Yakov Izrailevich Zak (Yakov Zak) |

Yakov Zaug

"Nws yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tias nws sawv cev rau lub suab paj nruag loj tshaj plaws." Cov lus ntawm Adas Wieniawski, tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Sib Tw Thib Peb International Chopin, tau hais rau xyoo 1937 rau 24-xyoo-laus Soviet pianist Yakov Zak. Tus txwj laus ntawm cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag Polish ntxiv: "Zak yog ib tus kws ntaus piano zoo tshaj plaws uas kuv tau hnov ​​​​hauv kuv lub neej ntev." (Soviet laureates ntawm kev sib tw suab paj nruag thoob ntiaj teb. - M., 1937. P. 125.).

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… Yakov Izrailevich nco qab tias: “Qhov kev sib tw yuav tsum muaj kev siv zog yuav luag. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib tw tau dhau los ua qhov zoo siab heev (nws yooj yim me ntsis rau cov neeg sib tw tam sim no): cov neeg txiav txim hauv Warsaw tau muab tso rau ntawm theem, yuav luag ib sab nrog cov neeg hais lus. " Zak tau zaum ntawm lub keyboard, thiab qhov chaw ze rau nws ("Kuv hnov ​​​​lawv ua tsis taus pa ...") yog cov kws ua yeeb yam uas lawv lub npe tau paub rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb suab paj nruag - E. Sauer, V. Backhaus, R. Casadesus, E. Frey thiab lwm tus. Thaum nws ua si tas lawm, nws hnov ​​​​cov suab paj nruag - qhov no, tsis zoo li kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj noj coj ua, cov tswv cuab ntawm pawg neeg txiav txim tau npuaj teg - thaum xub thawj nws tsis zoo li lawv muaj dab tsi ua rau nws. Zach tau txais txiaj ntsig thawj zaug thiab ib qho ntxiv, ntxiv - bronze laurel wreath.

Kev yeej hauv kev sib tw yog qhov kawg ntawm thawj theem hauv kev tsim ib tus kws kos duab. Ntau xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnyav ua rau nws.

Yakov Izrailevich Zak yug hauv Odessa. Nws thawj tus kws qhia ntawv yog Maria Mitrofanovna Starkova. (“Ib tug neeg txawj ntaus suab paj nruag,” Zach nco qab nrog ib lo lus ua tsaug, “leej twg paub yuav ua li cas muab rau cov tub ntxhais kawm qhov uas feem ntau nkag siab zoo li lub tsev kawm ntawv.”) Tus tub uas muaj txiaj ntsig tau taug kev hauv nws txoj kev kawm pianistic nrog kev nrawm thiab txawm tias kauj ruam. Hauv nws txoj kev kawm muaj kev ua siab ntev, thiab lub hom phiaj, thiab kev qhuab qhia tus kheej; txij thaum yau nws mob hnyav thiab ua haujlwm hnyav. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 15 xyoos, nws tau muab thawj clavierabend hauv nws lub neej, hais lus rau cov neeg nyiam suab paj nruag ntawm nws lub nroog nrog kev ua haujlwm los ntawm Beethoven, Liszt, Chopin, Debussy.

Nyob rau hauv 1932, tus tub hluas nkag mus kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Moscow Conservatory rau GG Neuhaus. "Cov lus qhia nrog Genrikh Gustavovich tsis yog cov lus qhia hauv kev txhais lus ib txwm muaj," Zak hais. "Nws yog ib yam dab tsi ntxiv: cov txheej xwm kos duab. Lawv “hlwb” nrog rau lawv qhov kov nrog tej yam tshiab, tsis paub, zoo siab… Peb, cov tub kawm, zoo li tau qhia rau hauv lub tuam tsev ntawm kev xav suab paj nruag, kev xav tob thiab nyuaj… ”Zak yuav luag tsis tawm ntawm Neuhaus chav kawm. Nws nyob ntawm yuav luag txhua zaj lus qhia ntawm nws tus xibfwb (hauv lub sijhawm luv tshaj plaws nws tau paub txog kev ua haujlwm zoo rau nws tus kheej los ntawm cov lus qhia thiab cov lus qhia rau lwm tus); mloog inquisitively rau qhov kev ua si ntawm nws comrades. Ntau cov lus thiab cov lus pom zoo ntawm Heinrich Gustavovich tau sau tseg los ntawm nws hauv phau ntawv tshwj xeeb.

Xyoo 1933-1934, Neuhaus mob hnyav. Tau ob peb lub hlis, Zak kawm hauv chav kawm ntawm Konstantin Nikolaevich Igumnov. Ntau ntawm no ntsia txawv, txawm hais tias tsis muaj tsawg nthuav thiab zoo siab. "Igumnov muaj qhov zoo kawg nkaus, tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig: nws muaj peev xwm ntes nrog ib saib ntawm daim ntawv ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag tag nrho thiab tib lub sijhawm pom txhua yam ntawm nws, txhua "cell". Tsawg tus neeg hlub thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, paub yuav ua li cas ua haujlwm nrog tus menyuam kawm ntawv ntawm kev nthuav dav, tshwj xeeb, zoo li nws. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb npaum li cas, qhov tsim nyog nws tau hais, nws tau tshwm sim, hauv qhov chaw nqaim hauv ob peb ntsuas! Qee lub sij hawm koj saib, rau ib thiab ib nrab lossis ob teev ntawm zaj lus qhia, ob peb nplooj tau dhau los. Thiab txoj haujlwm, zoo li lub raum nyob rau hauv lub hnub ci ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav, cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo puv ... "

Xyoo 1935, Zak tau koom nrog Kev Sib Tw Sib Koom Tes thib Ob ntawm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam, tau txais qhov thib peb hauv qhov kev sib tw no. Thiab ob xyoos tom qab ntawd tau muaj kev vam meej hauv Warsaw, uas tau piav qhia saum toj no. Kev yeej nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Poland tau dhau los ua txhua yam kev xyiv fab ntau dua vim tias, ntawm qhov kev sib tw ua ntej, tus neeg sib tw nws tus kheej tsis xav txog nws tus kheej los ua tus nyiam hauv qhov tob ntawm nws tus ntsuj plig. Tsawg kawg ntawm txhua yam nws ua rau overestimating nws lub peev xwm, ntau ceev faj thiab ceev faj tshaj qhov khav theeb, nws tau npaj rau kev sib tw rau lub sijhawm ntev yuav luag ntawm sly. “Thaum xub thawj kuv txiav txim siab tsis pub leej twg nyob hauv kuv txoj kev npaj. Qhia qhov kev pab cuam kiag li ntawm kuv tus kheej. Tom qab ntawd nws ventured mus qhia rau Genrikh Gustavovich. Nws feem ntau pom zoo. Nws pib pab kuv npaj mus rau Warsaw. Qhov ntawd, tej zaum, yog txhua yam ..."

Kev yeej ntawm Chopin Kev Sib Tw coj Zak mus rau pem hauv ntej ntawm Soviet pianism. Cov xovxwm pib tham txog nws; muaj ib tug tempting zeem muag ntawm tours. Nws paub tias tsis muaj ib qho kev sim siab dua thiab tsis yooj yim dua li qhov kev sim ntawm lub yeeb koob. Young Zak dim nws thiab. Honours tsis confuse nws lub siab ntshiab thiab sober, tsis dull nws lub siab nyiam, tsis deform nws tus cwj pwm. Warsaw tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm nplooj ntawv hloov pauv hauv nws phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm tus neeg ua haujlwm tawv ncauj, tsis muaj zog.

Ib theem tshiab ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau pib, thiab tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv. Zak nyob rau lub sijhawm no qhia ntau yam, coj ib qho kev nthuav dav thiab ntau lub hauv paus rau nws qhov kev hais kwv txhiaj repertoire. Thaum honing nws qhov kev ua si, nws tsim nws tus kheej ua yeeb yam, nws tus kheej style. Kev thuam suab paj nruag ntawm peb caug tus neeg ntawm A. Alschwang sau tseg: “Kuv. Zach yog ib tug neeg muaj zog, sib npaug, ua tiav pianist; nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam tsis zoo rau sab nraud expansiveness, ua nruj ua tsiv manifestations ntawm ib tug kub temperament, passionate, unrestrained hobbies. Qhov no yog ib tug ntse, maj mam thiab ceev faj tus kws kos duab. " (Alshwang A. Soviet Schools of Pianoism: Essay on the Second // Soviet Music. 1938. No. 12. P. 66.).

Kev mob siab rau kev xaiv cov ntsiab lus: "khoom, sib npaug, ua tiav. Kev txawj ntse, hloov maj mam, ceev faj ..." Cov duab kos duab ntawm 25-xyoo-laus Zach tau tsim, raws li nws yooj yim pom, nrog qhov tseeb txaus thiab meej. Cia peb ntxiv - thiab qhov kawg.

Nyob rau hauv lub fifties thiab sixties, Zak yog ib tug ntawm cov paub thiab feem ntau muaj cai sawv cev ntawm lub Soviet piano ua yeeb yam. Nws mus nws tus kheej hauv kev kos duab, nws muaj qhov sib txawv, nco txog kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj. Lub ntsej muag yog dab tsi Paub tab, kiag li tsim tus tswv?

Nws yog thiab tseem yog ib tug kws ntaus suab paj nruag uas raug categorized - nrog rau ib lub rooj sib tham, tau kawg - rau hauv qeb ntawm "cov neeg txawj ntse." Muaj cov kws ua yeeb yam uas nws muaj tswv yim nthuav tawm yog evoked feem ntau los ntawm spontaneous, spontaneous, loj impulsive xav. Rau qee qhov, Zach yog lawv qhov kev tiv thaiv: nws cov lus hais ua tau zoo ib txwm ua tib zoo xav ua ntej, teeb pom kev deb thiab pom kev xav zoo nkauj. Qhov tseeb, tseeb, impeccable sib xws ntawm kev txhais lus kev xa - nrog rau nws pianistic incarnations yog lub cim ntawm Zach's art. Koj tuaj yeem hais - lub ntsiab lus ntawm daim duab no. "Nws cov phiaj xwm ua tau zoo ntseeg siab, embossed, meej ..." (Grimikh K. Concerts of post-graduate pianists of the Moscow Conservatory // Sov. Music. 1933. No. 3. P. 163.). Cov lus no tau hais txog tus kws ntaus nkauj hauv xyoo 1933; nrog qhov laj thawj sib npaug - yog tias tsis ntxiv - lawv tuaj yeem rov ua dua kaum, thiab nees nkaum, thiab peb caug xyoo tom qab. Lub typology ntawm Zach txoj kev xav zoo nkauj ua rau nws tsis yog ib tus kws sau paj huam uas txawj ntse hauv kev ua suab paj nruag. Nws tiag tiag "lined" cov ntaub ntawv zoo heev, nws cov suab tsim tau yuav luag ib txwm sib haum xeeb thiab tsis muaj tseeb los ntawm kev suav. Qhov no yog vim li cas tus pianist tau ua tiav qhov twg ntau, thiab tsis muaj npe, ntawm nws cov npoj yaig ua tsis tiav, hauv Ob Concerto ntawm Brahms, Sonata, op. 106 Beethoven, nyob rau hauv lub voj voog nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm tib tus sau, Peb caug-peb Variations ntawm Waltz los ntawm Diabelli?

Zak tus kws kos duab tsis tsuas yog xav nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev peculiar thiab maj mam; qhov ntau ntawm nws cov kev xav zoo nkauj kuj nthuav. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias tus cwj pwm txawv thiab kev xav ntawm ib tug neeg, yog hais tias lawv yog "pob", tsis tshaj tawm los yog flaunted, nws thiaj li tau txais ib tug tshwj xeeb attraction, tshwj xeeb lub hwj chim. Yog li nws yog nyob rau hauv lub neej, thiab yog li nws yog nyob rau hauv kos duab. "Nws zoo dua tsis txhob hais dua li rov hais dua," tus kws kos duab Lavxias nto moo PP Chistyakov tau qhia nws cov tub ntxhais kawm. "Qhov phem tshaj plaws yog muab ntau tshaj qhov tsim nyog," KS Stanislavsky txhawb nqa tib lub tswv yim, ua rau nws muaj tswv yim ua yeeb yam. Vim lub peculiarities ntawm nws cov xwm thiab lub hlwb warehouse, Zak, ua si suab paj nruag nyob rau theem, yog feem ntau tsis nkim heev rau intimate tshwm sim; es, nws yog stingy, laconic hauv kev xav; nws kev sib tsoo ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws tej zaum yuav zoo li ib qho "txhua yam hauv nws tus kheej." Txawm li cas los xij, tus pianist lub siab lub ntsws hais lus, txawm tias tsis tshua muaj npe, zoo li muted, muaj lawv tus kheej ntxim nyiam, lawv tus kheej ntxim nyiam. Txwv tsis pub, nws yuav nyuaj rau piav qhia vim li cas nws thiaj tswj tau lub koob meej los ntawm kev txhais cov haujlwm xws li Chopin's concerto hauv F minor, Liszt's Petrarch's Sonnets, A major sonata, op. 120 Schubert, Forlan thiab Minuet los ntawm Ravel's Tomb of Couperin, thiab lwm yam.

Recalling ntxiv cov yam ntxwv ntawm Zak lub pianism, ib tug tsis tau tab sis hais txog lub invariably siab volitional siv, lub sab hauv electrification ntawm nws ua si. Raws li ib qho piv txwv, peb tuaj yeem hais txog qhov kev ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Rakhmaninov's Rhapsody ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm Paganini: zoo li yog ib qho elastically vibrating steel bar, tensely arched los ntawm lub zog, leeg ob txhais tes ... los ntawm lub xeev ntawm pampered romantic so; languid contemplation, suab "nirvana" - tsis yog nws lub luag hauj lwm poetic. Nws yog paradoxical, tab sis muaj tseeb: rau tag nrho Faustian lub tswv yim ntawm nws lub siab, nws feem ntau tag nrho thiab ci ntsa iab qhia nws tus kheej hauv txiav txim - hauv suab paj nruag dynamics, tsis suab paj nruag statics. Lub zog ntawm kev xav, muab faib los ntawm lub zog ntawm kev ua haujlwm, tsis tshua muaj suab paj nruag - qhov no yog li cas ib tus tuaj yeem txhais, piv txwv li, nws cov lus txhais ntawm Sarcasms, series ntawm Fleeting, Prokofiev's Second, Plaub, Tsib thiab Xya Sonatas, Rachmaninov's Plaub. Concerto, Doctor Gradus ad Parnassum los ntawm Debussy's Children's Corner.

Nws tsis yog coincidence tias tus pianist yeej ib txwm nyiam rau lub caij ntawm piano toccato. Nws nyiam qhov kev qhia ntawm cov cuab yeej siv lub cev muaj zog, qhov kev xav ntawm "steel lope" hauv kev ua yeeb yam, kev ua khawv koob ntawm nrawm, tawv ncauj lub suab nrov. Tias yog vim li cas, thaj, ntawm nws txoj kev vam meej tshaj plaws ua tus neeg txhais lus yog Toccata (los ntawm Lub Qhov ntxa ntawm Couperin), thiab Ravel's concerto hauv G loj, thiab yav tas los hais txog Prokofiev opuses, thiab ntau los ntawm Beethoven, Medtner, Rachmaninoff.

Thiab lwm tus yam ntxwv ntawm Zak cov haujlwm yog lawv cov duab zoo nkauj, cov xim zoo nkauj ntawm cov xim, xim zoo nkauj. Twb tau nyob rau hauv nws cov hluas, tus pianist tau ua pov thawj nws tus kheej los ua ib tus tswv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev sawv cev ntawm lub suab, ntau yam ntawm piano-kho kom zoo nkauj. Kev tawm tswv yim txog nws txoj kev txhais lus ntawm Liszt's sonata "Tom qab nyeem Dante" (qhov no opus tau nthuav tawm hauv cov neeg ua yeeb yam txij li xyoo ua ntej tsov rog), A. Alschwang tsis tau hais txog "daim duab" ntawm Zak ua si: "Los ntawm lub zog ntawm lub kev xav tsim," nws qhuas, "Kuv Zaka ua rau peb nco txog kev tsim tawm ntawm cov duab ntawm Dante los ntawm Fabkis tus kws kos duab Delacroix ..." (Alshwang A. Soviet tsev kawm ntawv ntawm pianism. P. 68.). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus kws kos duab lub suab pom tau dhau los ua qhov nyuaj thiab sib txawv, txawm tias muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab ua kom zoo nkauj xim ci ntsa iab ntawm nws cov ntoo palette. Lawv muab kev ntxim nyiam tshwj xeeb rau cov lej ntawm nws qhov kev hais kwv txhiaj repertoire xws li "Children's Scenes" los ntawm Schumann thiab Sonatina Ravel, "Burlesque" los ntawm R. Strauss thiab Scriabin's Third Sonata, Medtner's Second Concerto thiab "Variations on a Theme of Corelli" los ntawm Rachmaninoff.

Ib yam tuaj yeem ntxiv rau qhov tau hais tias: txhua yam uas Zack tau ua ntawm lub ntsuas ntsuas cov keyboard yog, raws li txoj cai, tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev ua tiav thiab tsis muaj kev cia siab, kev ua kom tiav. Tsis muaj dab tsi "ua haujlwm" nrawm, nrawm, yam tsis muaj kev saib xyuas sab nrauv! Ib tug tshuab raj ntawm uncompromising artistic exactingness, nws yuav tsis tso cai rau nws tus kheej xa daim duab kos duab rau pej xeem; txhua lub suab canvases uas nws tau pom los ntawm theem tau raug tua nrog nws qhov tseeb thiab qhov tseeb. Tej zaum tsis yog tag nrho cov duab kos duab no tau kos lub cim ntawm kev tshoov siab zoo nkauj: Zach tau tshwm sim los ua qhov sib npaug, thiab muaj kev xav ntau dhau, thiab (thaum lub sijhawm) ua haujlwm tsis txaus ntseeg. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias qhov kev xav zoo li cas tus neeg ntaus suab paj nruag tuaj txog ntawm lub piano, nws yuav luag tsis muaj kev txhaum nyob rau hauv nws cov kev txawj pianistic. Nws tuaj yeem yog "ntawm kev ntaus" lossis tsis yog; nws tsis tuaj yeem ua tsis raug hauv kev tsim qauv ntawm nws lub tswv yim. Liszt ib zaug poob: "Nws tsis txaus ua, peb yuav tsum tiav". Tsis tas li thiab tsis yog txhua tus nyob ntawm lub xub pwg nyom. Raws li rau Zach, nws koom nrog cov kws ntaus nkauj uas paub yuav ua li cas thiab nyiam ua kom tiav txhua yam - nqes mus rau cov ntsiab lus zoo tshaj plaws - hauv kev ua yeeb yam. (Lub sijhawm, Zak nyiam nco qab Stanislavsky cov lus nto moo: "Txhua yam "yuav ua li cas", "feem ntau", "kwv yees" yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg hauv kev kos duab ... ” (Stanislavsky KS Sobr. soch.-M., 1954. T 2. S. 81.). Yog li ntawd yog nws txoj kev ntseeg.)

Txhua yam uas nyuam qhuav hais - tus kws ua yeeb yam kev paub ntau thiab kev txawj ntse, kev txawj ntse ntse ntawm nws txoj kev xav zoo nkauj, kev qhuab qhia ntawm kev xav, kev txawj ntse muaj tswv yim - tau coj los ua ke hauv qhov sib sau ua ke rau hauv hom kev ua yeeb yam zoo li no (cov neeg ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj, muaj kev txawj ntse, "muaj kev hwm" ...), rau leej twg tsis muaj dab tsi tseem ceeb hauv nws txoj haujlwm tshaj li qhov kev xav ntawm tus sau lub siab nyiam, thiab tsis muaj dab tsi txaus ntshai tshaj li kev tsis mloog lus rau nws. Neuhaus, uas paub zoo txog kev ua yeeb yam ntawm nws tus menyuam kawm ntawv, tsis txhob txwm sau txog Zak "ib yam dab tsi ntawm lub hom phiaj siab dua, muaj peev xwm tshwj xeeb rau kev nkag siab thiab nthuav tawm cov duab "qhov tseem ceeb", yam tsis muaj kev qhia ntau dhau ntawm nws tus kheej, tus kheej, cov ntsiab lus ... Cov kws ua yeeb yam xws li Zak, Neuhaus txuas ntxiv, "tsis yog tus kheej, tab sis yog tus neeg tshaj lij", hauv lawv qhov kev ua yeeb yam "Mendelssohn yog Mendelssohn, Brahms yog Brahms, Prokofiev yog Prokofiev. Tus kheej (artist - Mr. C.) … raws li ib yam dab tsi kom meej meej txawv ntawm tus sau, recedes; koj pom tus kws sau ntawv zoo li yog los ntawm lub iav loj loj (ntawm no nws yog, kev txawj ntse!), tab sis ntshiab huv, tsis muaj huab cua nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev, tsis stained - iav, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv telescopes rau kev soj ntsuam ntawm celestial lub cev ... " (Neigauz G. Creativity of a pianist // Cov kws tshaj lij pianists-cov kws qhia txog kev kos duab piano. – M.; L., 1966. P. 79.).

…Rau txhua qhov kev siv ntawm Zach qhov kev ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam, rau tag nrho nws qhov tseem ceeb, nws tsuas yog ib sab ntawm nws lub neej muaj tswv yim. Ib qho ntxiv, tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb, koom nrog pedagogy, uas nyob rau hauv lub sixties thiab thaum ntxov seventies mus txog nws siab tshaj plaws flowering.

Zach tau qhia ntev lawm. Tom qab kawm tiav, nws pib pab nws tus xibfwb, Neuhaus; me ntsis tom qab ntawd nws tau tso siab rau nws cov chav kawm. Ntau tshaj li plaub xyoo caum ntawm "los ntawm" kev qhia ntawv… Kaum ob ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, ntawm cov uas yog cov tswv ntawm sonorous pianistic npe - E. Virsaladze, N. Petrov, E. Mogilevsky, G. Mirvis, L. Timofeeva, S. Navasardyan, V Bakk… Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau Zak yeej tsis koom nrog rau lwm cov neeg ua yeeb yam concerts, yog li hais tias, "ib nrab hnub", nws yeej tsis xav hais tias pedagogy yog ib qho tseem ceeb theem nrab, uas yog ncua ntawm tours. Nws nyiam ua hauj lwm hauv chav kawm, ua siab loj nqis peev rau nws tag nrho lub zog ntawm nws lub siab thiab tus ntsuj plig. Thaum qhia, nws tsis tso tseg kev xav, nrhiav, nrhiav pom; nws txoj kev xav pedagogical tsis txias nrog lub sijhawm. Peb tuaj yeem hais tias thaum kawg nws tsim ib qho kev sib haum xeeb, sib haum xeeb system (Nws feem ntau tsis nyiam rau kev tsis sib haum xeeb) suab paj nruag thiab kev ua yeeb yam, cov ntsiab lus, kev ntseeg.

Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb, lub hom phiaj ntawm tus kws qhia pianist, Yakov Izrailevich ntseeg, yog coj cov tub ntxhais kawm kom nkag siab txog suab paj nruag (thiab nws txhais lus) raws li kev xav txog cov txheej txheem nyuaj ntawm tib neeg lub neej sab hauv ntawm sab ntsuj plig. "… Tsis yog lub kaleidoscope ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zoo nkauj pianistic," nws hais rau cov tub ntxhais hluas hais tias, "tsis yog cov lus nrawm thiab meej, cov cuab yeej zoo nkauj "fiortures" thiab lwm yam. Tsis yog, lub ntsiab lus yog lwm yam - hauv cov duab, kev xav, kev xav, lub siab xav, lub siab lub ntsws ..." Zoo li nws tus kws qhia ntawv, Neuhaus, Zak tau ntseeg tias "hauv lub suab paj nruag ... los ntawm, yog embodied thiab qhia thiab hnov ​​tus neeg (Neigauz G. On the art of piano ua si. – M., 1958. P. 34.). Los ntawm cov haujlwm no, nws tau qhia nws cov tub kawm kom xav txog "kev kos duab ntawm lub suab".

Awareness ntawm ib tug hluas artist sab ntsuj plig Lub ntsiab ntawm kev ua tau zoo tsuas yog tom qab ntawd, Zak tau sib cav ntxiv, thaum nws tau mus txog qib siab txaus ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag, kev zoo nkauj thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev txawj ntse. Thaum lub hauv paus ntawm nws txoj kev txawj ntse yog qhov ruaj khov thiab ruaj khov, nws lub qab ntug yog dav, kev xav zoo nkauj yog tsim, thiab muaj tswv yim kev paub ntau ntxiv. Cov dej num no, Zak ntseeg, yog los ntawm qeb ntawm cov tseem ceeb hauv kev ntaus suab paj nruag pedagogy feem ntau, thiab piano pedagogy tshwj xeeb. Lawv daws tau li cas hauv nws txoj kev xyaum?

Ua ntej tshaj plaws, los ntawm kev qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm mus rau qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev kawm ua haujlwm. Los ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm ntawm nws chav kawm nrog qhov dav tshaj plaws ntawm cov suab paj nruag sib txawv. Qhov teeb meem yog tias ntau tus tub ntxhais ua yeeb yam tau "kaw heev ... nyob rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm lub npe hu ua "piano lub neej," Zak khuv xim. "Ntau npaum li cas lawv lub tswv yim txog suab paj nruag meager! [Peb xav tau] xav txog yuav ua li cas rov tsim kho txoj haujlwm hauv chav kawm kom qhib qhov dav dav ntawm lub suab paj nruag lub neej rau peb cov tub ntxhais kawm ... vim tias tsis muaj qhov no, kev loj hlob ntawm tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag yog ua tsis tau. (Zak Ya. Ntawm qee qhov teeb meem ntawm kev qhia cov tub ntxhais hluas pianists // Cov lus nug ntawm kev ua yeeb yam piano. – M., 1968. Issue 2. P. 84, 87.). Nyob rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm nws cov npoj yaig, nws yeej tsis nkees rov hais dua: "Txhua tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag yuav tsum muaj nws tus kheej "storehouse ntawm kev paub", nws cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov nws tau hnov, ua, thiab kev paub. Cov accumulators zoo li lub accumulator ntawm lub zog uas pub lub tswv yim muaj tswv yim, uas yog tsim nyog rau kev mus tas li rau pem hauv ntej. (Ib., p. 84, 87.).

Отсюда — установка Зака ​​на возможно более интенсивный и широкий приток музыки в учебно-педагогонический Так, наряду с обязательным репертуаром, в его классе нередко проходились и пьесы-спутники; они служили чем-то вроде вспомогательного материала, овладение которым, считал Зак, желательно, а то и просто необходимо для художественно полноценной интерпретации основной части студенческих программ. «Произведения одного и того же автора соединены обычно множеством внутренних «уз»,— говорил Яков Израилевич.— Нельзя по-настоящему хорошо исполнить какое-либо из этих произведений, не зная, по крайней мере, „близлежащих…»»

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub suab paj nruag kev nco qab, uas txawv Zach cov tub ntxhais kawm, tau piav qhia, txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog los ntawm qhov tseeb tias hauv chav kuaj kev kawm, coj los ntawm lawv cov xibfwb, npaum li cas. Nws kuj tseem ceeb as tej hauj lwm tau tuav ntawm no. Tus qauv ntawm Zak txoj kev qhia, nws txoj kev qhia pedagogical txhawb qhov kev hloov pauv sai thiab nrawm ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas pianists. Ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv qhov style no koom nrog, piv txwv li, rau kev txais tos kev hais dav dav (yuav luag yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev qhia suab paj nruag - raws li nws daim ntawv thov tsim nyog). Tshwj xeeb, singularly pob zeb nyob rau hauv piano kev ua tau zoo - uas los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tiag tiag ntawm zaj lus qhia yog woven (suab, atherosclerosis, dynamics, daim ntawv, ib hom ntawv nyeem, thiab lwm yam), feem ntau yog siv los ntawm Yakov Izrailevich raws li ib tug yog vim li cas rau deriving broad thiab capacious lub ntsiab lus. muaj feem xyuam rau ntau pawg ntawm cov suab paj nruag kos duab. Li no qhov tshwm sim: nyob rau hauv cov kev paub ntawm nyob pianistic xyaum, nws cov tub ntxhais kawm imperceptibly, los ntawm lawv tus kheej, forged tob thiab ntau yam kev paub. Kawm nrog Zach txhais tau tias kev xav: tsom xam, sib piv, sib piv, los rau qee qhov kev txiav txim siab. "Mloog cov "txav" cov duab sib haum xeeb (cov kab qhib ntawm Ravel's concerto hauv G-major.— Mr. C.), nws tig mus rau tus tub kawm ntawv. “Nws tsis muaj tseeb npaum li cas muaj yeeb yuj thiab piquant cov tartly dissonant thib ob overtones! Los ntawm txoj kev, koj paub dab tsi txog cov lus harmonic ntawm lig Ravel? Zoo, yuav ua li cas yog tias kuv nug koj los sib piv cov kev sib haum xeeb ntawm, hais, Reflections thiab Lub Qhov ntxa ntawm Couperin?

Cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Yakov Izrailevich paub tias nyob rau hauv nws zaj lus qhia nyob rau hauv txhua lub sij hawm ib tug yuav xav tau kev sib cuag nrog lub ntiaj teb no ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, ua yeeb yam, paj huam, painting ... cov chav kawm, txaus siab thiab txawj siv excursions rau cov neeg nyob sib ze ntawm kev kos duab: piav qhia nyob rau hauv txoj kev no txhua hom suab paj nruag thiab ua yeeb yam tswv yim, txhawb ntxiv nrog rau cov lus hais txog poetic, duab thiab lwm yam analogues ntawm nws cov tswv yim pedagogical intimate, cwj pwm thiab cov phiaj xwm. "Kev zoo nkauj ntawm ib qho kev kos duab yog qhov zoo nkauj ntawm lwm tus, tsuas yog cov khoom sib txawv," Schumann ib zaug sau; Zach tau hais tias nws tau rov qab ntseeg qhov tseeb ntawm cov lus no.

Kev daws cov hauj lwm hauv piano-pedagogical hauv zos ntau dua, Zak tau xaiv los ntawm lawv qhov uas nws suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb: "Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kuv yog kev cob qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv kev ua kom zoo nkauj, "pob zeb" suab paj nruag ... "Lub pob ntseg zoo li no, nws tsim nws lub tswv yim, uas yuav muaj peev xwm ntes tau qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws, ntau haiv neeg metamorphoses nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem suab, kom paub qhov txawv tshaj plaws ephemeral, exquisite muaj yeeb yuj thiab coloristic nuances thiab glare. Cov tub ntxhais ua yeeb yam tsis muaj qhov kev xav zoo li no, nws yuav tsis muaj txiaj ntsig - Yakov Izrailevich tau ntseeg qhov no - txhua yam kev dag ntxias ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv, tsis yog "cov tshuaj pleev ib ce" lossis "gloss" yuav pab tau qhov ua rau. Hauv ib lo lus, "pob ntseg yog rau pianist dab tsi lub qhov muag yog rau tus kws kos duab ..." (Zak Ya. Ntawm qee qhov teeb meem ntawm kev kawm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas pianists. P. 90.).

Zak cov thwj tim xyaum ua li cas thiaj tsim tau txhua yam zoo thiab cov khoom no? Tsuas muaj ib txoj hauv kev: ua ntej tus neeg ua si, cov haujlwm zoo li no tau muab tso rau hauv qhov ntawd yuav tsis tau attracted tom qab qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm lawv cov peev txheej auditory, yuav yog insoluble ntawm cov keyboard sab nraum qhov sib txawv zoo, ua kom zoo nkauj suab paj nruag. Ib tug kws kho kev puas siab puas ntsws zoo, Zak paub tias tus neeg lub peev xwm tau tsim nyob rau hauv qhov tob ntawm qhov kev ua si, uas los ntawm thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb. yuav tsum muaj xav tau cov peev xwm no - tsuas yog lawv, thiab tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv. Qhov nws nrhiav los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv nws zaj lus qhia yooj yim tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav yam tsis muaj lub suab paj nruag nquag thiab rhiab heev "pob ntseg"; qhov no yog ib qho kev dag ntawm nws pedagogy, ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj rau nws cov txiaj ntsig. Raws li qhov tshwj xeeb, "ua haujlwm" txoj hauv kev txhim kho kev hnov ​​​​lus ntawm cov pianists, Yakov Izrailevich tau suav tias nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev kawm ib daim suab paj nruag yam tsis muaj qhov cuab yeej, los ntawm cov qauv ntawm intra-auditory sawv cev, raws li lawv hais tias, "hauv kev xav." Nws feem ntau siv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no hauv nws qhov kev xyaum ua, thiab qhia nws cov tub ntxhais kawm kom ua raws li nws.

Tom qab cov duab ntawm kev txhais lus tau tsim nyob rau hauv tus menyuam kawm ntawv lub siab, Zak xav tias nws zoo rau tso tus menyuam kawm ntawv no los ntawm kev saib xyuas ntxiv. "Yog tias, tsis tu ncua txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm peb cov tsiaj, peb tam sim no ua tus duab ntxoov ntxoo tsis tu ncua hauv lawv qhov kev ua tau zoo, qhov no yog qhov txaus los ua kom lawv zoo li ib leeg, coj txhua tus mus rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg "ib pawg neeg" (Zak Ya. Ntawm qee qhov teeb meem ntawm kev kawm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas pianists. P. 82.). Yuav kom muaj peev xwm nyob rau lub sijhawm - tsis ntxov, tab sis tsis yog tom qab (qhov thib ob yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj) - kom txav deb ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, tawm hauv nws mus rau nws tus kheej, yog ib lub sijhawm zoo thiab nyuaj tshaj plaws hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws qhia suab paj nruag, Zak ntseeg. Los ntawm nws ib leeg tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​cov lus ntawm Arthur Schnabel: "Lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv yog qhib qhov rooj, thiab tsis txhob thawb cov tub ntxhais kawm los ntawm lawv."

Muaj kev txawj ntse nrog kev paub dhau los, Zak, tsis yog tsis muaj kev thuam, ntsuas tus kheej cov xwm txheej ntawm nws lub neej niaj hnub ua. Kev sib tw ntau dhau, txhua yam kev sib tw suab paj nruag, nws yws. Rau ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam tshiab, lawv yog "txoj kev ntawm kev xeem kis las nkaus xwb" (Zak Ya. Performers ask for words // Sov. music. 1957. No. 3. P 58.). Nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, tus naj npawb ntawm cov yeej ntawm kev sib tw thoob ntiaj teb kev sib tw tau loj hlob ntau heev: "Ntau yam, npe, regalia tau tshwm sim hauv ntiaj teb suab paj nruag. Hmoov tsis zoo, qhov no tsis tau nce tus naj npawb ntawm cov txuj ci. " (Ib.). Qhov kev hem thawj rau qhov kev hais kwv txhiaj los ntawm ib tus neeg ua yeeb yam zoo tib yam, tus kws ntaus nkauj nruab nrab, tau dhau los ua tiag tiag, Zach tau hais. Qhov no txhawj xeeb nws yuav luag ntau dua li lwm yam: "Ntau ntxiv," nws txhawj xeeb, "ib yam "zoo ib yam" ntawm pianists pib tshwm sim, lawv, txawm tias siab, tab sis ib hom "tus qauv muaj tswv yim" ... Kev yeej hauv kev sib tw, nrog rau cov Daim ntawv qhia hnub ntawm xyoo tas los no yog oversaturated, thaj ua rau muaj kev txawj ntse tshaj qhov muaj tswv yim xav. Tsis yog qhov "zoo sib xws" ntawm peb cov neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm? Yuav ua li cas ntxiv rau qhov laj thawj? (Zak Ya. Ntawm qee qhov teeb meem ntawm kev kawm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas pianists. P. 82.). Yakov Izrailevich kuj tau txhawj xeeb tias qee qhov debutants ntawm qhov kev hais kwv txhiaj niaj hnub no zoo li nws tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - cov tswv yim zoo nkauj. Yog li ntawd, deprived ntawm kev ncaj ncees thiab kev ncaj ncees txoj cai los ua ib tug artist. Tus kws ua yeeb yam pianist, zoo li nws cov npoj yaig hauv kev kos duab, "yuav tsum muaj lub siab nyiam," Zak hais ntxiv.

Thiab peb muaj xws li cov tub ntxhais suab paj nruag uas tau nkag mus rau hauv lub neej nrog kev xav zoo nkauj. Nws yog qhov tseeb. Tab sis, hmoov tsis, peb muaj ob peb tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag uas tsis txawm muaj qhov qhia txog kev muaj tswv yim zoo. Lawv txawm tsis xav txog nws. Lawv nyob txawv (Zak Ya. Cov neeg ua yeeb yam nug cov lus. S. 58.).

Hauv ib qho ntawm nws qhov kev tshaj tawm xov xwm, Zach tau hais tias: "Yuav ua li cas hauv lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub neej yog hu ua "kev ua haujlwm" yog hu ua "laureatism" hauv kev ua tau zoo" (Ib.). Qee lub sij hawm nws pib sib tham txog cov ncauj lus no nrog cov hluas nkauj. Ib zaug, nyob rau lub sijhawm, nws tau hais txog Blok cov lus zoo siab hauv chav kawm:

Tus kws sau paj lug tsis muaj hauj lwm Tus kws sau paj lug muaj txoj hmoo…

G. Tsipin