Boris Asafyev |

Boris Asafev

Cov neeg Artist ntawm lub USSR (1946). Academician (1943). Nyob rau hauv 1908 nws kawm tiav los ntawm kws qhia ntawv ntawm keeb kwm thiab Philology ntawm St. Petersburg University, nyob rau hauv 1910 - lub St. Petersburg Conservatory, chav kawm ntawv ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg AK Lyadov. Kev sib txuas lus nrog VV Stasov, AM Gorky, IE Repin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, AK Glazunov, FI Chaliapin tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tsim nws lub ntiaj teb kev pom. Txij li thaum 1910 nws ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug accompanist nyob rau hauv lub Mariinsky Theatre, uas yog qhov pib ntawm nws txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog lub Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruas ua yeeb yam. Nyob rau hauv 1910-11 Asafiev sau thawj ballets - "Gift of the Fairy" thiab "White Lily". tshwm sim qee zaus hauv luam. Los ntawm 1914, nws tau lossi luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub magazine "Music".

Asafiev's scientific-journalistic thiab suab paj nruag-public kev ua ub no tau txais ib tug tshwj xeeb scope tom qab lub Great Lub kaum hli ntuj Socialist Revolution. Nws koom tes nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm xovxwm kabmob (Lub neej ntawm Art, Vechernyaya Krasnaya Gazeta, thiab lwm yam), teb rau ntau yam lus nug los ntawm lub muses. lub neej, koom nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm muses. t-ditch, concert thiab kab lis kev cai-clearance. Cov koom haum hauv Petrograd. Txij li thaum 1919 Asafiev tau koom nrog Bolshoi Drama. t-rum, sau suab paj nruag rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm nws ua yeeb yam. Nyob rau hauv 1919-30 nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm Art (txij li thaum 1920 nws yog lub taub hau ntawm qeb ntawm cov suab paj nruag keeb kwm). Txij li thaum xyoo 1925, xibfwb Leningrad. kev saib xyuas. Xyoo 1920 - yog ib lub sijhawm muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Asafiev cov haujlwm. Lub sijhawm no, ntau tus tau tsim. nws qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. ua hauj lwm - "Symphonic Etudes", "Leters on Lavxias teb sab Opera thiab Ballet", "Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag los ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th", "Suab paj nruag daim ntawv raws li ib tug txheej txheem" ​​(ib feem 1), cycles ntawm monographs thiab analytical kev tshawb fawb, mob siab rau. MI Glinka, MP Mussorgsky, PI Tchaikovsky, AK Glazunov, IF Stravinsky thiab lwm tus, ntau lwm tus. cov lus tseem ceeb txog niaj hnub no. Soviet thiab txawv teb chaws composers, ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm aesthetics, suab paj nruag. kev kawm thiab kev nkag siab. Hauv 30s. Asafiev muab Ch. suab paj nruag mloog. creativity, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog siv zog ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm ballet. Nyob rau hauv 1941-43, nyob rau hauv besieged Leningrad, Asafiev sau ib tug uas nws kim heev voj voog ntawm tej hauj lwm - "Xav thiab xav" (tshaj tawm ib feem). Nyob rau hauv 1943 Asafiev tsiv mus rau Moscow thiab coj mus rau lub chaw tshawb fawb ntawm Moscow. Conservatory, kuj coj lub Suab paj nruag Sector ntawm lub koom haum ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Art nyob rau hauv lub USSR Academy ntawm Sciences. Nyob rau hauv 1948, nyob rau ntawm Thawj All-Union Congress ntawm Composers, nws raug xaiv ua ntej. CK USSR. Stalin Prizes nyob rau hauv 1943 rau ntau xyoo ntawm kev ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm kos duab thiab nyob rau hauv 1948 rau phau ntawv Glinka.

Asafiev tau ua haujlwm zoo rau ntau ceg ntawm kev xav thiab keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag. Nrog suab paj nruag zoo heev. thiab general arts. erudition, kev paub tob ntawm tib neeg, nws ib txwm xav txog muses. phenomena ntawm ib tug dav kev sib raug zoo thiab kab lis kev cai keeb kwm yav dhau, nyob rau hauv lawv kev sib txuas thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog txhua yam ntawm sab ntsuj plig lub neej. Asafiev lub ci ci kev txawj nyeem ntawv tau pab nws rov tsim lub tswv yim ntawm muses. prod. hauv kev ua neej nyob thiab daim duab; Nyob rau hauv Asafiev cov hauj lwm, cov ntsiab lus tshawb fawb feem ntau ua ke nrog kev soj ntsuam nyob ntawm tus memoirist. Ib ntawm kab. scientific Asafiev nyiam yog Lavxias teb sab. suab paj nruag classic, tsom xam rau-ruyu Asafiev qhia nws lub hauv paus ntawm haiv neeg, tib neeg txoj kev ntseeg, qhov tseeb, kev coj ncaj ncees siab. Nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm mob siab rau niaj hnub suab paj nruag thiab suab paj nruag. cuab yeej cuab tam, Asafiev ua tsis tau tsuas yog raws li ib tug kws tshawb fawb, tab sis kuj raws li ib tug publicist. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov kev nkag siab no yog lub npe ntawm ib qho ntawm Asafiev cov hauj lwm - "Los ntawm yav dhau los mus rau yav tom ntej." Asafiev hais lus ardently thiab nquag tiv thaiv cov tshiab hauv kev muaj tswv yim thiab suab paj nruag. lub neej. Nyob rau hauv lub pre-revolutionary xyoo, Asafiev yog (nrog rau VG Karatygin thiab N. Ya. Myaskovsky) ib tug ntawm cov thawj critics thiab propagandists ntawm cov hluas SS Prokofiev. Hauv 20s. Asafiev tau mob siab rau ntau cov ntawv rau cov haujlwm ntawm A. Berg, P. Hindemith, E. Ksheneck thiab lwm tus. txawv teb chaws composers. Nyob rau hauv Phau Ntawv ntawm Stravinsky, ib co stylistic nta tau qhia subtly. txheej txheem yam ntxwv ntawm lub suab paj nruag ntawm thaum ntxov 20th caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv Asafiev cov ntawv "Lub Crisis of Personal Creativity" thiab "Composers, Ceev nrooj!" (1924) muaj kev hu xov tooj rau cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag los txuas nrog lub neej, mus cuag cov neeg mloog. Mn. Asafiev tau them sai sai rau cov teeb meem ntawm cov suab paj nruag loj. life, nra. kev muaj tswv yim. Rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws piv txwv ntawm owls. cov neeg thuam suab paj nruag muaj nws cov lus ntawm N. Ya. Myaskovsky, DD Shostakovich, AI Khachaturian, V. Ya. Shebalin.

Philosophical thiab aesthetic. thiab theoretical Asafiev txoj kev xav tau dhau los ua ib qho kos npe. evolution. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov lub sij hawm ntawm nws kev ua ub no, nws yog yus muaj los ntawm lub hom phiaj. tiam. Siv zog rau kev nkag siab zoo ntawm cov suab paj nruag, kom kov yeej cov dogmatic. suab paj nruag qhia. daim ntawv, nws pib tso siab rau lub tswv yim ntawm A. Bergson, qiv, tshwj xeeb, nws lub tswv yim ntawm "lub neej impulse". Ntawm kev tsim ntawm suab paj nruag-theoretical. Asafiev lub tswv yim tau muaj feem cuam tshuam rau lub zog. E. Kurt txoj kev xav. Txoj kev kawm ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm cov classics ntawm Marxism-Leninism (los ntawm 2nd ib nrab ntawm lub 20s) pom zoo Asafiev ntawm materialistic. txoj haujlwm. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav Asafiev yog qhov tsim ntawm kev xav ntawm intonation, uas nws tus kheej suav tias yog qhov kev xav uas yuav pab nrhiav "tus yuam sij rau qhov tseeb tiag tiag ntawm kev kos duab kos duab raws li kev xav ntawm kev muaj tiag." Txhais cov suab paj nruag raws li "kev kos duab ntawm lub ntsiab lus", Asafiev suav tias yog intonation yog qhov tseem ceeb. daim ntawv ntawm "kev xav ntawm kev xav" hauv suab paj nruag. Lub tswv yim ntawm symphonism raws li ib txoj kev kos duab, muab tso rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm Asafiev, tau txais ib qho tseem ceeb theoretical qhov tseem ceeb. generalizations hauv suab paj nruag raws li dynamic. kev nkag siab ntawm kev muaj tiag hauv nws txoj kev txhim kho, kev sib tsoo thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis sib xws. Asafiev yog tus successor thiab successor ntawm cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab. classical kev xav txog suab paj nruag - VF Odoevsky, AN Serov, VV Stasov. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws cov haujlwm ua rau lub sijhawm tshiab hauv kev loj hlob muses. kev kawm. A. - tus tsim ntawm owls. suab paj nruag. Nws cov tswv yim yog fruitfully tsim nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Soviets, thiab ntau lwm yam. txawv teb chaws musicologists.

Asafiev's composing ua hauj lwm suav nrog 28 ballets, 11 operas, 4 symphonies, ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm romances thiab chamber instruments. ntau lawm, suab paj nruag rau ntau ua yeeb yam. Nws ua tiav thiab ntsuas qhov opera Khovanshchina los ntawm MP Mussorgsky raws li tus sau phau ntawv, thiab ua ib tsab ntawv tshiab. Serov's opera "Tus yeeb ncuab quab yuam"

Ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo tau ua los ntawm Asafiev rau kev txhim kho kev ntaus pob. Nrog nws txoj hauj lwm, nws nthuav cov kev lig kev cai. lub voj voog ntawm cov duab ntawm hom ntawv no. Nws sau ntawv ballets raws li cov phiaj xwm ntawm AS Pushkin - Tus ciav ntawm Bakhchisarai (1934, Leningrad Opera thiab Ballet Theatre), Tus Neeg Cuam Tshuam ntawm Caucasus (1938, Leningrad, Maly Opera Theatre), Tus Hluas Poj Niam-Peasant Woman (1946, Loj. tr.), ib.; NV Gogol - Hmo Ua Ntej Christmas (1938, Leningrad Opera thiab Ballet Theatre); M. Yus. Lermontov - "Ashik-Kerib" (1940, Leningrad. Me Opera House); M. Gorky – "Radda thiab Loiko" (1938, Moscow, central chaw ua si ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab kev ua si); O. Balzac – “Lost Illusions” (1935, Leningrad Opera thiab Ballet Theatre); Dante - "Francesca da Rimini" (1947, Moscow Musical Tr npe tom qab KS Stanislavsky thiab VI Nemirovich-Danchenko). Nyob rau hauv lub ballet ua hauj lwm ntawm Asafiev, lub heroic ntawm lub Civil War - "Partisan Hnub" (1937, Leningrad Opera thiab Ballet Theatre) tau tshwm sim thiab tso tawm. kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam fascism - "Militsa" (1947, ibid.). Nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm ballets, Asafiev nrhiav recreate lub "intonation cua" ntawm lub era. Nyob rau hauv lub ballet Lub nplaim taws ntawm Paris (1932, ibid.), Asafiev siv suab paj nruag los ntawm lub era ntawm Fabkis Revolution thiab ua hauj lwm los ntawm composers ntawm lub sij hawm thiab "ua hauj lwm rau txoj hauj lwm no tsis tsuas yog playwright, composer, tab sis kuj raws li ib tug musicologist. , historian thiab theorist, thiab raws li ib tug kws sau ntawv, tsis shying deb ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm niaj hnub keeb kwm tshiab. Ib txoj kev zoo sib xws tau siv los ntawm Asafiev thaum tsim lub Opera The Treasurer raws li zaj dab neeg ntawm M. Yu. Lermontov (1937, Leningrad Pakhomov Sailors Club) thiab lwm tus. nyob rau hauv lub repertoire ntawm Soviet muses. t-dej

Cov khoom xyaw: Tsis ua, vol. IV, M., 1952-1957 (ib. V muab cov ntaub ntawv ntxaws ntxaws thiab cov ntawv sau cia); Fav. cov lus hais txog kev ua suab paj nruag thiab kev kawm, M.-L., 1965; Cov ntawv tseem ceeb thiab tshuaj xyuas, M.-L., 1967; Oresteia. Nkauj Nkauj. trilogy S. THIAB. Taneeva, M., 1916; Romances S. THIAB. Taneeva, M., 1916; Concert Guide, vol. I. Phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws suab paj nruag thiab technical. npe, P., 1919; Yav dhau los ntawm Lavxias teb sab Music. Cov ntaub ntawv thiab tshawb fawb, vol. 1. AP THIAB. Tchaikovsky, P., 1920 (ed.); Lavxias teb sab paj huam nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag, P., 1921; Chaikovsky. Kev paub txog yam ntxwv, P., 1921; Scriabin. Kev paub txog yam ntxwv, P., 1921; Dante thiab Suab paj nruag, hauv: Dante Alighieri. 1321-1921, P., 1921; Symphonic studies, P., 1922, 1970; P. THIAB. Chaikovsky. Nws lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm, P., 1922; Cov ntawv sau txog Lavxias Opera thiab Ballet, Petrograd Lub Limtiam. xeev acad. ua yeeb yam”, 1922, Tsis muaj 3-7, 9, 10, 12, 13; Chopin. Kev paub txog yam ntxwv, M., 1923; Mussorgsky. Kev paub txog yam ntxwv, M., 1923; Overture "Ruslan thiab Lyudmila" los ntawm Glinka, "Musical Chronicle", Sat. 2 Ib., 1923; Txoj kev xav ntawm cov suab paj nruag-keeb kwm txheej txheem, raws li lub hauv paus ntawm suab paj nruag-keeb kwm paub, nyob rau hauv Sat: Tasks thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm txuj ci, P., 1924; Glazunov. Kev paub txog yam ntxwv, L., 1924; Myaskovsky raws li ib tug symphonist, Modern Music, M., 1924, Tsis muaj 3; Chaikovsky. Memoirs and letters, P., 1924 (ed.); Niaj hnub nimno Lavxias teb sab Musicology thiab nws cov hauj lwm keeb kwm, De Musisa, vol. 1, L., 1925; ib. Glinka's Waltz-Fantasy, Musical Chronicle, No 3, L., 1926; Cov lus nug ntawm suab paj nruag tom tsev kawm ntawv. Hnub Saturday cov ntawv ed. THIAB. Glebova, L., 1926; Symphonism raws li ib tug teeb meem ntawm niaj hnub musicology, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: P. Becker, Symphony los ntawm Beethoven rau Mahler, trans. ed. THIAB. Glebova, L., 1926; Fabkis suab paj nruag thiab nws cov neeg sawv cev niaj hnub, hauv kev sau: "Six" (Milo. Onegger. Arik. Poulenc. Durey. Taifer), L., 1926; Kshenec thiab Berg ua tus kws sau nkauj ua yeeb yam, "Modern Music", 1926, No. 17–18; A. Casella, L., 1927; Los ntawm. Prokofiev, L., 1927; Ntawm cov dej num tam sim ntawd ntawm cov suab paj nruag sociology, hauv phau ntawv: Moser G. I., Suab paj nruag ntawm lub nroog medieval, trans. nrog German, nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim. THIAB. Glebova, L., 1927; Lavxias teb sab symphonic music rau 10 xyoo, "Suab paj nruag thiab kiv puag ncig", 1927, No 11; Tsev neeg suab paj nruag tom qab lub Kaum Hlis, nyob rau hauv Sat: New music, no. 1 (V), L., 1927; Nyob rau txoj kev kawm ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag ntawm XVIII caug xyoo. thiab ob operas los ntawm Bortnyansky, nyob rau hauv sau: Suab paj nruag thiab suab paj nruas lub neej ntawm qub Russia, L., 1927; Memo txog Kozlovsky, ibid.; Rau kev kho dua tshiab ntawm "Boris Godunov" los ntawm Mussorgsky, L., 1928; Phau ntawv txog Stravinsky, L., 1929; TABSIS. G. Rubinstein nyob rau hauv nws cov suab paj nruas kev ua si thiab tshuaj xyuas ntawm nws contemporaries, M., 1929; Lavxias teb sab romance. Kev paub ntawm intonation tsom xam. Hnub Saturday cov ntawv ed. B. AT. Asafiev, M.-L., 1930; Taw qhia rau Txoj Kev Kawm ntawm Mussorgsky's Dramaturgy, hauv: Mussorgsky, ntu XNUMX. 1. "Boris Godunov". Cov khoom thiab cov ntaub ntawv, M., 1930; Suab paj nruag daim ntawv raws li ib tug txheej txheem, M., 1930, L., 1963; TO. Nef. Western European keeb kwm. suab paj nruag, kho thiab ntxiv trans. nrog franc. B. AT. Asafiev, L., 1930; M., 1938; ib. Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, M.-L., 1930, 1968; Suab paj nruag thiab zoo nkauj views ntawm Mussorgsky, nyob rau hauv: M. AP Mussorgsky. Txog 50 xyoo ntawm nws txoj kev tuag. 1881-1931, Moscow, 1932. Nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Shostakovich thiab nws opera "Lady Macbeth", nyob rau hauv sau: "Lady Macbeth ntawm lub Mtsensk District", L., 1934; Kuv txoj kev, “SM”, 1934, No 8; Hauv nco txog P. THIAB. Tchaikovsky, M.-L., 1940; Los ntawm yav dhau los mus rau yav tom ntej, ib tug series ntawm cov khoom, nyob rau hauv lub sau: "SM", Tsis muaj 1, M., 1943; Eugene Onegin. Lyrical scenes P. THIAB. Tchaikovsky. Kev paub txog intonation tsom xam ntawm style thiab suab paj nruag. dramaturgy, M.-L., 1944; N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, M.-L., 1944; Yim symphony D. Shostakovich, nyob rau hauv sb.: Moscow Philharmonic, Moscow, 1945; Composer 1st pol. XIX, nr. 1, M., 1945 (nyob rau hauv lub series "Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag"); Los ntawm. AT. Rachmaninov, M., 1945; Suab paj nruag daim ntawv raws li ib tug txheej txheem, phau ntawv. 2nd, Intonation, M., 1947, L., 1963 (ua ke nrog ntu 1); Glinka, M., 1947; Enchantress. Opera P. THIAB. Tchaikovsky, M., 1947; Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Soviet suab paj nruag, nyob rau hauv: Essays ntawm Soviet suab paj nruas creativity, M.-L., 1947; Opera, ib.; Symphony, ib.; Grieg, M., 1948; Los ntawm kuv kev sib tham nrog Glazunov, Xyoo Phau Ntawv ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Keeb Kwm, Moscow, 1948; Lus xaiv ntawm Glinka, hauv sau: M.

References: Lunacharsky A., Ib qho ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv keeb kwm kos duab, "Bulletin of the Communist Academy", 1926, phau ntawv. XV; Bogdanov-Berezovsky V., BV Asafiev. Leningrad, 1937; Zhitomirsky D., Igor Glebov ua tus tshaj tawm, “SM”, 1940, No 12; Shostakovich D., Boris Asafiev, “Literature and Art”, 1943, Cuaj Hlis 18; Ossovsky A., BV Asafiev, "Soviet music", Sat. 4, M., 1945; ib. Khubov G., Musician, thinker, publicist, ibid.; Bernandt G., In memory of Asafiev, “SM”, 1949, No 2; Livanova T., BV Asafiev thiab Lavxias teb sab Glinkiana, nyob rau hauv lub sau: MI Glinka, M.-L., 1950; Hauv nco txog BV Asafiev, Sat. lus, M., 1951; Mazel L., Ntawm lub suab paj nruag-theoretical tswvyim ntawm Asafiev, "SM", 1957, No 3; Kornienko V., Tsim thiab evolution ntawm aesthetic views ntawm BV Asafiev, "Scientific-methodical. Sau ntawv ntawm Novosibirsk Conservatory, 1958; Orlova E., BV Asafiev. Txoj kev ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb thiab tshaj tawm, L., 1964; Iranek A., Qee qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm Marxist musicology nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm Asafiev txoj kev xav ntawm intonation, nyob rau hauv Sat: Intonation thiab suab paj nruas duab, M., 1965; Fydorov V., VV Asafev et la musicologie russe avant et apris 1917, in: Bericht über den siebenten Internationalen musikwissenchaftlichen Kongress Keln 1958, Kassel, 1959; Jiranek Y., Peispevek k teorii thiab praxi intonaeni analyzy, Praha, 1965.

Yu.V. Keldysh