Caesar Antonovich Cui |

Cesar Cui

Cui. Bolero "Huag, kuv tus hlub, tus hlub" (A. Nezhdanova)

Nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm romantic universalism nrog nws "kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev xav", tsis tsuas yog tag nrho ntawm Cui lub melos thaum ntxov nrog nws cov ntsiab lus thiab poetics ntawm romance thiab opera yog to taub; Nws kuj tseem nkag siab tias Cui cov phooj ywg hluas (xws li Rimsky-Korsakov) tau txaus siab los ntawm kev ua yeeb yaj kiab tiag tiag ntawm Ratcliffe. B. Asafiev

C. Cui yog ib tug Lavxias teb sab composer, ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub Balakirev zej zog, ib tug suab paj nruag critic, ib tug nquag propagandist ntawm lub tswv yim thiab creativity ntawm lub Mighty Handful, ib tug tseem ceeb kws tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm fortification, engineer-general. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov spheres ntawm nws cov kev ua ub no, nws ua tau zoo heev, ua ib tug tseem ceeb pab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm domestic suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai thiab tub rog science. Cui cov cuab yeej cuab tam suab paj nruag yog qhov dav thiab ntau yam: 14 operas (ntawm 4 yog rau cov menyuam yaus), ob peb puas romances, orchestral, choral, ensemble tej hauj lwm, thiab piano compositions. Nws yog tus sau ntau tshaj 700 suab paj nruag ua haujlwm tseem ceeb.

Cui yug hauv Lithuanian lub nroog Vilna hauv tsev neeg ntawm tus kws qhia gymnasium hauv zos, ib txwm nyob hauv Fabkis. Tus tub hluas tau pom qhov kev nyiam ua suab paj nruag thaum ntxov. Nws tau txais nws thawj zaj lus qhia piano los ntawm nws tus muam laus, tom qab qee lub sijhawm kawm nrog cov kws qhia ntawv ntiag tug. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 14 xyoos, nws tau tsim nws thawj zaug - mazurka, tom qab ntawd los ntawm nocturnes, nkauj, mazurkas, romances tsis muaj lo lus, thiab txawm tias "Overture lossis ib yam dab tsi zoo li ntawd." Imperfect thiab childishly naive, cov thawj opuses txawm li cas los txaus siab ib tug ntawm Cui cov xib fwb, uas qhia lawv rau S. Moniuszko, uas nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd nyob rau hauv Vilna. Tus kws sau ntawv Polish zoo siab tam sim ntawd txaus siab rau tus tub lub peev xwm thiab, paub txog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg nyiaj txiag ntawm tsev neeg Cui, pib kawm suab paj nruag txoj kev xav thiab tawm tsam rau kev sau nrog nws dawb. Cui kawm nrog Moniuszko tsuas yog 7 lub hlis xwb, tab sis cov lus qhia ntawm tus kws kos duab zoo nkauj, nws tus cwj pwm zoo, tau nco txog mus ib txhis. Cov chav kawm no, nrog rau kev kawm ntawm gymnasium, raug cuam tshuam vim tawm mus rau St. Petersburg mus rau hauv ib lub tsev kawm ntawv tub rog.

Xyoo 1851-55. Cui kawm hauv Main Engineering School. Tsis muaj lus nug txog kev kawm suab paj nruag, tab sis muaj ntau qhov kev xav suab paj nruag, feem ntau los ntawm kev mus xyuas opera txhua lub lim tiam, thiab tom qab ntawd lawv tau muab zaub mov nplua nuj rau kev tsim Cui ua tus sau thiab thuam. Xyoo 1856, Cui tau ntsib M. Balakirev, uas tau tsim lub hauv paus rau New Lavxias teb sab Music School. Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, nws tau los ze rau A. Dargomyzhsky thiab luv luv rau A. Serov. Txuas ntxiv hauv 1855-57. Nws txoj kev kawm ntawm Nikolaev Tub Rog Engineering Academy, nyob rau hauv tus ntawm Balakirev, Cui mob siab rau ntau thiab ntau lub sij hawm thiab kev rau siab rau suab paj nruas creativity. Tom qab kawm tiav ntawm academy, Cui tau tawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv ua tus kws qhia ntawv hauv topography nrog rau kev tsim khoom "ntawm kev xeem rau kev ua tiav zoo hauv kev tshawb fawb hauv cov neeg lis haujlwm." Lub zog pedagogical thiab scientific kev ua haujlwm ntawm Cui pib, xav tau kev ua haujlwm loj thiab kev siv zog los ntawm nws thiab txuas ntxiv yuav luag txog thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej. Hauv thawj 20 xyoo ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, Cui tau mus los ntawm kev ua haujlwm rau tub ceev xwm (1875), tab sis nws txoj haujlwm qhia tsuas yog rau cov qib qis ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv xwb. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb hais tias cov tub rog tub ceev xwm tsis tuaj yeem ua raws li lub tswv yim ntawm lub sijhawm rau ib tug tub ceev xwm los ua ke kev tshawb fawb thiab kev qhia, kev sau thiab kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb nrog kev sib npaug. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshaj tawm hauv Engineering Journal (1878) ntawm tsab xov xwm ci ntsa iab "Cov Lus Ceeb Toom Txog Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Tus Kws Ua Haujlwm hauv Kev Ua Yeeb Yam ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm European Qaib Cov Txwv" muab Cui ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tshaj lij hauv kev tiv thaiv. Tsis ntev nws los ua ib tug xib fwb ntawm lub academy thiab tau nce mus rau loj general. Cui yog tus sau ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov hauj lwm tseem ceeb ntawm fortification, cov phau ntawv, raws li uas yuav luag feem ntau ntawm cov tub ceev xwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab tub rog kawm. Tom qab ntawd nws mus txog qib ntawm engineer-general (raws li niaj hnub tub rog qib ntawm colonel-general), nws kuj tau koom nyob rau hauv pedagogical hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Mikhailovskaya Artillery Academy thiab lub Academy ntawm General neeg ua hauj lwm. Xyoo 1858, Cui's 3 romances, op. 3 (ntawm V. Krylov lub chaw nres tsheb), nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws ua tiav lub Opera Prisoner ntawm lub Caucasus thawj tsab. Xyoo 1859, Cui tau sau zaj dab neeg opera Tus Tub ntawm Mandarin, npaj rau kev ua yeeb yam hauv tsev. Ntawm lub premiere, M. Mussorgsky ua raws li ib tug mandarin, tus sau nrog rau lub piano, thiab lub overture yog ua los ntawm Cui thiab Balakirev nyob rau hauv 4 txhais tes. Ntau xyoo yuav dhau mus, thiab cov haujlwm no yuav dhau los ua Cui feem ntau repertoire operas.

Nyob rau hauv lub 60s. Cui ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub opera "William Ratcliff" (tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv 1869 nyob rau theem ntawm lub Mariinsky Theatre), uas yog raws li cov paj huam ntawm tib lub npe los ntawm G. Heine. "Kuv tau tso tseg ntawm zaj dab neeg no vim kuv nyiam nws qhov xwm txheej zoo heev, tsis muaj kev cia siab, tab sis mob siab rau, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev ntawm tus phab ej nws tus kheej, Kuv txaus siab los ntawm Heine lub peev xwm thiab kev txhais lus zoo heev ntawm A. Pleshcheev (nqe zoo nkauj ib txwm nyiam kuv thiab muaj ib lub tswv yim zoo. undoubted influence rau kuv suab paj nruag) ". Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub opera tau hloov mus rau hauv ib hom kev sim muaj tswv yim, nyob rau hauv uas lub tswv yim thiab artistic cwj pwm ntawm Balakirevians raug sim los ntawm nyob composer xyaum, thiab lawv lawv tus kheej kawm opera sau los ntawm cov kev paub ntawm Cui. Mussorgsky tau sau tias: “Zoo, yog, tej yam zoo ib txwm ua rau koj saib thiab tos, thiab Ratcliff yog ntau tshaj qhov zoo … Ratcliff tsis yog koj li xwb, tab sis kuj yog peb li. Nws tau nkag los ntawm koj lub tsev menyuam ua yeeb yam ua ntej peb lub qhov muag thiab tsis muaj ib zaug ntxeev siab rau peb qhov kev cia siab. … Qhov no yog dab tsi coj txawv txawv: “Ratcliff” los ntawm Heine yog ib tug stilt, “Ratcliff” yog koj li – ib hom frenzied mob siab rau thiab ciaj sia uas vim hais tias ntawm koj cov suab paj nruag stilts tsis pom – nws blinds. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm lub opera yog qhov txawv txawv ua ke ntawm muaj tiag thiab romantic zoo nyob rau hauv lub cim ntawm tus phab ej, uas twb predetermined los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qhov chaw.

Romantic tendencies yog manifested tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xaiv ntawm zajlus, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv kev siv ntawm orchestra thiab kev sib haum xeeb. Lub suab paj nruag ntawm ntau ntu yog qhov txawv ntawm kev zoo nkauj, melodic thiab harmonic expressiveness. Cov recitatives uas permeate Ratcliff yog thematically nplua nuj thiab varied xim. Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua yeeb yam yog kev tsim suab paj nruag zoo. Lub shortcomings ntawm lub opera muaj xws li tsis muaj ib tug broad suab paj nruag thiab thematic txoj kev loj hlob, ib tug tej yam kaleidoscopicity ntawm subtle cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm artistic kho kom zoo nkauj. Nws tsis yog ib txwm ua tau rau tus kws sau nkauj los muab cov khoom siv suab paj nruag zoo nkauj rau hauv ib qho tag nrho.

Xyoo 1876, Mariinsky Theatre tau tuav lub premiere ntawm Cui txoj haujlwm tshiab, opera Angelo raws li zaj yeeb yaj kiab los ntawm V. Hugo (qhov kev txiav txim yuav tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua XNUMX hauv Ltalis). Cui pib tsim nws thaum nws twb yog ib tug neeg paub tab. Nws lub peev xwm ua tus kws sau nkauj tau tsim thiab ntxiv dag zog, nws txoj kev txawj ntse tau nce ntau. Angelo lub suab paj nruag yog cim los ntawm kev tshoov siab thiab kev mob siab rau. Cov cim tsim muaj zog, vivid, nco. Cui txawj tsim lub suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam ntawm lub opera, maj mam ntxiv qhov nro ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm theem ntawm kev nqis tes ua los ntawm ntau yam kev kos duab. Nws txawj siv recitatives, nplua nuj nyob rau hauv kev qhia thiab nplua nuj nyob rau hauv thematic txoj kev loj hlob.

Nyob rau hauv hom opera, Cui tsim ntau lub suab paj nruag zoo, qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws yog "William Ratcliffe" thiab "Angelo". Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog qhov tseeb ntawm no tias, txawm tias qhov kev tshawb pom zoo tshaj plaws thiab kev pom zoo, qee qhov kev xav tsis zoo kuj tshwm sim, feem ntau qhov tsis sib xws ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm cov dej num tau teeb tsa thiab lawv qhov kev ua tau zoo.

Ib tug zoo nkauj lyricist, muaj peev xwm ntawm embodying lub siab tshaj plaws sublime thiab deepest txoj kev xav nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag, nws, raws li ib tug artist, qhia nws tus kheej feem ntau nyob rau hauv me me thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, nyob rau hauv romance. Nyob rau hauv hom ntawv no, Cui ua tiav classical kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev sib haum xeeb. Cov paj huam tseeb thiab kev tshoov siab tau cim cov kev sib hlub thiab lub suab nrov xws li "Aeolian harps", "Meniscus", "Hlawv tsab ntawv", "Hnub nrog kev tu siab", 13 suab paj nruag duab, 20 paj huam los ntawm Rishpen, 4 sonnets los ntawm Mickiewicz, 25 paj huam los ntawm Pushkin, 21 paj huam los ntawm Nekrasov, 18 paj huam los ntawm AK Tolstoy thiab lwm tus.

Ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov hauj lwm tseem ceeb tau tsim los ntawm Cui nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm instrumental suab paj nruag, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov suite rau piano "Nyob rau hauv Argento" (mob siab rau L. Mercy-Argento, nrov ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag txawv teb chaws, tus sau ntawm ib tug monograph ntawm Cui txoj hauj lwm. ), 25 piano preludes, violin suite "Kaleidoscope" thiab lwm yam. Los ntawm 1864 thiab yuav luag txog thaum nws tuag, Cui txuas ntxiv nws cov suab paj nruag tseem ceeb. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws cov ntawv xov xwm hais lus muaj ntau haiv neeg. Nws tshuaj xyuas St. Petersburg concerts thiab opera ua yeeb yam nrog enviable constancy, tsim ib hom suab paj nruas chronicle ntawm St. Petersburg, soj ntsuam cov hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab txawv teb chaws composers, thiab kos duab ntawm performers. Cui cov ntawv thiab tshuaj xyuas (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub 60s) mus rau ib tug loj npaum li cas qhia lub ideological platform ntawm Balakirev lub voj voog.

Ib tug ntawm thawj Lavxias teb sab neeg thuam, Cui pib niaj hnub txhawb Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws xovxwm. Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv "Music nyob rau hauv Russia", luam tawm nyob rau hauv Paris nyob rau hauv Fabkis, Cui hais tias lub ntiaj teb no tseem ceeb ntawm Glinka txoj hauj lwm - ib tug "ntawm cov suab paj nruas geniuses loj tshaj plaws ntawm txhua lub teb chaws thiab txhua lub sij hawm." Tau ntau xyoo, Cui, raws li ib tug neeg thuam, tau ua siab ntev rau kev ua yeeb yam tsis cuam tshuam nrog Mighty Handful, uas tau cuam tshuam nrog qee qhov kev hloov pauv hauv nws lub ntiaj teb kev xav, nrog kev ywj pheej ntau dua ntawm kev txiav txim siab tseem ceeb dua li ua ntej. Yog li, xyoo 1888, nws tau sau ntawv rau Balakirev: “… Kuv twb muaj 53 xyoos lawm, thiab txhua xyoo kuv xav li cas kuv maj mam tso tseg txhua yam kev cuam tshuam thiab kev khuv leej tus kheej. Qhov no yog ib qho kev zoo siab ntawm kev ncaj ncees ua tiav kev ywj pheej. Kuv tuaj yeem ua yuam kev hauv kuv qhov kev txiav txim siab suab paj nruag, thiab qhov no ua rau kuv ntxhov siab me ntsis, yog tias kuv lub siab dawb paug tsis ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb uas tsis muaj dab tsi ua nrog suab paj nruag.

Thaum nws lub neej ntev, Cui nyob, zoo li nws, ob peb lub neej, ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv txhua qhov nws xaiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau koom nrog kev sau ntawv, tseem ceeb, tub rog-pedagogical, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev sib raug zoo tib lub sijhawm! Amazing kev ua tau zoo, multiplied los ntawm ib tug zoo txuj ci, ib tug sib sib zog nqus kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb ntawm lub tswv yim tsim nyob rau hauv nws cov hluas yog indisputable pov thawj ntawm tus zoo thiab zoo tus cwj pwm ntawm Cui.

A. Nazarov