Suab paj nruag tsom |

(los ntawm Greek. tsom xam - decomposition, dismemberment) - kev tshawb fawb ntawm suab paj nruag. ntau lawm: lawv style, daim ntawv, suab paj nruag. lus, nrog rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm txhua yam ntawm cov khoom thiab lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam hauv kev siv cov ntsiab lus. Kev tshuaj xyuas yog to taub raws li txoj kev tshawb fawb, DOS. ntawm kev faib tag nrho rau hauv qhov chaw, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Kev tshuaj xyuas yog tawm tsam kev sib txuas - ib txoj kev tshawb fawb, uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas otd. cov ntsiab lus rau hauv ib qho tag nrho. Kev tsom xam thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo sib xws. F. Engels tau sau tseg tias "kev xav muaj ntau npaum li qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom ntawm kev nco qab mus rau hauv lawv cov ntsiab lus xws li hauv kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov ntsiab lus txuas nrog ib leeg rau hauv ib qho kev sib koom ua ke. Tsis muaj synthesis yam tsis muaj kev tsom xam” (Anti-Dühring, K. Marx thiab F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 20, M., 1961, p. 41). Tsuas yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev tsom xam thiab kev sib txuas ua rau kom nkag siab tob txog qhov tshwm sim. Qhov no kuj siv tau rau A. m., uas, thaum kawg, yuav tsum ib txwm coj mus rau kev nthuav dav, kev sib txuas. Cov txheej txheem ob txoj kev no ua rau kom nkag siab tob txog cov khoom yuav tsum tau kawm. Lub sij hawm "A. m." to taub thiab siv nyob rau hauv ib tug dav thiab nqaim kev nkag siab. Yog li, los ntawm A.m. lawv to taub analytical. xav txog tej suab paj nruag. cov qauv zoo li no (piv txwv li, ib tus tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas cov qauv loj thiab me, cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, cov qauv ntawm cov 'meter' nyob rau hauv ib qho style, cov kev cai ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm tag nrho cov suab paj nruag, thiab lwm yam). Hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, lo lus "A. m." merges nrog lo lus "theoretical musicology". A. m. kuj txhais tau tias yog kev tsom xam. kev txiav txim siab ntawm txhua yam ntawm cov suab paj nruag. lus nyob rau hauv ib lub suab paj nruag. ua haujlwm. Qhov no yog kev nkag siab me me ntawm lo lus "A. m." yog tus thawj coj. Suab paj nruag yog ib ntus kos duab, nws qhia txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev muaj tiag nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv txoj kev loj hlob, yog li ntawd, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv kev tsom xam ntawm muses. prod. thiab nws tus kheej cov ntsiab lus muaj kev tsim cov qauv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob.

Ib qho ntawm cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm kev kos duab. duab hauv suab paj nruag yog muses. lub ntsiab lus. Kev kawm txog cov ncauj lus thiab lawv cov kev sib piv, txhua qhov thematic. kev txhim kho yog lub sijhawm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev txheeb xyuas cov haujlwm. Thematic qhov kev tsom xam kuj presupposes kev qhia meej ntawm hom keeb kwm ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Txij li cov hom ntawv muaj feem xyuam nrog qee yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab ntau yam ntawm kev nthuav qhia, qhia meej txog hom kab lus ntawm lub ncauj lus pab qhia nws cov ntsiab lus.

Kev tsom xam yog ua tau. suab paj nruag. cov khoom siv hauv lawv nthuav tawm. txhais tau hais tias: 'meter', atherosclerosis (ob leeg hauv lawv lub ntsiab lus ywj pheej thiab hauv lawv qhov kev sib koom tes), hom, timbre, dynamics, thiab lwm yam. Harmonic (saib Harmony) thiab polyphonic (saib Polyphony) kev tsom xam yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, thaum lub sij hawm kev ntxhib los mos kuj suav tias yog ib qho tej yam kev nthuav qhia, nrog rau kev tsom xam ntawm suab paj nruag raws li qhov yooj yim holistic qeb uas muaj cov thawj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev qhia. nyiaj txiag. Tom ntej no ntau yam ntawm A.m. yog kev tsom xam ntawm cov compositions. cov ntaub ntawv ntau lawm. (piv txwv li lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sib piv thematic thiab kev loj hlob, saib daim ntawv suab paj nruag) - muaj nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab hom thiab hom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, nyob rau hauv kom meej cov ntsiab lus ntawm thematic. kev loj hlob.

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntau yam, A.m. yog txuam nrog ntau dua los yog tsawg dua ntawm ib ntus, khoom tsim, tab sis tsim nyog abstraction, kev sib cais ntawm ib lub ntsiab lus los ntawm lwm tus. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv harmonic tsom xam tej zaum yuav tsum tau xav txog qhov piv ntawm ib tug neeg chords, tsis hais lub luag hauj lwm ntawm meter, atherosclerosis, suab paj nruag.

Ib hom kev tsom xam tshwj xeeb - "kev nyuaj" lossis "holistic" - yog kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov suab paj nruag. Cov ntawv sau tau tsim los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov ntawv sau. cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis ua ke nrog kev kawm ntawm tag nrho cov Cheebtsam ntawm tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv lawv kev sib raug zoo thiab kev loj hlob.

Elucidation ntawm keeb kwm thiab stylistic. thiab hom ntawv yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej yog tsim nyog nyob rau hauv txhua hom atomism, tab sis nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ib tug complex (holistic) tsom xam, lub hom phiaj siab tshaj plaws uas yog kev kawm ntawm suab paj nruag. prod. raws li ib tug social ideological phenomena nyob rau hauv nws tag nrho cov istorich. kev sib txuas. Hom kev tshuaj ntsuam no yog nyob rau ntawm verge ntawm txoj kev theoretical. thiab keeb kwm musicology. Owls. musicologists generalize cov ntaub ntawv ntawm A.m. raws li txoj kev ntawm Marxist-Leninist aesthetics.

A. m. tuaj yeem ua haujlwm raws li decomp. hom phiaj. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm tus kheej cov khoom ntawm cov suab paj nruag. tej hauj lwm (cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag) yog siv nyob rau hauv kev kawm thiab pedagogical. cov chav kawm, phau ntawv kawm, kev pab qhia thiab hauv tooretich. kev tshawb fawb. Hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb raws li lawv hom thiab kev tsom xam tshwj xeeb yog raug rau kev txheeb xyuas dav dav otd. yuav qhia. cov khoom, cov qauv ntawm cov compositions. cov ntaub ntawv suab paj nruag ua haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv ntau rooj plaub nyob rau hauv kev nthuav qhia ntawm lub general theoretical. teeb meem raws li cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm lub tswv yim txoj hauj lwm raug soj ntsuam raws. cov qauv - excerpts ntawm suab paj nruag. tej hauj lwm los yog tag nrho tej hauj lwm. Qhov no yog txoj kev txiav tawm. Hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej zoo li no, cov qauv tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tau muab coj los ua tus nyeem ntawv mus rau qhov xaus ntawm qhov xwm txheej dav dav. Qhov no yog txoj kev inductive. Ob txoj kev sib npaug siv tau thiab tuaj yeem ua ke.

Comprehensive (holistic) tsom xam otd. ua hauj lwm - ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm thiab stylistic. kev tshawb fawb, nthuav tawm lossi tsim stylistic. qauv, nta ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb nat. kab lis kev cai, nrog rau ib qho ntawm txoj hauv kev los tsim cov qauv tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb ntawm cov suab paj nruag. foob. Nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv luv luv, nws dhau los ua ib feem ntawm cov monograph. kev tshawb fawb mob siab rau ib tug composer. Muaj ib yam tshwj xeeb ntawm txoj kev (holistic) tsom xam, uas muab ib tug dav aesthetic. appraisal ntawm ntau lawm yam tsis tau tob rau hauv kev tsom xam yuav qhia. txhais tau tias, daim ntawv nta, thiab lwm yam. Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas no tuaj yeem hu ua qhov tseem ceeb-zoo nkauj. tsom xam ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Nrog xws li kev xav ntawm lub suab paj nruag. prod. Kev tsom xam thiab kev thuam raug cuam tshuam zoo thiab qee zaum cuam tshuam.

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb. method A.m. hauv pem teb 1. Xyoo pua 19th ua si. musicologist AB Marx (1795-1866). Nws phau ntawv Ludwig Beethoven. Lub Neej thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm” (“Ludwig van Beethovens Leben und Schaffen”, 1859-1875) yog ib qho piv txwv thawj ntawm cov ntawv sau, suav nrog cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog cov muses. prod.

X. Riemann (1849-1919), raws li nws txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, ntsuas, daim ntawv, nkag siab qhov theoretical. suab paj nruag txoj kev tsom xam. prod. Kev tsom mus rau sab raug cai, txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tau cais cov thev naus laus zis los ntawm kev zoo nkauj. kwv yees thiab keeb kwm yam. Riemann yog tus tswv ntawm cov kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas xws li "Cov Lus Qhia rau Fugue Composition" ("Handbuch der Fugen-Kompositionen", Bd I-III, 1890-94, vols. I thiab II tau mob siab rau "Well-Tempered Clavier", vol. III – “The Art of the Fugue” los ntawm JS Bach), “Beethoven's Bow Quartets” (“Beethovens Streichquartette”, 1903), “Tag nrho solo piano sonatas los ntawm L. van Beethoven, zoo nkauj. thiab formal technical. tsom xam nrog cov lus hais keeb kwm” (“L. van Beethovens sämtliche Klavier-Solosonaten, ästhetische und formal-technische Analyze mit historischen Notizen”, 1918-1919), thematic. Kev tsom xam ntawm 6th symphony thiab symphony "Manfred" los ntawm Tchaikovsky.

Ntawm cov hauj lwm uas tsim cov theoretical thiab aesthetic. txoj kev tsom xam ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag. nyob rau Western Europe suab paj nruag, peb muaj peev xwm muab lub npe ua hauj lwm ntawm G. Kretschmar (1848-1924) “Quide to concerts” (“Führer durch Konzertsaal”, 1887-90); monograph los ntawm A. Schweitzer (1875-1965) “IS Bach” (” JS Bach “, 1908), qhov twg prod. composer raug suav hais tias nyob rau hauv kev sib sau ntawm peb yam ntawm kev tsom xam - theoretical, zoo nkauj. thiab ua haujlwm; ib tug peb-ntim monograph los ntawm P. Becker (1882-1937) "Beethoven" ("Beethoven", 1911), nyob rau hauv uas tus sau tsom xam symphonies thiab piano. sonatas ntawm tus kws sau ntawv zoo raws li lawv "poetic lub tswv yim"; phau ntawv los ntawm X. Leuchtentritt (1874-1951) “Teaching about Musical Form” (“Musikalische Formenlehre”, 1911) thiab nws tus kheej txoj hauj lwm “Tshawb xyuas Chopin's Piano Works” (“Analyse der Chopin'schen Klavierwerke”, 1921-22). nyob rau hauv-Roy siab scientific-theoretical. theem ntawm kev tsom xam yog ua ke nrog nthuav cov yam ntxwv thiab aesthetics. kev ntaus nqi; muaj ntau yam kev soj ntsuam me me ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm E. Kurt (1886-1946) "Romantic Harmony and Its Crisis in Wagner's Tristan" ("Romantische Harmonik und ihre Krise in Wagners "Tristan"", 1920) thiab "Bruckner" (Bd 1- 2, 1925, ib.). Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm A. Lorenz (1868-1939) "The Secret of Form in Wagner" ("Das Geheimnis der Form bei Richard Wagner", 1924-33), raws li kev soj ntsuam ntxaws ntawm Wagner's operas, pawg tshiab ntawm cov ntawv thiab lawv cov ntu raug tsim (synthesizing theem thiab suab paj nruag tsis tu ncua ntawm "poetic-musical lub sij hawm", "hloov ib feem").

Cov hauj lwm ntawm R. Rolland (1866–1944) nyob hauv ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb hauv kev txhim kho atomic art. Ntawm lawv yog cov haujlwm "Beethoven. Lub sijhawm muaj tswv yim zoo” (“Beethoven. Les grandes epoques cryatrices”, 1928-45). Kev tshuaj xyuas Beethoven's symphonies, sonatas thiab opera hauv nws, R. Rolland tsim ib hom kev tshuaj ntsuam. ib txoj kev txuam nrog poetic, literary koom haum, metaphors thiab mus dhau nruj suab paj nruag-theoretical moj khaum mus rau ib tug dawb poetic txhais ntawm cov tswv yim thiab piv txwv qauv ntawm ntau lawm. Txoj kev no tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm A. m. ob leeg nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub USSR.

Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab classical musicology ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. advanced trends ntawm kev sib raug zoo. kev xav kom meej meej cuam tshuam rau thaj tsam ntawm A.m. Kev siv zog ntawm Rus. musicologists thiab critics raug xa mus pom zoo rau thesis: txhua mus. prod. tsim rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev nthuav tawm ib lub tswv yim, xa cov kev xav thiab kev xav. AD Ulybyshev (1794-1858), thawj Rus. Tus kws sau suab paj nruag, tus sau cov haujlwm "The New Biography of Mozart" ("Nouvelle biography de Mozart ...", ntu 1-3, 1843) thiab "Beethoven, nws cov neeg thuam thiab cov neeg txhais lus" ("Beethoven, ses critiques et ses glossateurs", 1857), uas tau tso lub cim tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm qhov tseem ceeb. kev xav. Ob phau ntawv muaj ntau qhov kev tshuaj xyuas, cov qhab nia tseem ceeb thiab zoo nkauj. ua haujlwm. Cov no yog tej zaum thawj piv txwv ntawm monographs nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe uas muab biographical ntaub ntawv nrog analytical. Ib tug ntawm thawj Lavxias teb sab kws tshawb fawb uas tig mus rau fatherlands. suab paj nruag art-woo, VF Odoevsky (1804-69), tsis yog ib tug theoretician, muab nyob rau hauv nws cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab kev sau xov xwm zoo nkauj. sib pl. production, ch. arr. Glinka's operas. Cov hauj lwm ntawm VF Lenz (1809-83) "Beethoven thiab nws peb hom" ("Beethoven et ses trois styles", 1852) thiab "Beethoven. Kev soj ntsuam ntawm nws cov ntawv sau” (“Beethoven. Eine Kunst-Studie”, 1855-60) tsis tau poob qhov tseem ceeb rau niaj hnub no.

AN Serov (1820-71) - tus tsim ntawm txoj kev thematic. tsom xam nyob rau hauv Russia musicology. Hauv kev sau ntawv Lub Luag Haujlwm ntawm Ib Tus Qauv hauv Tag Nrho Opera Ib Lub Neej rau Tsar (1859), siv cov qauv suab paj nruag, Serov tshawb nrhiav cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kawg chorus Glory. Tus sau txuas qhov tsim ntawm lub ntsiab lus no-anthem nrog kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntsiab. patriotic opera tswv yim. Tsab ntawv "Thematism of the Leonora Overture" (kev kawm txog Beethoven, 1861) tshawb txog kev sib txuas ntawm cov thematicism ntawm Beethoven lub overture thiab nws opera. Hauv tsab xov xwm "Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, Nws Cov Qauv thiab Lub Ntsiab Lus" (1868), lub tswv yim ntawm kev maj mam tsim ntawm lub ntsiab lus kawg ntawm kev xyiv fab yog ua tiav. Kev soj ntsuam zoo ib yam ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm Glinka thiab Dargomyzhsky tau muab rau hauv cov ntawv "Lub Neej rau Tsar" thiab "Ruslan thiab Lyudmila" (1860), "Ruslan thiab Ruslanists" (1867), "Mermaid" los ntawm Dargomyzhsky (1856) . Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev txhim kho txuj ci. cov tswv yim thiab cov txhais tau tias ntawm nws embodiment – ​​beings. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Serov tus txheej txheem, uas tau los ua lub hauv paus pob zeb ntawm owls. theoretical musicology.

Hauv cov ntawv tseem ceeb los ntawm PI Tchaikovsky, qhov chaw tseem ceeb tau muab rau kev tsom xam ntawm muses. productions, ua nyob rau hauv ntau yam concerts nyob rau hauv Moscow nyob rau hauv lub lig 70s. 19th caug xyoo Ntawm lub lit. Cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm NA Rimsky-Korsakov stands rau nws thematic. kev tsom xam ntawm tus kheej lub opera Lub Snow Maiden (ed. 1911, tag nrho luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub ed.: NA Rimsky-Korsakov, Sau Tej hauj lwm, Literary Works thiab ntawv xov xwm, vol. IV, M., 1960). Kev soj ntsuam ntawm tus kheej sau ntawv thiab kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev tsim khoom. Lwm cov neeg sau kuj tseem muaj nyob rau hauv Rimsky-Korsakov's Chronicle of My Musical Life (tshaj tawm xyoo 1909). Ib tug ntau ntawm nthuav theoretical hais lus. thiab tus cwj pwm analytic muaj nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv ntawm SI Taneev nrog PI Tchaikovsky. Siab scientific thiab theoretical. Qhov tseem ceeb yog Taneyev cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws tsom xam ntawm tonal thiab thematic. txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv ib co Beethoven sonatas (nyob rau hauv cov ntawv mus rau lub composer NN Amani thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb ua hauj lwm "Tshawb xyuas ntawm modulations nyob rau hauv Beethoven lub sonatas").

Lub peev xwm ntawm ntau Lavxias teb sab kev vam meej musicologists thiab cov neeg thuam, uas tau pib lawv cov dej num nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ua ntej revolutionary, nthuav tawm tom qab Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj Tsov Rog. socialist. kiv puag ncig. BL Yavorsky (1877-1942), tus tsim ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm modal atherosclerosis, qhia ntau yam tshiab rau hauv complex (holistic) tsom xam. Nws muaj kev txheeb xyuas cov haujlwm ntawm AN Scriabin thiab JS Bach thiab lwm yam haujlwm. Nyob rau ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, tus kws tshawb fawb tau tshuaj xyuas qhov kev sib txuas ntawm cov preludes thiab fugues ntawm no sau thiab cantatas thiab, raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov ntawv nyeem ntawm lub tom kawg, tuaj rau thawj cov lus xaus txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm preludes thiab fugues.

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb A. m. pab txhawb rau hauv 20s. pedagogical thiab scientific kev ua ub no ntawm GL Catoire (1861-1926) thiab GE Konyus (1862-1933). Txawm hais tias ib leeg-sidedness scientific txoj haujlwm (piv txwv li, txoj kev xav ntawm metrotectonism Konus, exaggeration ntawm lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub 'meter' nyob rau hauv Catoire's lectures), lawv theoretical. cov hauj lwm muaj cov kev soj ntsuam tseem ceeb thiab pab txhawb rau kev txhim kho kev xav txog kev xav.

A. m. plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm BV Asafiev (1884-1949). Ntawm nws cov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - "Symphonic Etudes" (1922), muaj kev txheeb xyuas ntawm ntau tus Lavxias. operas thiab ballets (xws li opera Tus Poj huab tais ntawm Spades), phau ntawv Eugene Onegin los ntawm Tchaikovsky (1944), txoj kev kawm Glinka (1947), nyob rau hauv uas cov seem nplooj siab rau. Kev tsom xam ntawm opera "Ruslan thiab Lyudmila" thiab "Kamarinskaya". Qhov tseem ceeb tshiab yog Asafiev lub tswv yim ntawm intonation. lub suab nkauj. Nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau paub qhov txawv ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm theoretical. thiab keeb kwm. Synthesis ntawm keeb kwm thiab theoretical pib yog qhov loj tshaj plaws scientific zoo ntawm Asafiev. Asafiev cov hauj lwm zoo tshaj plaws tau muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev tsim cov suab paj nruag. Nws phau ntawv Musical Form as a Process (them 1-2, 1930 thiab 1947) tau ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb, xaus cov kev xav muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm ob yam ntawm suab paj nruag. daim ntawv - raws li ib tug txheej txheem thiab raws li nws crystallized tshwm sim; hais txog hom ntawv raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus – sib piv thiab tus kheej; hais txog peb txoj haujlwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob - impulse, txav thiab ua tiav, txog lawv qhov hloov pauv tas li.

Kev loj hlob ntawm A.m. nyob rau hauv lub USSR tau reflected ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb. kev tshawb fawb, thiab hauv tej hauj lwm xws li phau ntawv kawm thiab kev pab qhia ntawv. Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv ntawm LA Mazel "Fantasy f-moll Chopin. Kev Paub Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb" (1937) raws li kev soj ntsuam ntxaws ntawm cov nkauj no. tej hauj lwm teem ib tug xov tooj ntawm ntau stylistic. kev cai lij choj ntawm Chopin txoj hauj lwm, cov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm A. m. muab tso rau pem hauv ntej. Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm tib tus sau "On Melody" (1952), qhov tshwj xeeb tau tsim. Melodic methodology. tsom xam.

VA Zukkerman hauv nws txoj haujlwm "Kamarinskaya" los ntawm Glinka thiab nws cov kev coj noj coj ua hauv Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag (1957) tso rau pem hauv ntej cov kev cai tshiab txog kev sau nkauj. nta ntawm Russia nar. nkauj thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov. Qhov tseem ceeb theoretical. generalizations muaj phau ntawv Vl. V. Protopopov “Ivan Susanin” Glinka” (1961). Nws yog thawj zaug los tsim lub tswvyim ntawm "kev sib piv-sib sau ua ke" (saib daim ntawv suab paj nruag). Tshaj tawm rau Sat. "Frederic Chopin" (1960) cov ntawv "Notes on Chopin's Musical Language" los ntawm VA Zukkerman, "Qee yam ntawm Chopin's Free Form Composition" los ntawm LA Mazel thiab "Variation Method of Thematic Development in Chopin's Music" los ntawm Vl. V. Protopopov ua tim khawv rau qib siab ntawm A. m., ua tiav los ntawm Soviet musicologists.

A. m. yog tas li siv nyob rau hauv kev kawm thiab pedagogical. xyaum. Kev kawm ntawm txhua yam ntawm cov suab paj nruag-theoretical. lub voj voog (qib suab paj nruag theory, solfeggio, kev sib haum xeeb, polyphony, instrumentation) muaj peb ntu: txoj kev xav ntawm qhov kev kawm, kev siv. assignments thiab tsom xam ntawm suab paj nruag. prod. los yog excerpts. Nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm theem pib txoj kev xav ntawm suab paj nruag analytic. seem yog ib qho kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov ntsiab lus yooj yim ntawm cov suab paj nruag. ua hauj lwm - tonality, loj, pab pawg nyob rau hauv tuav, dynamic. thiab siab phem. ntxoov, etc.; nyob rau hauv chav kawm solfeggio - auditory tsom xam ntawm ncua sij hawm, qhov loj, chords, deviations thiab modulations nyob rau hauv me me fragments ntawm suab paj nruag. ntau lawm; nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, polyphony, instrumentation – tsom xam ntawm arts sib raug rau tej seem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kawm. cov qauv (kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov cuab yeej - saib Kev Ntsuas). Ntau phau ntawv kawm thiab phau ntawv qhia txog cov ncauj lus no muaj ntu ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas; muaj nyias phau ntawv qhia rau harmonica. thiab polyphonic. tsom xam.

Nyob rau hauv lub pre-revolutionary lub sij hawm thiab nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo tom qab lub kiv puag ncig muaj ib tug kawm "Tshaj tawm muses. forms", uas tau txo mus rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm compositions. cov ntaub ntawv suab paj nruag ua haujlwm los ntawm kev coj nws los ntawm ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem nruj me ntsis uas muaj nyob hauv phau ntawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev saib xyuas me ntsis tau them rau cov ntsiab lus nthuav dav, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txhim kho thematic. Nyob rau hauv Russia, thawj phau ntawv uas pom daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawm suab paj nruas cov ntaub ntawv yog cov hauj lwm "Theory of Music" los ntawm G. Hess de Calve (1818), "Textbook on Composition" los ntawm I. Fuchs (1830) thiab "Ua tiav Phau Ntawv Qhia rau. Composing Music” los ntawm IK Gunke (1859-63). Nyob rau hauv 1883-84, Lavxias teb sab translations ntawm Phau Ntawv Qhia ntawm Cov Ntawv ntawm Instrumental Music (Musikalische Formenlehre, 1878) los ntawm German musicologist L. Busler tau tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv 1901 - cov phau ntawv los ntawm cov lus Askiv kws tshawb fawb E. Prout, luam tawm nyob rau hauv ob phau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub npe Suab paj nruag. Form (Musical form", 1891, Russian translation 1900) thiab "Applied forms" ("Applied forms", 1895, Russian translation bg).

Los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Lavxias. Cov duab suab paj nruag sawv tawm: AS Arensky phau ntawv nyeem "Ib Phau Ntawv Qhia rau Kev Kawm ntawm Cov Ntawv ntawm Instrumental thiab Vocal Music" (1893-94), uas muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv compressed thiab yooj yim piav qhia ntawm cov ntaub ntawv suab paj nruag; kawm los ntawm GL Catoire “Musical Form” (sab 1-2, 1934-36), uas nyob rau hauv lub 30s. Nws kuj tau siv los ua phau ntawv qhia rau cov kws kho suab paj nruag.

Kev vam meej nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm domestic musicology tom qab lub Great Lub kaum hli ntuj kiv puag ncig pab rau lub paj sai sai ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm suab paj nruag. daim ntawv. Qhov no tau ua rau muaj kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm cov kev cai ntawm A.m. Cov chav kawm tshiab tau tsim nyob rau hauv 30s. xib fwb ntawm Moscow Conservatory VA Zukkerman, LA Mazel, I. Ya. Ryzhkin; Nyob rau ntawm Leningrad Conservatory, cov hauj lwm zoo sib xws tau ua los ntawm VV Shcherbachev, Yu. N. Tyulin, and BA Arapov. Hoob no yog ua raws li cov kev paub uas sau los ntawm theoretical musicology nyob rau hauv txhua qhov chaw thiab, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawm suab paj nruas daim ntawv.

Yog li ntawd, lub Scope ntawm kev cob qhia yav dhau los tau nthuav dav, thiab nws tus kheej tau raug tsa mus rau qib siab dua. theem – nws lub hom phiaj qhov kawg yog ib qho kev tsom xam (holistic).

Cov haujlwm tshiab tau teev tseg hauv chav kawm A.m. xav tau phau ntawv tshiab thiab kev qhia ntawv, ntxiv kev tshawb fawb. txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tsom xam methodology. Twb tau nyob rau hauv thawj owl. phau ntawv, npaj rau cov chav kawm dav dav ntawm A. m., - phau ntawv ntawm IV Sposobina "Musical Form" (1947), nyob rau hauv ib qho systematic. kev txiav txim raug suav hais tias nthuav qhia. txhais tau tias thiab nrog kev ua tiav zoo tag nrho cov hauv paus tau them. daim ntawv. Phau ntawv SS Skrebkov "Kev Ntsuam Xyuas ntawm cov suab paj nruag" (1958) muaj cov theoretical. cov hauj lwm uas muab cov haujlwm no cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev kawm (piv txwv li, kev tsom xam ntawm kev txhim kho intra-thematic thiab ib qho tshiab hauv kev nkag siab "sonata" raws li lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb). Nyob rau hauv tus account. LA Mazel phau ntawv nyeem "Cov Qauv ntawm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam" (1960) tau tsim ib txoj kev xav tshiab ntawm lub sijhawm, hais txog cov kev paub txog kev nkag siab ntawm daim ntawv no (thawj cov kauj ruam hauv cov lus qhia no tau ua hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm E. Prout thiab GL Catoire. ), ib txoj kev xav ntawm cov ntawv sib xyaw, tsim los ntawm E. Prout. Nyob rau hauv 1965, nyob rau hauv lub general editorship ntawm Yu. N. Tyulin luam tawm phau ntawv Leningrad. sau ntawv "Musical Form". Raws li cov terminology thiab ib co scientific. cov hauv paus ntsiab lus, nws txawv heev los ntawm cov phau ntawv Moscow. cov kws sau ntawv (rau qhov sib txawv no, saib cov ntawv suab paj nruag).

Phau ntawv kawm los ntawm LA Mazel thiab VA Zuckerman "Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Suab paj nruag" rau cov chaw ua haujlwm suab paj nruag ntawm cov chaw khaws cia (Tsab Ntawv 1, 1967) tau sau tseg txog kev muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua haujlwm. thiab tej hauj lwm scientific sau los ntawm nws cov neeg sau ntawv.

Cov hauj lwm ntawm cov kws kho suab paj nruag pab txhawb kev txhim kho ntawm ob qho tib si ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas suab paj nruag nws tus kheej thiab cov chav kawm ntawm kev tsom xam ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag.

References: Serov A., Thematism of the overture to the opera “Leonora”, “Neue Zeitschrift für Musik”, 1861; Russian per. — Cov ntawv tseem ceeb, vol. 3, ZPO, 1895; P. Tchaikovsky, Musical notes thiab notes (1868-1876), M., 1898; Ib., M., 1953; Asafev B. V., Overture Ruslan thiab Lyudmila Glinka, "Music. chronicle", Sat. II, P., 1923; nws tus kheej, Glinka's Waltz-Fantasy, "Music. chronicle", Sat. III, L., 1926; nws tus kheej, Chopin's Mazurka, “SM”, 1947, No 7; Belyaev V., "Kev tsom xam ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv Beethoven's sonatas" S. THIAB. Taneeva, nyob rau hauv: Lavxias teb sab phau ntawv txog Beethoven, M., 1927; Mazel L., Chopin's Fantasy nyob rau hauv f-moll (kev soj ntsuam kev paub), M., 1937, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: Kev tshawb fawb ntawm Chopin, M., 1971; nws, Aesthetics and Analysis, “SM”, 1966, No 12; Cov ntawv los ntawm S. THIAB. Taneva to N. N. Amani, “SM”, 1940, No 7; Zuckerman V., Hom kev tsom xam, “SM”, 1967, Tsis muaj 4; Kholopov Yu., Niaj hnub nimno suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm kev tsom xam ntawm suab paj nruas tej hauj lwm, nyob rau hauv: Methodological sau ntawv ntawm suab paj nruag kev kawm, M., 1966; Arzamanov F., On qhia cov chav kawm ntawm kev tsom xam ntawm suab paj nruas tej hauj lwm, nyob rau hauv Sat: Cov lus nug ntawm kev qhia txoj kev suab paj nruas thiab theoretical disciplines, M., 1967; Pags Yu., On the analysis of the period, ibid.; Ulybyschew A. D., New Biography ntawm Mozart, Moscow, 1843; рус. ib., M., 1890-92; Richter E. Fr. E., Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv suab paj nruag thiab lawv cov kev tsom xam, Lpz., 1852; Lenz W., Beethoven et ses trois styles, v. 1-2, ib. Petersburg, 1852, Brussels, 1854, P., 1855; Marx A. В., Ludwig van Beethoven lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm, vol. 1 2, V., 1911; Riemann H., Systematic theory of modulation as the base of music form theory, Hamb., 1887, рyc. Ib., s., 1896; Kretzschmar H., Qhia txog kev hais kwv txhiaj, vols. 1-3, Ib., 1887-90; Nagel W., Beethoven thiab nws cov piano sonatas, vols. 1-2, Langensalza, 1903-05, 1933; Schweitzer A., ​​​Johann Sebastian Bach, Lpz., 1908 thiab переизд., рус. ib., M., 1965; Bekker P., Beethoven, V., 1911 and reprinted, Lavxias teb sab. ib., M., 1913-15; Riemann H., L. van Beethoven tus ua tiav piano solo sonatas. Aesthetic thiab formal-technical tsom xam nrog keeb kwm sau ntawv, vols. 1-3, V., 1920; Кurth E., Romantic kev sib raug zoo thiab nws cov teeb meem hauv Wagner's "Tristan", Bern – Lpz., 1920, В., 1923; Leiсhtentritt H., Kev Ntsuam Xyuas ntawm Chopin's piano tej hauj lwm, vols. 1-2, V., 1921-22; Rolland R., Beethoven. Les grandes epoques cryatrices, P., 1928-45 thiab reprinted, Russian. ib. 1938 thiab 1957-58; Schenker H., New music theories and fantasies, III, W., 1935, 1956; Tovey D Fr., Essays in suab paj nruas tsom xam, 1-6, L., 1935-39; Grabner H., phau ntawv qhia txog suab paj nruag, Lpz., (o. J.); Federhofer H., Kev Pabcuam rau suab paj nruag gestalt tsom, Graz, 1950; Gьldenstein G., Synthetic Analysis, «Schweizerische Musikzeitung», XCVI, 1956; Fucks W., Mathematical Analysis of the Formal Structure of Music, Cologne – Upload, 1958; Cone E. T., Analysis hnub no, «MQ», XLVI, 1960; Goldschmidt H., On the methodology of music analysis, в кн.: Kev koom tes rau musicology, Vol III, No 4, В., 1961; Коlneder W., Visual and auditory analysis, в кн.: Kev hloov ntawm lub suab paj nruag, В., 1962; Txoj kev tshiab ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam suab paj nruag. Yim pab nyiaj los ntawm L. U. Abraham thiab lwm yam., V., 1967; Kev sim ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam suab paj nruag. Xya qhov kev pab los ntawm P. Benary, S. Borris, D. de la Motte, H. Poj ntsuam, H.-P. Reis and R. Stephan, V., 1967; Motte D. de la, suab paj nruag tsom xam, ntawv nyeem thiab ntawv suab paj nruag, vols. 1-2, Kassel – N. Ib., 1968.

VP Bobrovsky