Suab nkauj kho siab |
Kev hnov suab paj nruag yog lub peev xwm ntawm tus neeg kom pom tau suab paj nruag, qhov tsim nyog ua ntej rau kev sau thiab ua haujlwm. Suab paj nruag pob ntseg yog lub hauv paus ntawm suab paj nruag. kev xav thiab suab paj nruag. kev ntsuas ntsuas. Typology C. m. tseem tsis tau tsim kho tag nrho. Ntau qhov sib txawv tuaj yeem txawv. qib C. m. Nrog suab paj nruag-physiological. sab S. m. yog lub cuab yeej rau perceiving suab paj nruag. suab; Nws yog vim cov ntaub ntawv ntuj - lub peculiarities ntawm cov qauv thiab kev ua hauj lwm ntawm tib neeg hnov lub cev raws li ib tug sab nraud analyzer ntawm muses. suab. C. m. characterized los ntawm ntau yam, siab rhiab heev ntawm kev xaav ntawm otd. cov suab paj nruag zoo. suab - suab, nrov, timbre thiab ntev (kev xaav ntawm lub sij hawm tsis meej. dej khov muaj peev xwm). Cov suab qis tshaj pom los ntawm kev hnov lus muaj qhov zaus ntawm kwv yees. 16 hertz (los ntawm subcontroctave), siab tshaj - kwv yees. 20 hertz (kwv yees li ntawm 000th octave); oscillating txav sab nraum no ntau yam (infrasounds thiab ultrasounds) tsis pom zoo li suab txhua. Rau kev hloov hauv suab, ntim thiab timbre C. m. feem ntau rhiab heev nyob rau hauv nruab nrab sau npe - los ntawm txog 500 mus rau 3000-4000 hertz, ntawm no cov suab paj nruag txawv ntawm 5-6 xees (kwv yees. 1/40 ntawm tag nrho lub suab), kev hloov pauv hauv ntim ntawm 1 decibel (decibel - saws hauv suab paj nruag. acoustics logarithm. chav ntsuas ntsuas lub suab ntim qib; qhia qhov piv ntawm lub zog ntawm ob lub suab); tus kws tshaj lij. tsis muaj units rau qhov ntau npaum li cas ntawm timbre. Hauv qab 500 thiab siab dua 3000-4000 hertz, qhov rhiab heev ntawm kev hnov lus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kom paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov kev hloov me me hauv qhov siab, txo qis; saum toj 4500-5000 hertz, qhov kev xav ntawm lub suab raws li cov kauj ruam zoo tau ploj. Feem ntau, txhua tus neeg muaj cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov dav ntawm qhov pom tau ntau thiab qhov degree ntawm rhiab heev ntawm S. m. nyob rau theem no, cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag thiab cov neeg tsis yog suab paj nruag tuaj yeem loj heev, nrog rau kev sib txawv ntawm cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag. Cov kev zoo no, txawm li cas los xij, tsis txiav txim siab txog qib suab paj nruag; siab rhiab heev ntawm kev xaav yog cov ntaub ntawv ntuj, to-rye yog tsim nyog rau muses. kev ua si, tab sis tsis lav nws txoj kev vam meej. Cov kev tshwm sim tshwj xeeb ntawm S. m. nyob rau theem no, ntawm ib sab, Mr. Lub rooj sib hais meej, ntawm qhov tod tes, lub rooj sib hais ntawm tus tuner (B. M Thermal). Lub suab tsis meej yog ib yam tshwj xeeb ntawm kev nco mus ntev rau lub suab thiab lub suab ntawm lub suab: lub peev xwm paub txog thiab txiav txim siab siv cov npe ntawm cov ntawv sau (c, d, e, thiab lwm yam). d.), qhov siab ntawm lub suab ntawm lub suab paj nruag, chord, txawm tias tsis yog suab paj nruag, rov tsim cov suab ntawm ib lub suab los ntawm lub suab los yog ntawm lub twj paj nruag nrog lub suab tsis raug (violin, thiab lwm yam), yam tsis tau muab piv rau lwm tus, pitch uas paub. Lub suab tsis meej yog qee zaum suav tias yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau kev ua tiav hauv kev ua suab paj nruag, txawm li cas los xij, raws li cov ntaub ntawv muaj, qee tus kws sau nkauj zoo (R. Wagner, A. N. Scriabin thiab lwm tus) tsis muaj nws. Adjuster's hearing – tsim nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tshwj xeeb. kev ua kom muaj peev xwm paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov tsawg (txog 2 xees) hloov hauv qhov siab otd. suab los yog ntu. Los ntawm suab paj nruag-psychological. sab S. m. - ib yam ntawm cov mechanism rau thawj ua suab paj nruag. cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev qhia ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm nws - tsom xam thiab synthesis ntawm nws sab nraud acoustic. manifestations, nws cov kev ntsuam xyuas kev xav. Muaj peev xwm pom, txhais, nkag siab, sawv cev decomp. kev sib raug zoo, kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov suab, raws li cov ntaub ntawv uas twb tau hais lawm, ib theem siab ntawm lub koom haum ntawm S. m.; Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, lawv tham txog ib tug kev nkag siab ntawm atherosclerosis, modal xav, melodic, harmonic. thiab ntau hom kev hnov lus. Thaum perceiving, lub tshuab raj intuitively los yog consciously yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account lub feem ntau ntau haiv neeg. kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov suab. Yog li, qhov kev xav ntawm qhov kev xav, ntawm ib sab, yog nyob ntawm lub peev xwm ntawm kev hnov lus kom paub qhov txawv ntawm lub suab, nrov, thiab lub sijhawm ntawm lub suab, ntawm qhov tod tes, nws cov ntsiab lus nyob hauv kev nkag siab, kev nkag siab thiab kev xav ntawm kev sib txuas ua haujlwm. nruab nrab ntawm cov suab uas ua rau muses. tag nrho (stability, instability, gravitation, degrees ntawm kev siv ntawm lub suab nyob rau hauv ib tug motive, kab lus, intonation tseeb, piv txwv li-kev xav tshwj xeeb ntawm cov motives thiab kab lus, thiab lwm yam). d.). Nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev zoo sib xws, lub suab hnov yog raws li, ntawm ib sab, ntawm rhiab heev rau cov kev hloov me me hauv suab, ntawm qhov tod tes, ntawm kev xaav ntawm modal, metrorhythmic, harmonic. thiab lwm yam kev sib txuas, nrog rau lawv cov kev ntsuam xyuas hauv cov suab paj nruag-technological. thiab cov phiaj xwm kev xav (intonation - ntshiab, tsis tseeb lossis nthuav tawm, ua siab ntev, nruj, thiab lwm yam). P.). Cov kev tshwm sim tshwj xeeb ntawm S. m. yog hom kev hnov lus, to-rye raws li kev xaav ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm muses. suab: txheeb ze hnov, hnov sab hauv, hnov suab paj nruag. daim ntawv los yog architectonic. hnov lwm yam. Cov txheeb ze, lossis ncua sijhawm, hnov lus - lub peev xwm paub txog, txiav txim siab lub suab sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub suab, ntsuas cov kauj ruam, uas kuj tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv lub peev xwm los tsim cov ntu ntu (thib ob, thib peb, quarts, thiab lwm yam) ob qho tib si hauv suab paj nruag thiab nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo. Kev hnov lus sab hauv - lub peev xwm ntawm lub hlwb sawv cev rau kev nco qab) raws li qhov sib txawv. suab paj nruag zoo. suab (pitch, timbre, thiab lwm yam), thiab melodic, harmonic. sequences, tag nrho cov suab paj nruag. plays nyob rau hauv kev sib sau ntawm lawv cov khoom. Kev xav ntawm cov ntaub ntawv suab paj nruag - muaj peev xwm paub, nkag siab thiab ntsuas qhov sib npaug ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub cev ntawm lub dec. suab paj nruag Cheebtsam. prod., lawv functional values feem ntau (squareness, non-squareness, tripartiteness, exposition, kev loj hlob, tiav kev loj hlob, thiab lwm yam). Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm ntau cov qauv ntawm S. m.; nws twb ciam teb rau cov suab paj nruag muaj tswv yim. xav. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm S. m. yog lub suab paj nruag dav dav, qhia hauv kev xav teb rau suab paj nruag. phenomena, nyob rau hauv lub brightness thiab lub zog ntawm tej muses. kev paub. Raws li kev xyaum qhia, tsis muaj kev xav zoo li no, ib tus neeg tsis tsim nyog rau kev sau thiab ua yeeb yam, nrog rau kev nkag siab tag nrho ntawm suab paj nruag. C. m. nyob rau hauv lawv txawv manifestations tsim nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm suab paj nruag. kev ua - nce rhiab heev kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov kev hloov me me hauv suab, ntim, timbre, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom ntawm lub suab, conditioned reflexes yog tsim los ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub suab (piv txwv li, txheeb ze hnov ntxhiab, melodic, harmonic. hnov, hnov kev sib haum xeeb), kev xav teb rau suab paj nruag yog txhim kho. qhov tshwm sim. Qhov kev zam yog lub suab meej, uas, pom tau tias, tsis tuaj yeem tau txais tshwj xeeb. kev tawm dag zog; tsuas yog tsim tau Mr. false absolute pitch (term B. M Teplov), uas pab txiav txim siab lub suab tsis ncaj, piv txwv li. ntawm timbre feem ntawm lub suab. Rau kev loj hlob ntawm hom S. m.
Ib qho kev tshwm sim ntawm S. kev sib txuas nrog m. nrog rau lwm yam peev xwm yog lub thiaj li hu. xim hnov, osn. ntawm tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm muses. suab los yog lawv cov sequences nyob rau hauv cov xim sawv cev ntawm ib tug subjective xwm (synopsia).
Kev kawm hnyav ntawm S. of m pib nrog 2nd pem teb. Xyoo 19th G. Helmholtz thiab K. Stumpf tau muab lub tswv yim ntxaws txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev ntawm qhov hnov lus raws li kev ntsuas sab nraud ntawm lub suab vibrations. txav thiab hais txog tej yam nta ntawm kev xaav ntawm suab paj nruag. suab (xws li, hais txog consonance thiab dissonance); yog li lawv tau tso lub hauv paus rau psychophysiological. acoustics. NA Rimsky-Korsakov thiab SM Maykapar yog thawj ntawm Russia hauv con. 19 – lus. 20th caug xyoo kawm S. m. nrog pedagogical. txoj hauj lwm - raws li lub hauv paus rau muses. kev ua si; lawv piav txog S. qhov tshwm sim ntawm m, pib kev loj hlob ntawm S.'s typology ntawm m; Rimsky-Korsakov, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, qhia lub tswv yim ntawm "pob ntseg puab", uas yog tom qab tsim los ntawm BV Asafiev. Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm lub cev acoustics, SN Rzhevkin tau them nyiaj ntau rau kev kawm ntawm S. m. Hauv 30-50s. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th NA Garbuzov tsim lub tswv yim ntawm thaj tsam ntawm S. m. dynamic ntxoov, suab paj nruag thiab tempo units, raug manifestations ntawm timbre raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm suab paj nruag. system yog qhia nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev xaav raws li ib tug txheej ntawm dec. qhov ntau. tus nqi (saib Zone). PP Baranovsky thiab EE Yutsevich tau tsim tib yam kev xav txog lub suab sib hais. Muaj ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb hauv S. m. hauv 30s. tau ua los ntawm lub chaw soj nstuam ntawm C. Seashore ntawm University of Iowa (USA); Qhov tseem ceeb yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm vibrato. Hauv con. 40s Ib qho tseem ceeb generalizing ua hauj lwm los ntawm BM Teplov "Psychology ntawm Suab paj nruag muaj peev xwm" tshwm sim, qhov twg thawj zaug ib tug holistic saib ntawm S. m tau muab los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm psychology. Hauv 50-60s. nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag lab acoustics ntawm Moscow. Lub conservatory tau ua ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm S. m. - Cov kev tshwm sim tshwj xeeb ntawm lub suab-siab-siab, tempo, thiab dynamic tau tshwm sim. ib cheeb tsam hauv art. kev ua suab paj nruag, suab nrov intonation thiab dynamic (loudness) hnov, lub siab ntawm tempo tau kawm (nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm OE Sakhaltueva, Yu. N. Rags, EV Nazaykinsky). Ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm 70s. nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm S. m. - "Ntawm kev xav ntawm kev xav suab paj nruag" los ntawm EV Nazaykinsky thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub suab-timbre lub rooj sib hais ua los ntawm AA Volodin. Kev kawm ntawm S. m. los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm suab paj nruag. acoustics, physiology thiab psychology ntawm kev hnov lus muab cov khoom nplua nuj rau suab paj nruag. pedagogy. Nws sawv cev rau lub hauv paus ntawm ntau yam haujlwm hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm txoj kev kawm ntawm S. m. (piv txwv li, kev ua haujlwm ntawm AL Ostrovsky, EV Davydova). Kev paub txog cov twj paj nruag yog siv dav hauv kev tsim cov suab paj nruag tshiab. cov twj paj nruag, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog electromusical, hauv architectural acoustics, piv txwv li. thaum xam acoustic nta ntawm conc. thaj chaw. Lawv siv rau hauv kev siv lub suab kaw (gramophone thiab sib nqus) hauv xov tooj cua, TV, thaum ntaus cov yeeb yaj kiab, thiab lwm yam.
References: Maykapar SM, Suab paj nruag pob ntseg, nws lub ntsiab lus, xwm, nta thiab txoj kev txhim kho kom raug, M., 1900, P.,. 1915; Rimsky-Korsakov HA, Nyob rau hauv kev kawm suab paj nruag, nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv: suab paj nruag cov khoom thiab sau ntawv, St. Petersburg, 1911, tib yam, nyob rau hauv nws tag nrho. coll. soj., vol. II, M., 1963; Rzhevkin SN, Hnov thiab hais lus nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm niaj hnub kev tshawb fawb lub cev, M.-L., 1928, 1936; Teplov BM, Psychology ntawm lub peev xwm suab paj nruag, M.-L., 1947; tib yam, hauv nws phau ntawv: Cov teeb meem ntawm tus kheej sib txawv, M., 1961; Garbuzov NA, Zonal xwm ntawm lub suab hnov, M.-L., 1948; nws tus kheej, Zone xwm ntawm tempo thiab atherosclerosis, M., 1950; nws, Intrazonal intonation lub rooj sib hais thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob, M.-L., 1951; nws, Zonal xwm ntawm dynamic hnov, M., 1955; nws tus kheej, Zone xwm ntawm timbre hnov, M., 1956; Suab paj nruag acoustics, M., 1954; Baranovsky PP, Yutsevich EV, Pitch analysis of the free melodic system, K., 1956; Laboratory ntawm suab paj nruas acoustics (mus rau 100th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm lub Moscow Order ntawm Lenin ntawm lub xeev Conservatory muaj npe tom qab PI Tchaikovsky), M., 1966; Volodin AA, Psychological yam ntawm kev xaav ntawm suab paj nruag, M., 1972 (diss); Pags Yu., Nazaikinsky E., Nyob rau hauv lub artistic possibilities ntawm lub synthesis ntawm suab paj nruag thiab xim (raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm symphonic paj huam "Prometheus" los ntawm AN Scriabin), nyob rau hauv: Musical Art thiab Science, vol. 1, M., 1970; Nazaikinsky EV, On the psychology of music perception, M., 1972; Heimholt H., Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage fur die Theorie der Musik, Braunschweig, 1863, 1913
Yu. H. Parc
