Cov qhab nia |

ital. partitura, lit. - faib, faib, los ntawm lat. partio - faib, faib; German Partitur, Fabkis ntu, eng. qhab nias

Ib lub suab paj nruag ntawm ib lub suab paj nruag polyphonic (instrumental, choral lossis suab-instrumental), nyob rau hauv uas cov neeg ua haujlwm sib cais tau faib rau ib feem ntawm txhua qhov cuab yeej lossis lub suab. Cov khoom yog npaj ib qho hauv qab ntawm lwm qhov hauv ib qho kev txiav txim hauv ib txoj hauv kev uas tib neeg ntaus ntawm qhov ntsuas yog nyob rau tib txoj kab ntsug thiab nws yuav pom tau yooj yim los npog cov consonances tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov suab. Nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm evolution ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg, nws cov tsos tau hloov pauv loj, uas yog txuam nrog kev loj hlob ntawm kev sau cov txheej txheem.

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub koom haum qhab nia - txoj kab ntsug ntawm kab - tau siv hauv org. tablature thiab hauv org. P. (qhia los ntawm cov neeg koom nrog nrog kev ua yeeb yam choral, sau cov suab nrov tshaj plaws ntawm cov suab paj nruag; cov kab sib cais tau muab rau treble thiab ntses bass thaj tsam, nruab nrab lub suab los yog kaw rau hauv daim ntawv tablature, los yog txhua tus tau sau tawm ntawm qhov sib cais. kab).

F. Verdelo. Ib motet. Ntawv nkauj. (Los ntawm phau ntawv Lampadia.)

Raws li nws. theorist Lampadius (“Compendium mu-sicis” – “A Brief Guide to Music”, 1537), P. dates back approx. los ntawm 1500, thaum "Tabulae compositoriae" (lit. - "Composer's tables") tau los siv. Lub motet ntawm F. Verdelot tau hais los ntawm Lampadius yog thawj qhov piv txwv ntawm kev xyaum ua suab paj nruag tshiab uas tau los rau peb; qhov no yog luam 4-kab P. nrog barlines tom qab txhua ob breves. Cov suab yog teem nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lawv tessitura, ib tug hauv paus ntsiab lus ruaj khov nyob rau hauv lub wok. P. Cov ntawv sau ntxov tshaj plaws uas muaj sia nyob P. – “Fantasia di Giaches” (B-ka Vatican, ork. Chigi VIII, 206) yog hais txog 1560. Kev tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua 16th. Cov qhab nia sau ntau ntau. thiab multi-choir woks. op. txuam nrog kev vam meej ntawm imitation polyphony thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib haum xeeb. Piv nrog rau qhov kev xyaum ua cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ntau lub hom phiaj. suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv lub department lub suab (qhov chaw) los yog nyob rau hauv ib tug choral phau ntawv (nyob rau hauv uas ob lub suab ntawm ib tug 4-lub suab zoo nkauj raug kaw nyob rau hauv txhua nplooj ntawv) P. sawv cev rau zoo heev yooj yim, vim hais tias nws yog pom thiab yooj yim rau kev xaav ntawm kab rov tav thiab ntsug coordinates. ntawm polyphonic. tag nrho. Nyob rau hauv cov qhab nias sau, instr. suab paj nruag tau siv DOS. wok kaw cov ntsiab cai. polyphonic khoom. Qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov twj paj nruag nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug P. twb tsis tsau; cov yawm sij thiab lub npe ntawm tessitura (cantus, altus, tenor, bassus) tau pab los txiav txim rau nws.

Nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm lub 16th thiab 17th centuries. P. sawv nrog ib tug dav bass. Nws cov tsos yog txuam nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm homophonic style, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, nrog rau qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom yooj yim rau lub cev thiab clavichembalo players los xyaum chordal nrog melodies. pov npav. Hauv P. nrog rau cov ntses bass thaj tsam, cov ntses bass thaj tsam thiab melodic tau kaw. suab (cov tog ntawm cov twj paj nruag nrog tib tessitura nyob rau tib kab). harmonic accompaniment rau cov twj paj nruag keyboard tau conditionally tsau los ntawm kev kos npe. Nrog lub advent ntawm 2nd ib nrab. Xyoo pua 18th classical symphonies thiab concertos, cov ntses bass thaj tsam tau poob rau hauv kev tsis siv; kev sib haum xeeb pib raug kho kom raug hauv P.

Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev kaw suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov classical piano tau maj mam subordinated rau lub koom haum ntawm lub orchestra rau hauv pab pawg, tab sis cov kev npaj ntawm cov pab pawg neeg lawv tus kheej txawv heev ntawm niaj hnub ib: feem ntau cov hlua siab nyob rau sab saum toj, woodwinds thiab tooj dag cua hauv qab lawv. , thiab hlua basses hauv qab.

Txawm tias thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 cov neeg siv feem ntau siv cov kev taw qhia; tsuas yog nrog lub advent ntawm conductors nyob rau hauv niaj hnub. lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus (saib Kev Ua)

Kev npaj cov twj paj nruag hauv cov qhab nia rau loj symphony orchestra

Lavxias teb sab npe Italian

Woodwind

Flauto piccolo Flutes Flauti Oboe Oboe cor anglais corno inglese Clarinet Clarinetti Bass clarinet Clarinette basso Fagotti bassoons Contrafagot Contrafagotto

Cua daj cua dub

Corni horns Trombe pipes Trombones Tuba Tuba

Percussion twj paj nruag

Timpani Timpani Daim duab peb sab Daim duab peb sab Tamburino nruas Snare nruas Tamburo militare Piatti daim hlau loj nruas Gran cassa Xylophone Xylophone Tswb Campanelli

Celesta Harp Arpa: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim?

Hlua nkauj seev

1-e violins 1 Violini 2-e nkauj laus ncas 2 Violini Viola violas Violoncelli cellos Contrabass Contrabassi

P. yuav tsim nyog rau kev ua yeeb yam ntawm lub orchestra. thiab wok-orc. suab paj nruag.

Lub koom haum tau txais tam sim no ntawm P. tau coj mus rau hauv nruab nrab. 19th caug xyoo Cov khoom siv tau npaj raws li orc. pab pawg, nyob rau hauv txhua pab pawg cov twj paj nruag raug kaw nyob rau hauv tessitura los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv qab (nrog rau cov kev zam ntawm trumpets, cov seem ntawm uas, raws li cov qub kev lig kev cai, yog sau hauv qab no cov seem ntawm lub horns, saib cov lus saum toj no).

Ntau yam siab dua hauv tessitura (saib Orchestra) tau sau tseg saum toj no lub ntsiab. ntsuas (tsuas yog ib feem ntawm lub tshuab raj me me yog qee zaum sau qis), qis dua - hauv qab nws. Qhov chaw ntawm harp, piano, organ, soloists thiab hu nkauj raug kaw nyob rau hauv pab pawg:

NA Rimsky-Korsakov. Spanish Capriccio. Ntu I. Alborada.

Qee qhov kev zam rau cov cai tau tsim los ntawm G. Berlioz, R. Wagner, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, thiab lwm yam. thiab polyphonic. lus nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th P. pib ua rau kev nyeem ntawv nyuaj. Yog li, qhov kev xav tau tshwm sim los ua kom yooj yim P., tso nws los ntawm qee cov yuam sij (NA Rimsky-Korsakov thiab lwm tus kws sau ntawv ntawm St. Petersburg tsev kawm ntawv tso tseg tus yuam sij tenor) thiab los ntawm kev hloov pauv (A. Schoenberg, A. Berg, A. Webern, SS Prokofiev, A. Honegger). Nyob rau hauv lub 50-70s. 20th caug xyoo P. suav nrog ntau txoj hauv kev ntawm kev sau ntawv cuam tshuam nrog kev tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem tshiab (aleatoric, sonorism). Saib cov qhab nias nyeem.

References: Nuremberg M., Suab paj nruag, L., 1953, p. 192–199; Matalaev L., Simplify cov qhab nia, “SM”, 1964, No 10; Malter L., Tables on instrumentation, M., 1966, p. 55, 59, 67, 89 ib.

IB Barsova