Basso ostinato, basso ostinato |

Italian, lit. - tawv ncauj, bass

Ib daim ntawv variational, osn. ntawm qhov rov ua dua cov ntsiab lus hauv cov ntses bass thaj tsam nrog hloov lub suab sab saud. Originates los ntawm polyphonic. cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev sau ntawv nruj, uas muaj tib lub cantus firmus, uas, thaum rov ua dua, tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshiab. Nyob rau hauv lub 16-17 centuries. V. o. dav siv hauv kev seev cev. suab paj nruag. Qee qhov kev seev cev thaum ub—passacaglia, chaconne, thiab lwm yam— sawv cev ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm V. o. Daim ntawv no muaj sia nyob txawm tias tom qab passacaglia thiab chaconne poob lawv cov seev cev. lub ntsiab lus. V. o. kuj nkag mus rau hauv arias thiab hu nkauj ntawm operas, oratorios, cantatas ntawm 17th-18th centuries. Qee cov suab paj nruag tsim. V. cov qauv ntawm lub pas dej; music V.'s image about. qhia ib lub siab xav, tsis muaj k.-l. contrasting rov qab. Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog lub brevity ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm V. o. composers nrhiav kom txhawb nws nrog kev pab los ntawm contrapuntal suab, harmonica. variations thiab tonal hloov. harmonic sau cov ntsiab lus V. o. pab txhawb rau kev pom zoo ntawm homophone-harmonic. warehouse, txawm hais tias lawv feem ntau tau xa mus rau hauv polyphonic. daim ntawv xa nyiaj. Themes V. txog. tau raws li feem ntau ntawm cov nplai zoo li (diatonic lossis chromatic) txav los yog nce los ntawm tonic mus rau qhov tseem ceeb, qee zaum nrog kev ntes ntawm cov kauj ruam nyob ib sab rau nws. Tab sis kuj tseem muaj ntau cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus kheej:

G. Purcell. Ode rau hnub yug ntawm poj huab tais Mary.

Mr. Muag. Ode rau St. Cecilia.

A. Vivaldi. Concerto rau 2 violins thiab orchestra a-moll, txav II.

G. Muffat. Passacaglia.

D. Buxtehude. Chaconne rau lub cev.

JS Bach. Passacaglia rau lub cev.

JS Bach. Chaconne los ntawm Cantata No. 150

JS Bach. Concerto for clavier thiab orchestra in d-moll, part II.

Cov suab paj nruag zoo sib xws. cov qauv feem ntau tau siv nyob rau hauv thawj daim duab bass thaj tsam ntawm cov ntsiab lus neostinata. Qhov no qhia lawv cov kev sib raug zoo nrog ostinato thematism, uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm 17th-18th centuries. Nws kuj cuam tshuam rau sonata thematics mus txog rau xyoo pua 20th. (WA Mozart – quartet in d-moll, KV 421, L. Beethoven – sonata for piano, op. 53, J. Brahms – sonata for piano, op. 5, SS Prokofiev – sonata No. 2 for FP – the lub ntsiab lus ntawm thawj qhov chaw).

V. o. nyob rau hauv passacaglia thiab chaconnes ntawm 17th-18th centuries. coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib tug yuam sij (JS Bach - Passacaglia nyob rau hauv c-moll rau lub cev, Crucifixus los ntawm loj nyob rau hauv b-moll) los yog unfolded nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov yuam sij. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub tom kawg, kev hloov pauv tau ua los ntawm kev hloov lub ntsiab lus (JS Bach - Chaconne los ntawm cantata No. 150) lossis los ntawm kev sib txuas me me, uas ua rau nws tuaj yeem hloov lub ntsiab lus mus rau qhov tseem ceeb tshiab yam tsis muaj suab nrov. kev hloov pauv (D. Buxtehude – Passacaglia d-moll rau lub cev). Hauv qee qhov kev tsim khoom. ob qho tib si ntawm cov txheej txheem no tau ua ke (JS Bach - qhov nruab nrab ntawm clavier concerto hauv d-moll); Qee zaum ntu tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm lub ntsiab lus, ua tsaug uas daim ntawv hloov mus rau hauv rondo (J. Chambonière - Chaconne F-dur rau harpsichord, F. Couperin - Passacaglia hauv h-moll rau harpsichord).

L. Beethoven nthuav dav siv V. o.; nws siv tsis tau tsuas yog raws li lub hauv paus ntawm variational-cyclic. cov ntaub ntawv (qhov kawg ntawm 3rd symphony), tab sis kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm daim ntawv loj rau kev kho cov kev xav thiab braking tom qab dav khiav. Cov no yog V. o. thaum kawg ntawm Allegro Symphony No. 9, qhov twg V. o. concentrates mournfully ua yeeb yam. lub sijhawm, hauv Vivace coda ntawm Symphony No 7 thiab nyob nruab nrab ntawm Vivace quartet op. 135.

L. Beethoven. 9th symphony, txav I. 7th symphony, txav I.

L. Beethoven. Quartet op. 135, II, p.

Qhov zoo li qub ntawm kev nthuav tawm ntawm tib yam khoom yog kov yeej los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm lub suab (los ntawm p mus rau f lossis vice versa). Nyob rau hauv tib lub siab, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev loj hlob zoo ntawm cov duab sib txawv, V. o. Nyob rau hauv lub code ntawm overture mus rau lub opera "Ivan Susanin" los ntawm Glinka.

Kuv Glinka. "Ivan Susanin", overture.

Nyob rau hauv lub 19th thiab 20th centuries V. tus nqi txog. nce. Ob ntawm nws lub hauv paus tau txiav txim siab. ntau yam. Thawj yog raws li lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab yog qhov tseeb ntawm nws qhov kev hloov pauv (I. Brahms - qhov kawg ntawm Symphony No. 4). Qhov thib ob hloov qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus los ntawm lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, uas hloov mus rau hauv ib qho yooj yim fastening caij, mus rau ib tug dav melodic-harmonic. kev loj hlob (SI Taneev – Largo los ntawm quintet op. 30). Ob qho tib si kuj siv rau hauv cov khoom lag luam ywj pheej. (F. Chopin – Lullaby), thiab ua ib feem ntawm sonata-symphony. cycles, nrog rau opera thiab ballet ua haujlwm.

Mus dhau ntawm tus ciam teb ntawm cov lus, ostinato maj mam dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov suab paj nruag ntawm 19th thiab 20th centuries; nws manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm atherosclerosis, sib haum xeeb, melodic. chants thiab lwm yam kev siv suab paj nruag. kev nthuav qhia. Ua tsaug rau ostinato, koj tuaj yeem tsim ib qho chaw ntawm "kev nruj", "fascinated", tsom rau c.-l. ib tug mus ob peb vas, immersion nyob rau hauv kev xav, thiab lwm yam .; V. o. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua lub zog txhawb zog. Cov no yuav nthuav tawm. V. possibilities txog. twb siv los ntawm composers ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. (AP Borodin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, R. Wagner, A. Bruckner, thiab lwm yam), tab sis tau txais qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb hauv lub xyoo pua 20th. (M. Ravel, IF Stravinsky, P. Hindemith, DD Shostakovich, AI Khachaturian, DB Kabalevsky, B. Britten, K. Orff thiab lwm tus, nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm uas ostinato cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ntau varied xwm yog siv).

References: Prорреr L., The basso ostinato as a technical and formative txoj cai, В., 1926 (diss.); Litterscheid R., Ntawm keeb kwm ntawm basso ostinato, Marburg, 1928; Nowak L., Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm ntawm basso ostinato nyob rau sab hnub poob suab paj nruag, W., 1932; Meinardus W., Cov txheej txheem ntawm basso ostinato los ntawm H. Purcell, Cologne, 1939 (diss.); Gurlill W., Ntawm JS Bach's Ostinato Technique, в кн.: Music History and Present. Ib tsab ntawv. Kuv (cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv rau cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia rau suab paj nruag), Wiesbaden, 1966; Вerger G., Ostinato, Chaconne, Passacaglia, Wolfenbüttel, (1968). Sm. tas li. при статьях Анализ музыкальный, Вариации, Форма музыкальная.

Vl. V. Protopopov