M., XNUMX.

II Zemtsovsky