Dynamics |

Dynamics (los ntawm Greek dynamixos - muaj hwj chim, los ntawm dunamis - lub zog) nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag - ib txheej ntawm phenomena txuam nrog decomp. degrees ntawm lub suab nrov, nrog rau cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov phenomena. Lo lus "D.", paub txij thaum ub. philosophy, qiv los ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm mechanics; Thaj, nws tau xub qhia rau cov muses. kev tshawb xav thiab kev xyaum ntawm Swiss. tus kws qhia suab paj nruag XG Negeli (1810). D. yog raws li kev siv suab decomp. qhov degree ntawm nrov nrov, lawv qhov sib txawv tsis sib xws los yog maj mam hloov. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm dynamic designations: forte (abbreviated f) - nrov, muaj zog; piano (p) - ntsiag to, qaug zog; mezzo forte (mf) - suab nrov; mezzo piano (mp) - nyob ntsiag to; fortissimo (ff) - nrov heev pianissimo (pp) - ntsiag to heev forte-fortissimo (fff) - nrov heev; piano-pianissimo (ppr) - ntsiag to heev. Tag nrho cov qib ntawm lub suab nrov yog cov txheeb ze, tsis meej, lub ntsiab lus uas belongs rau thaj tsam ntawm acoustics; tus nqi ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv nyob ntawm ntau yam - dynamic. muaj peev xwm ntawm ib qho cuab yeej (lub suab) lossis ib pawg ntawm cov cuab yeej (suab), acoustic. nta ntawm chav tsev, kev ua haujlwm txhais lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm, thiab lwm yam. Maj mam nce hauv suab - crescendo (cov duab nraaj

); maj mam qaug zog - diminuendo los yog decrescendo (

). Lub ntse, tam sim ntawd hloov nyob rau hauv dynamic hue yog denoted los ntawm lub sij hawm subito. Piano subito - tam sim ntawd hloov ntawm nrov mus nyob ntsiag to, forte subito - ntsiag to mus nrov. Rau dynamic ntxoov xws li txawv. hom accents (saib Accent) txuam nrog kev faib tawm ntawm otd. suab thiab consonances, uas kuj cuam tshuam cov metric.

D. yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov suab paj nruag. cov lus qhia. Zoo li chiaroscuro hauv kev pleev xim, D. muaj peev xwm tsim kev puas siab puas ntsws. thiab kev xav. cov teebmeem ntawm lub zog loj heev, evoke cov duab thiab qhov chaw. koom haum. Forte tuaj yeem tsim qhov kev xav ntawm ib yam dab tsi ci, zoo siab, loj, piano - me, tu siab, fortissimo - majestic, haib, grandiose, thiab coj mus rau lub hwj chim tshaj plaws - yooj yim, txaus ntshai. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, pianissimo yog txuam nrog rhiab, feem ntau paub tsis meej. Cov kev hloov pauv hauv qhov nce thiab poob ntawm sonority tsim cov nyhuv ntawm "txog" thiab "tshem tawm". Qee lub suab paj nruag. prod. tsim los rau ib qho kev cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb: chor. Kev ua si "Echo" los ntawm O. Lasso yog tsim los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm lub suab nrov thiab ntsiag to, "Bolero" los ntawm M. Ravel - ntawm lub suab nrov zuj zus, ua rau qhov xaus. ntu mus rau lub climax loj.

Kev siv dynamic Shades yog txiav txim siab int. essence thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm cov suab paj nruag, nws cov style, nta ntawm cov qauv ntawm muses. ua hauj lwm. Hauv qhov sib txawv. aesthetic era. D. cov txheej txheem, cov kev cai rau nws qhov xwm txheej thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev thov tau hloov pauv. Ib qho ntawm thawj qhov chaw ntawm D. ncha yog ib qho ntse, ncaj sib piv ntawm cov suab nrov thiab mos. Mus txog rau ser. 18 nyob rau hauv. suab paj nruag yog dominated los ntawm D. forte thiab piano. Qhov kev loj hlob siab tshaj plaws ntawm no dynamic. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tau txais nyob rau hauv Baroque era nrog nws cov kos duab ntawm "zoo-zoo sib xws", gravitating rau lub monument. polyphonic. wok cov duab. thiab instr. suab paj nruag, rau cov teebmeem ntawm chiaroscuro. Rau cov suab paj nruag ntawm Baroque era, qhov sib txawv D. thiab hauv nws qhov kev ua kom pom tseeb dua - D. sau npe. Qhov no hom D. teb thiab dominating muses. cov cuab yeej ntawm lub sijhawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov twj paj nruag xws li lub cev, lub harpsichord (txog lub xeem F. Couperin tau sau tias ntawm nws "nws tsis tuaj yeem nce lossis txo lub zog ntawm lub suab", 1713), thiab monumental-decorative style yog ntau sab. wok instr. suab paj nruag ntawm lub tsev kawm Venetian, nrog nws cov thawj coj. lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm coro spezzato - qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm decomp. tshuaj lom. pab pawg thiab ua si 2 lub cev. Qhov feem ntau txhais tau tias. instr. nkauj ntawm no era - pre-classical. concerto grosso - raws li ntse, ncaj qha. tawm tsam forte thiab piano - ua si concerto thiab concertino, feem ntau sib cais, feem ntau sib txawv tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv timbre, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub ntim ntawm lub suab ntawm pab pawg neeg seev. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm solo wok. ua yeeb yam twb nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov baroque lub sij hawm, du, gradual hloov nyob rau hauv lub ntim ntawm lub suab tau cultivated. Nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm instr. suab paj nruag rau kev hloov mus rau xws li D. pab txhawb rau ib tug radical kiv puag ncig hauv suab paj nruag. toolkit, ua tiav hauv con. 17 – lus. Xyoo pua 18th, kev pom zoo ntawm violin, thiab tom qab ntawd rauj-hom piano. raws li kev ntaus suab paj nruag nrog ntau yam kev hloov pauv. lub cib fim, kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug melodious, ncua, hloov tau, psychologically ntau capacious instr. melodic, harmonic enrichment. cov nyiaj. Lub violin thiab cov twj paj nruag ntawm tsev neeg violin tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev tawm tshiab classic. (me) symph. suab paj nruag. Sib cais cov cim ntawm crescendo thiab diminuendo muaj nyob ntawm qee tus neeg sau pib txij xyoo pua 17th: D. Mazzocchi (1640), J. F. Ramo (30s 18th caug xyoo). Muaj ib qho kev qhia ntawm crescendo il forte hauv Opera "Artaxerxes" los ntawm N. Yommelli (1749). F. Geminiani yog thawj instr. virtuoso, uas tau siv xyoo 1739, thaum rov muab nws cov sonatas rau violin thiab bass, op. 1 (1705), tshwj xeeb dynamic. cov cim qhia kom nce lub zog ntawm lub suab (/) thiab txo nws (); nws piav qhia: "Lub suab yuav tsum pib ntsiag to thiab tom qab ntawd nce tusyees mus rau ib nrab ntawm lub sijhawm (ceeb toom), tom qab ntawd nws maj mam txo mus rau qhov kawg." Qhov kev qhia ua haujlwm no, xa mus rau crescendo ntawm ib daim ntawv, yuav tsum txawv ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv hloov pauv hauv cov muses zoo. kev tsim kho, daim ntawv thov uas tau pib los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Mannheim. Lub sijhawm lawv nkag mus. dynamic nce thiab ntog, ntau meej dynamics. ntxoov ntxoo tsis yog tsuas yog cov txheej txheem ua yeeb yam tshiab, tab sis kuj yog cov organic. nta ntawm cov style ntawm lawv cov suab paj nruag. Mannheimers tau teeb tsa lub zog tshiab. lub hauv paus ntsiab lus - forte y tau ua tiav tsis yog los ntawm kev nce cov suab nrov (ib qho txheej txheem dav siv ua ntej), tab sis los ntawm kev nthuav tawm lub suab ntawm tag nrho orc. ua ke. Lawv pom tias lub piano ua tau zoo dua qhov kev qhuab qhia ntau tus kws ntaus nkauj koom nrog hauv kev ua yeeb yam. Yog li, lub orchestra tau tso tawm ntawm qhov zoo li qub thiab dhau los ua ntau yam kev ua yeeb yam dynamic. "modulations". Transitional crescendo, txuas forte thiab piano ua ke rau hauv ib qho dynamic. tag nrho, txhais tau hais tias lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tshiab hauv suab paj nruag, tshuab cov qub muses. cov ntaub ntawv raws li qhov sib txawv D. thiab D. sau npe. Classic lus. Sonata daim ntawv (sonata allegro), kev taw qhia ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshiab thematic. kev loj hlob coj mus rau kev siv cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws, hloov maj mam dynamics. ntxoov, raws li twb nyob rau hauv "kev sib piv nyob rau hauv lub nqaim tshaj thematic moj khaum. kev kawm” (X. Riemann). Qhov kev thov ntawm "kev sib koom ua ke zoo" tau muab txoj hauv kev rau kev thov ntawm "kev hloov pauv hloov maj mam". Ob lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb no tau pom lawv cov organic. kev sib xyaw ua ke hauv suab paj nruag L. Beethoven nrog nws cov kev sib txawv muaj zog zoo sib xws (cov txheej txheem nyiam ntawm subito piano - qhov nce hauv lub suab tau cuam tshuam tam sim ntawd, muab txoj hauv kev rau piano) thiab tib lub sijhawm maj mam hloov ntawm ib qho dynamic. ntxoov ntxoo rau lwm tus. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau tsim los ntawm cov kws sau nkauj romantic, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog G. Berlioz. Rau orc. cov hauj lwm ntawm lub tom kawg yog characterized los ntawm ib tug ua ke ntawm ntau yam dynamics. cuam ​​tshuam nrog txhais. ntsuas timbres, uas tso cai rau peb tham txog ib yam ntawm "dynamic. xim" (ib txheej txheem tom qab dav tsim los ntawm Impressionists). Tom qab ntawd, polydynamics kuj tau tsim - qhov tsis sib xws hauv kev ua si sib xyaw ua ke ntawm dynamic. ntxoov ntawm otd. instruments los yog orchestra. pab pawg, tsim cov nyhuv zoo dynamic. polyphony (tus qauv ntawm G. Mahler). D. plays lub luag haujlwm loj hauv kev ua yeeb yam. Lub logic ntawm qhov piv ntawm suab paj nruag. sonority yog ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ntawm kev kos duab. kev muab tua. Nws txoj kev ua txhaum cai tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov nkauj. Ua inextricably txuas nrog agogics, articulation thiab lus, D. feem ntau txiav txim los ntawm tus kheej. ua. style, tus cwj pwm ntawm kev txhais lus, zoo nkauj. orientation ua yeeb yam. tsev kawm ntawv. Qee qhov yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm undulating D., fractional dynamic.

Nyob rau hauv ntau yam avant-garde txav ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. kev siv cov peev txheej dynamic tau hloov pauv loj. Nyob rau hauv atonal suab paj nruag, rhuav nrog kev sib haum xeeb thiab func. kev sib raug zoo, kev sib raug zoo ntawm D. nrog lub logic ntawm harmonic. kev loj hlob poob lawm. Avant-garde artists kuj hloov cov nyhuv dynamic. incompatibility, thaum, piv txwv li, ntawm ib tug sustained chord, txhua lub twj paj nruag hloov nws lub suab lub zog txawv (K. Stockhausen, Zeitmasse). Hauv polyserial music dynamic. ntxoov yog kiag li subordinated mus rau lub series, txhua lub suab yog txuam nrog ib tug tej yam degree ntawm nrov.

References: Mostras KG, Dynamics in violin art, M., 1956; Kogan GM, Ua haujlwm ntawm pianist, M., 1963, 1969, p. 161–64; Pazovsky AM, Notes of a conductor, M., 1966, p. 287-310, M., 1968, ib.

IM Yampolsky