Suab nkauj kho siab |

Folk music, suab paj nruag folklore (Lus Askiv Folk music, German Volksmusik, Volkskunst, Fabkis Folklore suab paj nruag) - suab (tsuas yog nkauj, piv txwv li suab paj nruag thiab paj huam), instrumental, suab thiab instrumental thiab suab paj nruag thiab seev cev creativity ntawm cov neeg (los ntawm cov neeg yos hav zoov thaum ub, neeg nuv ntses, nomadic pastoralists, shepherds thiab ua liaj ua teb rau nyob deb nroog thiab nroog ua hauj lwm pej xeem, artisans, neeg ua hauj lwm, tub rog thiab tub ntxhais kawm kev ywj pheej ib puag ncig, kev lag luam proletariat).

Cov creators ntawm N.m. tsis yog ncaj qha xwb. producers ntawm wealth. Nrog rau kev faib ua haujlwm, kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam (feem ntau cov neeg tsim khoom) tau tshwm sim. nar. creativity - buffoons (spielmans) thiab rhapsody. N. m. yog inextricably txuas nrog lub neej ntawm cov neeg. Nws yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev kos duab. creativity (folklore), uas tshwm sim, raws li txoj cai, nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj (tsis-sau) daim ntawv thiab kis tau tsuas yog los ntawm performers. kab lig kev cai. Tsis-sau (keeb kwm ua ntej-literate) kev lig kev cai yog ib qho kev txhais ntawm N. m. thiab folklore nyob rau hauv dav dav. Folklore yog ib qho txuj ci hauv kev nco txog ntau tiam neeg. Muses. folklore paub rau tag nrho cov social-historical. formations pib nrog pre-class societies (lub thiaj li hu ua primitive art) thiab nrog rau niaj hnub. ntiaj teb. Hauv qhov no, lo lus "N. m." - heev dav thiab dav dav, txhais N. m. tsis yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom ntawm Nar. creativity, tab sis raws li ib ceg (los yog hauv paus) ntawm ib leeg muses. kab lis kev cai. Thaum lub rooj sib tham ntawm International council of people music (pib xyoo 1950) N. m. tau txhais tias yog ib yam khoom ntawm muses. kev lig kev cai, tsim nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sib kis ntawm qhov ncauj los ntawm peb yam - continuity (continuity), variance (variability) thiab selectivity (xaiv ib puag ncig). Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev txhais no tsis cuam tshuam txog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev muaj tswv yim dab neeg thiab raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev paub daws teeb meem. H. m. yuav tsum tau suav hais tias yog ib feem ntawm universal muses. kab lis kev cai (qhov no pab txhawb rau kev txheeb xyuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm qhov ncauj thiab sau cov kab lis kev cai, tab sis tawm hauv cov duab ntxoov ntxoo ntawm lawv txhua tus), thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm nar. kab lis kev cai - folklore. N. m. - cov organic. ib feem ntawm cov lus dab neeg (yog li ntawd, qhov kev paub zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus "N. m." thiab "musical folklore" yog keeb kwm thiab txheej txheem ncaj ncees). Txawm li cas los xij, nws suav nrog hauv keeb kwm txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm suab paj nruag. kab lis kev cai (cult thiab secular, prof. thiab pawg).

Keeb kwm ntawm N. m. mus rau lub prehistoric. yav dhau los. Kev kos duab. kev lig kev cai ntawm cov neeg thaum ntxov. formations yog tshwj xeeb ruaj khov, tenacious (lawv txiav txim siab qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm folklore rau ntau centuries). Nyob rau hauv txhua txhua keeb kwm era coexist ntau lawm. ntau dua los yog tsawg dua qub, hloov pauv, nrog rau kev tsim tshiab (raws li kev cai tsis sau ntawv ntawm kev lig kev cai). Ua ke lawv tsim lub thiaj li hu. tsoos folklore, piv txwv li, feem ntau suab paj nruag thiab poetic. art-in, tsim thiab kis los ntawm txhua haiv neeg. ib puag ncig los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam hais lus. Cov neeg khaws cia hauv lawv lub cim xeeb thiab kev ua si suab paj nruag uas ua tau raws li lawv qhov kev xav tau thiab lub siab xav. Kev lig kev cai N.m. kev ywj pheej thiab feem ntau tawm tsam prof. ("Artificial" - artificialis) suab paj nruag teej tug mus rau cov hluas, sau kab lig kev cai. Qee cov qauv ntawm prof. cov suab paj nruag loj (tshwj xeeb, nkauj hits) ib feem sib koom ua ke nrog qhov tseeb tshwm sim ntawm N. m. (txhua hnub suab paj nruag, roob dab neeg).

Cov lus nug ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm N. m. thiab cov suab paj nruag ntawm kev ntseeg yog complex thiab me ntsis kawm. kev ntseeg. Lub Koom Txoos, txawm tias muaj kev tawm tsam tsis tu ncua nrog N. m., tau ntsib nws lub zog muaj zog. Hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Hauv Tebchaws Europe, tib lub suab nkauj tuaj yeem ua rau kev ntseeg thiab kev ntseeg. ntawv. Nrog rau cov suab paj nruag cult, lub tsev teev ntuj faib lub thiaj li hu. zaj nkauj kev cai dab qhuas (qee zaum txhob txwm tshaj tawm cov nkauj pej xeem), nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm kab lis kev cai muaj nyob rau hauv lub Nar. suab paj nruag kev lig kev cai (piv txwv li, Christmas carols hauv tebchaws Poland, Askiv Christmas-carols, German Weihnachtslieder, Fabkis Noll, thiab lwm yam). Ib nrab rov ua dua thiab rov xav dua, lawv tau coj lub neej tshiab. Tab sis txawm nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws uas muaj zog ntawm kev ntseeg, cov khoom siv pej xeem. ntawm kev ntseeg. cov ntsiab lus sawv tawm noticeably hauv Nar. repertoire (txawm tias cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim). Cov hauj lwm Folklore paub, cov phiaj xwm uas rov qab mus rau kev ntseeg. tswv yim (saib nqe lus ntawm sab ntsuj plig).

Cov suab paj nruag ntawm qhov ncauj kev lig kev cai tau tsim qeeb dua li cov ntawv sau, tab sis ntawm kev nce nrawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau niaj hnub thiab niaj hnub niaj hnub no (hauv European lus dab neeg, qhov no pom tau zoo thaum sib piv cov kev cai nyob deb nroog thiab nroog). Los ntawm dec. cov ntaub ntawv thiab hom kev sib koom ua ke thaum ntxov (kev ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam, kev ua si, nkauj seev cev ua ke nrog cov twj paj nruag, thiab lwm yam) tsim thiab tsim nws tus kheej. hom suab paj nruag. art-va - nkauj, instr., seev cev - nrog rau lawv tom qab kev koom ua ke rau hauv hluavtaws. hom kev muaj tswv yim. Qhov no tau tshwm sim ntev ua ntej qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sau nkauj. kab lig kev cai, thiab ib nrab parallel rau lawv thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm nws tus kheej. Txawm tias nyuaj dua yog cov lus nug ntawm kev tsim cov prof. suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai. Professionalism yog tus cwj pwm tsis yog ntawm kev sau ntawv nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog lub suab paj nruag. kab lig kev cai, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog heterogeneous. Muaj qhov ncauj (raws li) prof. kab lis kev cai sab nraum folklore, nyob rau hauv lub txhais. yam tsawg kawg yog tawm tsam cov kev cai dab qhuas (piv txwv li, Ind. ragi, Iranian dastgahi, Arab. makams). Prof. suab paj nruag kos duab (nrog ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov suab paj nruag thiab cov tsev kawm ua yeeb yam) kuj tshwm sim hauv cov neeg. creativity raws li nws cov organic ib feem, suav nrog ntawm cov neeg uas tsis muaj kev ywj pheej, cais los ntawm cov lus dab neeg ntawm prof. thov nyob teb chaws Europe. kev nkag siab ntawm lo lus no (piv txwv li, ntawm Kazakhs, Kirghiz, Turkmens). Cov suab paj nruag niaj hnub cov kab lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg no suav nrog peb thaj chaw sab hauv - cov muses kom raug. folklore (nar. zaj nkauj sib txawv), pej xeem. prof. kos duab ntawm qhov ncauj (folklore) kev lig kev cai (instr. kui thiab nkauj) thiab qhov tseeb composer txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov sau kab lig kev cai. Ib yam nyob hauv Africa niaj hnub no: tiag tiag pej xeem (cov neeg muaj tswv yim), tsoos (kev txawj ntse hauv African kev nkag siab) thiab prof. (nyob rau hauv cov lus European) suab paj nruag. Nyob rau hauv tej kab lis kev cai, N. m. nws tus kheej yog nyob rau hauv heterogeneous (piv txwv li, suab paj nruag yog feem ntau niaj hnub, thiab instrumental pej xeem kev lig kev cai yog feem ntau kev). Yog li ntawd, lub tswvyim ntawm "N. m." wider tshaj suab paj nruag folklore kom raug, vim nws kuj muaj xws li qhov ncauj prof. suab paj nruag.

Txij li thaum tsim cov nkauj sau. kab lig kev cai muaj kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm qhov ncauj thiab sau, txhua hnub thiab prof. folklore thiab non-folklore kab lig kev cai nyob rau hauv lub department. haiv neeg kab lis kev cai, thiab nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm complex inter-ethnic. kev sib cuag, suav nrog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kab lis kev cai los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws (xws li Europe nrog Asia thiab North Africa). Ntxiv mus, txhua qhov kev lig kev cai perceives tus tshiab (cov ntaub ntawv, repertoire) raws li nws tshwj xeeb. cov qauv, cov khoom tshiab yog mastered organically thiab tsis zoo li neeg txawv teb chaws. Kev lig kev cai ntawm N.m. yog "niam" rau kev sau suab paj nruag.

Ch. nyuaj rau kev kawm N. m. txuas feem ntau nrog lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm pre-literate kev loj hlob ntawm muses. kab lis kev cai, thaum lub sij hawm uas feem ntau cov yam ntxwv ntawm N. m. Kev kawm ntawm lub sijhawm no yog ua tau nyob rau tom ntej. cov lus qhia: a) theoretically thiab indirectly, raws li analogies nyob rau hauv muaj feem xyuam; b) tab sis cov ntawv sau thiab cov ntaub ntawv tseem muaj sia nyob (kev cog lus ntawm suab paj nruag, zaj lus tim khawv ntawm cov neeg taug kev, keeb kwm, suab paj nruag. cov cuab yeej thiab cov ntawv sau, archaeological. excavations); c) ncaj qha. cov ntaub ntawv hais lus suab paj nruag. kev lig kev cai muaj peev xwm khaws cov ntaub ntawv thiab daim ntawv-creators. xyoo txhiab txoj cai. Nkauj Nkauj. kab lig kev cai - organic. ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm txhua haiv neeg. Dialectic. Kev txhais cov keeb kwm kev lig kev cai yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Marxist txoj kev xav. TO. Marx tau taw qhia txog qhov kev npaj ua ntej, nrog rau cov kev txwv ntawm kev coj noj coj ua, uas tsis yog tsuas yog presupposes, tab sis kuj ua kom lawv lub neej muaj sia: "Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv (communal) cov ntaub ntawv, lub hauv paus ntawm txoj kev loj hlob yog kev tsim tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv predetermined (rau ib qib lossis lwm qhov. , ib txwm tsim los yog keeb kwm tshwm sim, tab sis uas tau dhau los ua ib txwm muaj ) kev sib raug zoo ntawm ib tus neeg rau nws lub zej zog thiab ib qho kev txiav txim siab lub hom phiaj rau nws, ob qho tib si hauv nws txoj kev sib raug zoo rau kev ua hauj lwm, thiab hauv kev sib raug zoo rau nws cov phooj ywg ua hauj lwm, cov pab pawg neeg. , lwm. vim yog lub hauv paus no txwv txij thaum pib, tab sis nrog kev tshem tawm ntawm qhov kev txwv no, nws ua rau poob qis thiab kev puas tsuaj "(Marx K. thiab Engels, F., Soch., vol. 46 ,hnu. 1, p. 475). Txawm li cas los xij, kev ruaj ntseg ntawm kev coj noj coj ua yog nyob rau hauv lub zog: "Ib tiam neeg, ntawm ib sab, txuas ntxiv cov haujlwm qub txeeg qub teg raws li kev hloov pauv tag nrho, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, nws hloov kho cov xwm txheej qub los ntawm kev hloov pauv tag nrho" (Marx K. thiab Engels, F., Soch., vol. 3, p. 45). Folklore kab lig kev cai nyob ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb hauv kab lis kev cai. Tsis muaj neeg tsis muaj lus dab neeg, thiab tsis muaj lus. Folklore tshiab formations tshwm tsis yooj yim thiab ncaj qha. ib qho kev xav ntawm lub neej niaj hnub thiab tsis yog nyob rau hauv hybrid cov ntaub ntawv los yog raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm rethinking lub qub, tab sis yog tsim los ntawm contradictions, clashes ntawm ob eras los yog txoj kev ntawm lub neej thiab lawv ideology. Lub dialectic ntawm kev loj hlob N. m., zoo li txhua kab lis kev cai, yog kev tawm tsam ntawm kev lig kev cai thiab kev rov ua dua tshiab. Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev lig kev cai thiab kev muaj tiag yog lub hauv paus ntawm keeb kwm folklore dynamics. Typology ntawm hom, duab, kev ua haujlwm, rituals, kos duab. Cov ntaub ntawv, nthuav dav txhais tau tias, kev sib txuas thiab kev sib raug zoo hauv cov lus dab neeg yog nyob rau hauv tas li kev sib raug zoo nrog lawv cov originality, lawv qhov tshwj xeeb hauv txhua qhov kev tshwm sim. Ib qho kev hloov ntawm tus kheej tshwm sim tsis tau tsuas yog tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm typology, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm kev sib raug zoo, qauv, stereotypes. Cov lus dab neeg kev lig kev cai tsim nws tus kheej typology thiab pom tau tsuas yog hauv nws. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj txheej txheem (txawm tias tseem ceeb heev, piv txwv li collectivity, tus cwj pwm ntawm qhov ncauj, tsis qhia npe, improvisation, variance, thiab lwm yam) tsis tuaj yeem nthuav tawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm N. m. Nws tau cog lus ntau dua los txhais N. m. (thiab lus dab neeg feem ntau) raws li dialectical. ib qho kev sib raug zoo khub ntawm cov yam ntxwv uas nthuav tawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm sab hauv (tsis muaj kev tawm tsam pej xeem mus rau cov neeg tsis yog neeg pej xeem): piv txwv li, tsis yog kev sib txawv, tab sis kev sib txawv ua ke nrog kev ruaj ntseg, sab nraud uas nws tsis muaj nyob. Hauv txhua qhov tshwj xeeb (piv txwv li, hauv N. m. txawv haiv neeg. kab lis kev cai thiab sib txawv ntawm tib yam Nar. dej khov kab lis kev cai) ib los yog lwm lub ntsiab ntawm cov khub yuav predominate, tab sis ib tug tsis muaj lwm yam yog tsis yooj yim sua. Folklore kev lig kev cai tuaj yeem txhais tau los ntawm qhov system ntawm 7 lub hauv paus. correlative khub: collectivity - tus kheej; stability - mob; ntau lub ntsiab - mono-element; kev ua tau zoo-creativity-kev ua tau zoo-kev tsim tawm; functionality - kev ua haujlwm; qhov system ntawm hom yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm chav haujlwm. hom; lus (dialect articulation) – supra-dialect. Qhov no system yog dynamic. Qhov piv ntawm cov khub tsis zoo ib yam hauv keeb kwm sib txawv. epochs thiab ntawm txawv teb chaws. vim txawv keeb kwm otd. haiv neeg ice cultures, hom м.

Thawj khub suav nrog xws li kev sib raug zoo xws li kev tsis qhia npe - kev sau ntawv, tsis nco qab ua raws li kev tsim qauv - kev sib xyaw ua ke - pej xeem-prof. "tsev kawm ntawv", typological - tshwj xeeb; qhov thib ob - stability - variance, stereotype - improvisation, thiab nyob rau hauv relation mus suab paj nruag - notated - tsis sau tseg; thib peb - ​​ua. syncretism (suab nkauj, ntaus suab paj nruag, seev cev) - yuav ua. asyncretism. Rau tus cwj pwm ntawm qhov ncauj ntawm N. m., tsis muaj qhov sib txuam ua ke hauv cov lus dab neeg (kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov ncauj kos duab thiab kos duab kos duab mus dhau cov lus dab neeg, uas tsis tau sau los ntawm nws qhov xwm txheej, thiab ua rau muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus dab neeg thiab tsis yog neeg pej xeem).

Kev sib raug zoo khub kev ruaj ntseg - kev txav mus los yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, vim nws txhawj xeeb txog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev coj noj coj ua - nws sab hauv. dynamism. Kev lig kev cai tsis yog kev thaj yeeb, tab sis ib qho kev txav ntawm ib hom tshwj xeeb, piv txwv li, qhov sib npaug ua tiav los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, uas qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev sib txawv (variance), stereotype (kev khaws cia ntawm qee cov qauv) thiab cov improvisation uas twb muaj lawm ntawm nws lub hauv paus. . Variation (ib yam khoom vaj khoom tsev ntawm folklore) yog lwm sab ntawm kev ruaj ntseg. Yog tsis muaj variance stability hloov mus ua ib tug neeg kho tshuab. repetition, neeg txawv teb chaws rau folklore. Kev hloov pauv yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov ncauj qhov ncauj thiab kev sib sau ntawm N. m. thiab ib qho xwm txheej rau nws lub neej. Txhua yam khoom nthuav tawm txhais tau hais tias hauv cov lus dab neeg tsis yog qhov tsis meej, nws muaj tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm stylistically thiab semantically cuam tshuam txog kev hloov pauv uas ua rau tus neeg ua yeeb yam. dynamism N.m.

Thaum kawm N. m., cov teeb meem kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau daim ntawv thov ntawm musicologists rau nws. pawg (form, hom, atherosclerosis, ib hom ntawv nyeem, thiab lwm yam), uas feem ntau tsis txaus rau tus kheej-consciousness ntawm tus neeg. suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai tsis coincide nrog lawv cov tsoos tswvyim, empiric. classifications, nrog Nar. cov ntsiab lus. Tsis tas li ntawd, N. m. yuav luag tsis muaj nyob hauv nws daim ntawv dawb huv, tsis muaj kev sib txuas nrog qee yam kev ua (kev ua haujlwm, kev ua yeeb yam, kev ua yeeb yam), nrog rau kev sib raug zoo, thiab lwm yam. Nar. Creativity yog ib yam khoom tsis yog tsuas yog kev kos duab, tab sis kuj yog kev sib raug zoo ntawm tib neeg. Yog li ntawd, kev kawm ntawm N.m. tsis tuaj yeem txwv tsuas yog kev paub txog nws muses. system, nws tseem yuav tsum nkag siab txog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm nws txoj haujlwm hauv zej zog, raws li ib feem ntawm cov lus txhais. folklore complexes. Kom meej meej lub tswvyim ntawm "N. m." nws lub regional thiab ces hom kev sib txawv yog tsim nyog. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm N. m. nyob rau hauv txhua theem yog tsim typologically (los ntawm hom suab paj nruas kev ua si thiab ib hom ntawv nyeem system mus rau tus txheej txheem ntawm intonation, tsim ib tug twj paj nruag, thiab xaiv ib tug suab paj nruas mis) thiab paub variantly. Hauv typology (piv txwv li, hauv kev sib piv cov suab paj nruag sib txawv txhawm rau tsim cov hom), qhov tshwm sim txawv uas muaj ntau rau yuav luag txhua tus muses. kab lis kev cai (hu ua suab paj nruag universals), muaj rau ib cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb, pab pawg neeg ntawm cov kab lis kev cai (hu ua thaj chaw nta) thiab hauv zos (hu ua dialect nta).

Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Folkloristics tsis muaj ib qho kev xav ntawm lub regional kev faib tawm ntawm N. m. Yog li, Amer. Tus kws tshawb fawb A. Lomax (“Folk song style and culture” – “Folk song style and culture”, 1968) txheeb xyuas 6 thaj chaw suab paj nruag hauv ntiaj teb: America, Pacific Islands, Australia, Asia (kev coj noj coj ua zoo heev ntawm ancient sij hawm), Teb chaws Africa, Europe, nthuav dav lawv tom qab ntawd raws li cov qauv siv dav dav: piv txwv li, 3 europ. kab lig kev cai - central, sab hnub poob, sab hnub tuaj thiab lwm yam Mediterranean. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qee tus Slovak folklorists (saib Slovak Musical Encyclopedia, 1969) ib leeg tsis yog 3, tab sis 4 Europ. Kev lig kev cai - Sab hnub poob (nrog rau cov chaw hauv Askiv, Fabkis thiab German lus), Scandinavian, Mediterranean thiab Eastern (nrog rau cov chaw ntawm Carpathian thiab East Slavic; cov Balkans tseem txuas nrog ntawm no, tsis muaj chaw txaus). Feem ntau, Tebchaws Europe tag nrho yog tawm tsam Asia, tab sis qee tus kws tshaj lij tawm tsam qhov no: piv txwv li, L. Picken ("Oxford History of Music" - "New Oxford History of Music", 1959) tawm tsam Europe thiab Is Nrias teb mus rau Sab Hnub Tuaj. thaj chaw los ntawm Tuam Tshoj mus rau cov Islands tuaj ntawm Malay Archipelago ua suab paj nruag tag nrho. Nws kuj tsis ncaj ncees rau ib leeg tawm Africa tag nrho thiab txawm tawm tsam North. Teb chaws Africa (sab qaum teb ntawm Sahara) yog qhov chaw sov, thiab nyob rau hauv nws - Western thiab sab hnub tuaj. Xws li ib txoj hauv kev coarsens qhov ntau haiv neeg thiab complexity ntawm muses. toj roob hauv pes ntawm teb chaws Africa. sab av loj, to-ry muaj tsawg kawg yog 2000 pawg neeg thiab haiv neeg. Qhov kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws yog los ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm haiv neeg. thaj tsam rau intraethnic. lus: piv txwv li, East-European, ces East-Slav. thiab Lavxias teb sab cheeb tsam nrog lub subdivision ntawm lub tom ntej mus rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm sab qaum teb, sab hnub poob, nruab nrab, sab qab teb-Lavxias teb sab, Volga-Ural, Siberian thiab Far Eastern cheeb tsam, uas nyob rau hauv lem muab faib mus rau hauv me me cheeb tsam. Yog li ntawd, N., m. muaj nyob rau ntawm txhais. thaj chaw thiab nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm keeb kwm, uas yog, txwv los ntawm qhov chaw thiab lub sij hawm, uas tsim ib tug system ntawm suab paj nruag thiab folklore dialects nyob rau hauv txhua Nar. suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua lub suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai tsim ib hom suab paj nruag-style tag nrho, koom ua ke tib lub sijhawm. nyob rau hauv loj folklore thiab ethnographic. cheeb tsam, to-rye tuaj yeem txawv raws li cov qauv sib txawv. Qhov piv ntawm intra-dialect thiab supra-dialect, intra-system thiab inter-system nta cuam tshuam cov ntsiab lus ntawm N. m. kab lig kev cai. Txhua lub teb chaws ua ntej txhua tus paub thiab txaus siab rau qhov sib txawv (qhov txawv ntawm nws N. m. los ntawm lwm tus), txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm cov neeg. suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai yog qhov zoo sib xws thiab ua neej nyob raws li kev cai lij choj thoob ntiaj teb (qhov ntau lub suab paj nruag txhais tau tias, ntau dua universal).

Cov qauv universal thiab phenomena tsis tas yuav tshwm sim los ntawm kev nthuav tawm los ntawm ib qho twg. Raws li txoj cai, lawv tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg sib txawv polygenetically thiab yog universal hauv typological cov ntsiab lus. kev xav, ie muaj peev xwm. Thaum faib qee yam tshwj xeeb lossis kev cai lij choj ntawm N. m. mus rau universal, scientific. kev raug. Dep. suab paj nruag. cov ntaub ntawv txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag statics thiab nyob rau hauv lub intoned dynamics ntawm ib tug nyob ua yeeb yam tsis zoo ib yam. Hauv thawj kis, lawv yuav dhau los ua ntau haiv neeg, hauv qhov thib ob lawv yuav txawv heev. Nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm cov neeg sib txawv, qhov kev txheeb xyuas ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv (visual-notational) coincidences yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, vim lawv qhov xwm txheej, cov txheej txheem thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub suab tiag tiag tuaj yeem sib txawv heev (piv txwv li, triadic ua ke hauv choral hu nkauj ntawm African pygmies thiab Bushmen thiab European. harmonic polyphony . warehouse). Nyob rau theem suab paj nruag-acoustic (tsim khoom ntawm N. m.) - yuav luag txhua yam yog universal. Qhia. cov txhais tau tias lawv tus kheej zoo li qub thiab yog li pseudo-universal. Haiv neeg manifests nws tus kheej feem ntau nyob rau hauv dynamics, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv-tsim txoj cai ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb style ntawm N. m.

Lub tswv yim ntawm ciam teb ntawm cov suab paj nruag-folklore dialect yog kua dej ntawm cov neeg sib txawv: cov lus me me yog cov khoom ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb. kab lis kev cai, thaum nomads sib txuas lus nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam loj, uas ua rau ib tug ntau dua monolithic lus (hais lus thiab suab paj nruas). Li no qhov nyuaj tshaj qhov sib piv N. m. ntawm cov neeg sib txawv. tsim.

Thaum kawg, historicism yuav muab piv. suab paj nruag teeb pom kev zoo. folklore ntawm tag nrho cov neeg raws li ib tug tag nrho koom nrog rau hauv tus account lub ntau haiv neeg ntawm keeb kwm. haiv neeg lub neej. kab lig kev cai. Piv txwv li, lub ancient muses. kab lig kev cai ntawm sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj. Asia yog cov neeg uas tau ntau pua xyoo nyob rau hauv txoj kev los ntawm pab pawg neeg lub koom haum mus rau kev loj hlob feudalism, uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qeeb qeeb ntawm lawv cov kab lis kev cai thiab keeb kwm kev loj hlob. evolution, thaum yau Europeans. cov neeg nyob rau lub sij hawm luv luv tau dhau los ntawm txoj kev cua daj cua dub thiab radical ntawm keeb kwm. kev loj hlob - los ntawm pab pawg neeg mus rau imperialism, thiab nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm sab hnub tuaj. Teb chaws Europe - ua ntej socialism. Tsis muaj teeb meem li cas lig txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Nar. suab paj nruag kab lig kev cai piv nrog rau kev hloov ntawm haiv neeg.-economic. formations, tsis tau nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe nws yog khaus ntau tshaj nyob rau hauv sab hnub tuaj, thiab tuaj mus rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm zoo. kev tsim kho tshiab. Txhua keeb kwm theem ntawm kev muaj nyob ntawm N. m. enriches cov pej xeem kev lig kev cai nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tshwj xeeb. tsis tu ncua. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis raug cai los sib piv, piv txwv li, kev sib haum xeeb ntawm German. nar. Arabic nkauj thiab suab paj nruag. makams los ntawm modal subtlety: nyob rau hauv ob haiv neeg muaj tej yam clichés thiab ci ntsa iab tshwm sim; Lub luag haujlwm ntawm science yog qhia lawv qhov tshwj xeeb.

N. m. decomp. Cov cheeb tsam haiv neeg tau dhau los ntawm txoj kev txhim kho uas sib txawv ntawm kev siv zog, tab sis feem ntau, peb lub ntsiab tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv. theem hauv evolution ntawm suab paj nruag. lus dab neeg:

1) lub sijhawm qub tshaj plaws, lub hauv paus pib uas rov qab mus rau ntau pua xyoo, thiab cov keeb kwm sab saud. tus ciam teb yog txuam nrog rau lub sij hawm ntawm official saws ntawm ib lub xeev. kev ntseeg uas hloov lub pagan kev ntseeg ntawm pab pawg neeg;

2) Lub Nrab Hnub nyoog, lub sijhawm ntawm feudalism - lub sijhawm ntawm kev sib tw ntawm haiv neeg thiab lub hnub qub ntawm lub npe. classical lus dab neeg (rau cov neeg nyob sab Europe - ib txwm ua suab paj nruag, feem ntau txuam nrog N. m. feem ntau, nrog rau qhov ncauj professionalism);

3) niaj hnub. (tshiab thiab tseeb) era; rau ntau haiv neeg tau txuas nrog kev hloov pauv mus rau kev peev txheej, nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov roob. kab lis kev cai uas originated nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv N. m. muaj zog zuj zus, cov kab lig kev cai qub tau tawg, thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshiab ntawm cov bunks tau tshwm sim. suab paj nruag muaj tswv yim. Qhov no periodization tsis yog universal. Piv txwv li, Arab. suab paj nruag tsis paub meej. qhov txawv ntawm cov neeg ua teb thiab cov roob. kab lig kev cai, raws li European; feem ntau yog European. keeb kwm evolution ntawm N.m. - los ntawm lub zos mus rau lub nroog, nyob rau hauv lub Creole suab paj nruag ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm Lat. America yog "upside down", ib yam li Europe. thoob ntiaj teb kev sib txuas lus dab neeg - los ntawm tib neeg mus rau tib neeg - ntawm no sib raug rau qhov tshwj xeeb. kev sib txuas: europ. peev - lat.-amer. nroog-lat.-amer. lub zos. Hauv European N.m. peb keeb kwm. Lub sij hawm sib raug thiab ib hom ntawv-stylistic. nws lub sij hawm (piv txwv li, feem ntau ancient hom epic thiab ritual folklore - nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm 1st, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm no thiab flowering ntawm lyrical hom - nyob rau hauv lub thib ob, nce kev sib txuas nrog sau kab lis kev cai, nrog nrov seev cev - nyob rau hauv lub thib 2rd). .

Cov lus nug ntawm hom N. m. Hom kev faib tawm raws li ib qho vnemuz. cov haujlwm ntawm N. m. (lub siab xav ua pab pawg txhua hom nyob ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm niaj hnub ua los ntawm nws hauv Nar. lub neej) lossis tsuas yog hauv suab paj nruag. yam ntxwv tsis txaus. Yuav tsum muaj kev sib koom ua ke: eg zaj nkauj yog txhais los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov ntawv nyeem (lub ntsiab lus thiab poetics), suab paj nruag, cov qauv tsim, kev ua haujlwm hauv zej zog, lub sijhawm, qhov chaw thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, thiab lwm yam. thiab lwm yam Ntxiv Qhov nyuaj yog hais tias nyob rau hauv folklore ib thaj av feature plays lub luag hauj lwm loj: N. m. muaj tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tej dialects. Meanwhile, lub degree ntawm kev faib decomp. Ib hom ntawv thiab cov khoom ntawm ib hom ntawv hauv ib hom lus (tsis yog hais txog kab ke ntawm cov lus ntawm ib pawg haiv neeg) tsis sib xws. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj kev tsim khoom thiab tag nrho cov hom ntawv uas tsis tau lees tias yog "thoob ntiaj teb" (piv txwv li, lyric. improvisations, thiab lwm yam. Mr. tus kheej zaj nkauj, thiab lwm yam. d.). Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov kab lig kev cai ntawm kev ua yeeb yam los ntawm cov neeg hu nkauj sib txawv ntawm tib cov ntawv rau cov nkauj sib txawv, nrog rau cov ntawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv thiab kev ua haujlwm - rau tib lub suab. Qhov kawg yog pom ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv tib hom (uas yog feem ntau) thiab ntawm ib hom ntawv (piv txwv li, ntawm cov neeg Finno-Ugric). Ib yam khoom. ib txwm improvised thaum lub sij hawm ua yeeb yam, lwm tus tau dhau los ntawm ib puas xyoo mus rau ib puas xyoo nrog cov kev hloov me me (rau qee cov neeg, qhov kev ua yuam kev ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag raug txim los ntawm kev tuag). Yog li ntawd, hom lus txhais ntawm ob qho tib si tsis tuaj yeem yog tib yam. Lub tswv yim ntawm ib hom ntawv raws li ib tug generalization ntawm cov khoom loj qhib txoj kev rau typological characterization ntawm tag nrho cov ntau yam N. m., tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws slows down txoj kev kawm ntawm lub complexity ntawm folklore nrog tag nrho nws cov kev hloov pauv thiab sib xyaw hom thiab ntau yam, thiab tseem ceeb tshaj, nws feem ntau tsis coincide nrog cov empirical. Kev faib tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, uas tau txais los ntawm txhua qhov kev coj noj coj ua hauv zej zog raws li nws cov ntawv sau tsis tu ncua, tab sis cov cai tsis tu ncua, nrog nws tus kheej cov lus, uas txawv ntawm cov lus. Piv txwv li, rau ib tug folklorist muaj ib zaj nkauj ritual, thiab Nar. tus neeg ua yeeb yam tsis xav tias nws yog ib zaj nkauj, txhais nws raws li nws lub hom phiaj hauv rite ("vesnyanka" - "hu rau caij nplooj ntoos hlav"). Los yog cov hom kev sib txawv hauv cov lus dab neeg tau koom ua ke ntawm cov neeg rau hauv cov pab pawg tshwj xeeb (piv txwv li, ntawm Kumyks, 2 thaj chaw loj ntawm cov nkauj muaj tswv yim - heroic-epic thiab txhua hnub - raug xaiv "yr" thiab "saryn" feem). Tag nrho cov no ua pov thawj rau qhov xwm txheej ntawm txhua pab pawg sib txawv ntawm N. m. thiab pseudo-scientific txhais ntawm hom universals. Thaum kawg, nyias haiv neeg nyias muaj nyias. hom N. m., hais tias nws yog ib qho nyuaj los yog tsis yooj yim sua rau lawv mus nrhiav analogies nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws lus dab neeg (piv txwv li, Afr. puv hli seev cev thiab tattoo nkauj, Yakut. farewell tuag thiab hu nkauj hauv npau suav, thiab lwm yam. P.). Genre systems N. m. Cov neeg sib txawv yuav tsis sib koom ua ke hauv txhua ntu ntawm kev muaj tswv yim: piv txwv li, qee pawg neeg Indian tsis muaj lus piav qhia. nkauj, thaum lwm tus neeg ntawm suab paj nruag Lub epic tau tsim zoo heev (Rus. epics, Yakut. ntau lwm yam. P.). Txawm li cas los xij, cov yam ntxwv ntawm hom yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum sau cov ntsiab lus.

Ntau hom tau hloov zuj zus mus rau ntau pua xyoo, feem ntau nyob ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm niaj hnub ntawm N. m., uas nyob rau hauv lem yog txuam nrog kev lag luam thiab thaj chaw. thiab socio-psychological. cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsim ib pab pawg neeg. N. m. ib txwm tsis muaj kev lom zem ntau npaum li qhov xav tau ceev. Nws cov dej num muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab cuam tshuam rau tus kheej thiab tsev neeg lub neej ntawm ib tug neeg, thiab nws cov dej num ua ke. Yog li ntawd, muaj cov nkauj cycles txuam nrog lub ntsiab. Cov theem ntawm lub neej voj voog ntawm ib tug neeg (yug, me nyuam yaus, pib, kab tshoob, kev pam tuag) thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib koom ua ke (suab nkauj rau cov neeg ua haujlwm, ritual, festive). Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm cov nkauj ntawm ob lub voj voog no tau sib cuam tshuam zoo: cov xwm txheej ntawm tus kheej lub neej yog ib feem ntawm lub neej ntawm pawg neeg thiab, raws li, tau ua kev zoo siab ua ke. Cov laus hu ua. tus kheej thiab tub rog (qib pawg neeg) nkauj.

Cov hom tseem ceeb ntawm N. m. - nkauj, nkauj improvisation (hom Sami yoika), nkauj tsis muaj lus (piv txwv li, Chuvash, Jewish), epic. lus dab neeg (piv txwv li, Lavxias teb sab bylina), seev cev. melodies, seev cev choruses (piv txwv li, Lavxias teb sab ditty), instr. plays thiab tunes (suab, seev cev). Lub suab paj nruag ntawm cov neeg peasantry, uas tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev coj noj coj ua. European lus dab neeg. cov neeg, nrog rau tag nrho kev ua haujlwm thiab tsev neeg lub neej: hnub so ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb txhua xyoo. lub voj voog (carols, stoneflies, Shrovetide, Trinity, Kupala), lub caij ntuj sov ua haujlwm (mowing, reaping nkauj), yug, tshoob thiab kev tuag (kev pam tuag lamentations). Txoj kev loj hlob zoo tshaj plaws tau txais los ntawm N. m. hauv lyric. hom, qhov twg yooj yim, luv tunes yog hloov los ntawm kev ua hauj lwm, ritual, seev cev thiab epic. nkauj los yog instr. tunes tuaj deployed thiab tej zaum complex nyob rau hauv daim ntawv muses. improvisations - suab (piv txwv li, Lavxias teb sab lingering song, Romanian thiab Mould. doina) thiab instrumental (piv txwv li, qhov kev pab cuam "suab paj nruag rau mloog" ntawm Transcarpathian violinists, Bulgarian cavalists, Kazakh dombrists, Kyrgyz komuzists, Turk. dutarists, instrumental ensembles thiab orchestras ntawm Uzbeks thiab Tajiks, Indonesians, Japanese, thiab lwm yam).

Rau cov neeg thaum ub, Cov nkauj nkauj suav nrog cov nkauj tso rau hauv zaj dab neeg thiab lwm cov dab neeg hais txog (lub npe hu ua cantefable), nrog rau zaj nkauj ntu ntawm zaj dab neeg zoo heev (piv txwv li, Yakut olonkho).

Cov nkauj ua haujlwm yog piav qhia txog kev ua haujlwm thiab qhia tus cwj pwm ntawm nws, lossis nrog nws. Qhov kawg ntawm feem ntau ancient keeb kwm, lawv tau evolved zoo heev nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov keeb kwm. hloov cov qauv kev ua haujlwm. Piv txwv li, Lithuanian sutartines hu nkauj amoebeino (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lo lus nug - teb) ntawm kev yos hav zoov, thaum sau zib mu, sau rye, rub flax, tab sis tsis yog thaum lub sij hawm plowing los yog threshing. Kev hu nkauj Amoebaic ua rau tus neeg ua haujlwm xav tau kev so ntau. Qhov no kuj siv tau rau cov uas nrog tus txiv hnyav. ua hauj lwm ntawm artel (burlak) nkauj thiab choruses (nyob rau hauv lus dab neeg uas tau undergone ib tug ntev evolution, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, suab paj nruas ntaub ntawv tau khaws cia uas qhia txog tsuas yog ib tug lig theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm hom no). Cov suab paj nruag ntawm cov nkauj uas ua ke nrog kev ua koob tsheej thiab kev ua koob tsheej (piv txwv li, Lavxias teb sab daim ntawv qhia hnub) tseem tsis tau muaj tus cwj pwm zoo nkauj tshwj xeeb. muaj nuj nqi. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev lees paub tus neeg nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb thiab yog ib qho khoom muaj nyob rau hauv ritual syncretism, uas yog qhov dav hauv cov xwm txheej thiab kev txhawj xeeb ob qho tib si exclamations, gestures, seev cev thiab lwm yam kev txav (taug kev, khiav, dhia, tapping) inseparable los ntawm kev hu nkauj, thiab kev hu nkauj tshwj xeeb (piv txwv li, tsuas yog hu nkauj nrov ua rau muaj qoob loo zoo). Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov nkauj no, uas yog muses. Cov cim ntawm cov rites sib raug rau lawv (sab nraum uas lawv tsis tau ua), txiav txim siab kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lawv cov muses. cov qauv (lub npe hu ua "formula" tunes - luv luv, feem ntau nqaim-ntim thiab cov suab paj nruag anhemitonic, txhua tus tau ua ke nrog ntau cov ntawv sau paj huam sib txawv ntawm cov haujlwm zoo sib xws thiab lub sijhawm sijhawm), kev siv hauv txhua qhov kev coj noj coj ua hauv zos yog txwv. ib txheej ntawm stereotypical rhythms. thiab modal revolutions - "formulas", tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv refrains, feem ntau yog ua los ntawm pawg hu nkauj.

Cov suab paj nruag ntawm kab tshoob kev kos tsis tuaj yeem ua tau dav dav, uas qee zaum txawv ntawm cov neeg sib txawv (piv txwv li, ntau cov paj huam "nyoos" ntawm tus nkauj nyab nyob rau sab qaum teb Lavxias kev lig kev cai thiab kev koom tes ntawm tus nkauj nyab thiab nraug vauv nyob rau hauv qee qhov Central Asian kab tshoob). Txawm hais tias ntawm ib tus neeg, feem ntau muaj ntau yam lus hais ntau yam ntawm kab tshoob kev kos (tiag tiag ritual, laudatory, lamentatory, lyrical). Kab tshoob suab paj nruag, zoo li lub suab paj nruag, yog "formular" (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Belarusian kab tshoob ceremony, mus txog 130 cov ntawv sib txawv tuaj yeem ua ib lub suab). Cov kab lig kev cai feem ntau muaj qhov tsawg kawg ntawm cov suab paj nruag uas suab thoob plaws tag nrho "kev ua si tshoob", qee zaum rau ntau hnub. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai, kab tshoob melodies txawv ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub suab paj nruag feem ntau nyob rau hauv lawv complex thiab tsis-tus qauv atherosclerosis (feem ntau 5-sib ntaus, nyob rau hauv tsis tu ncua asymmetrical). Hauv qee cov kab lig kev cai (piv txwv li, Estonian), kab tshoob tunes nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov lus dab neeg ntawm rituals thiab festivities, cuam tshuam cov suab paj nruag. style ntawm lwm yam kev cai.

Cov suab paj nruag ntawm cov menyuam yaus cov lus dab neeg yog ua raws li intonations uas feem ntau muaj universal. tus cwj pwm: cov no yog cov qauv qauv

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nrog ib tug yooj yim atherosclerosis, los ntawm ib tug 4-ntxuav nqe thiab theem pib seev cev cov duab. Melodies ntawm lullabies, nrog predominant choreic. motifs, feem ntau yog raws li ib tug trichord nrog tsawg zaus, tej zaum nyuaj los ntawm ib tug subquart los yog nyob ze hu nkauj suab. Lullabies tsis tsuas yog pab pob zeb me me xwb, tab sis kuj tau raug hu kom tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev phem quab yuam thiab conjure nws los ntawm kev tuag.

Lamentations (suab paj nruag laments) yog peb hom – 2 ritual (ntees tuag thiab kab tshoob) thiab tsis-ritual (hu ua tsev neeg, tub rog, thaum muaj mob, sib cais, thiab lwm yam). Kev poob qis hauv peb lub hlis twg-terts intonations nrog lub xov tooj thib peb thiab qhov thib ob predominate, feem ntau nrog ib qho sub-quart ntawm exhalation (Lavxias teb sab laments), qee zaum nrog qhov sib piv thib ob ntawm ob lub hlwb thib plaub (Hungarian laments). Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm laments yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ib kab thiab apocope (lo lus so): muz. daim ntawv yog, raws li nws tau, luv dua li nqe, cov lus xaus tsis zoo li yuav nqos nrog kua muag. Kev ua yeeb yam ntawm kev quaj ntsuag yog saturated nrog unnotated glissando, rubato, exclamations, patter, thiab lwm yam. Qhov no yog ib tug dawb improvisation raws li kev lig kev cai. suab paj nruag-stylistic stereotypes.

Muses. epic, uas yog, hu nkauj poetic epic. paj huam yog ib qho loj thiab sab hauv heterogeneous cheeb tsam ntawm narration. lus dab neeg (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus dab neeg, cov nram qab no hom ntawm nws txawv: epics, sab ntsuj plig paj huam, buffoons, laus keeb kwm zaj nkauj thiab ballads). Nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag hais txog epic polygenres. Zoo sib xws epic. cov phiaj xwm hauv ntau lub sijhawm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm N. m. thiab hauv kev txhais. Cov kab lig kev cai hauv zos tau siv los ua suab paj nruag-ib hom lus sib txawv: nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm epics, seev cev lossis kev ua si nkauj, tub rog lossis lyrical thiab txawm ritual, piv txwv li. carols. (Rau ntau ntxiv ntawm epic intonation kom raug, saib Bylina.) Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov suab paj nruag-ib hom ntawv qhia ntawm epic style yog stereotypical cadence, uas sib haum mus rau cov nqe lus ntawm nqe lus thiab yog ib txwm muaj kev sib haum xeeb, feem ntau qeeb melodic. tsheb khiav. Txawm li cas los xij, epics, zoo li ntau lwm tus. lwm epic. hom folklore, nrog suab paj nruag intonation. ob tog tsis tau ua tshwj xeeb muses. hom: lawv coj qhov chaw tshwj xeeb. "reworking" ntawm zaj nkauj intonations nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog lub epic. hom intonation, to-ry thiab tsim ib tug conditional daim ntawv ntawm epich. melos. Qhov sib piv ntawm cov suab thiab cov ntawv nyeem hauv cov kab ke sib txawv yog qhov sib txawv, tab sis cov suab paj nruag uas tsis txuas rau ib qho ntawv thiab txawm tias feem ntau rau tag nrho cov cheeb tsam hauv cheeb tsam predominate.

Cov nkauj seev cev (suab nkauj thiab seev cev) thiab cov nkauj ua si tau nyob hauv ib qho chaw loj thiab ua lub luag haujlwm sib txawv hauv txhua lub sijhawm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm N. m. ntawm txhua haiv neeg. Thaum pib, lawv yog ib feem ntawm kev ua haujlwm, ritual thiab festive song cycles. Lawv muses. cov qauv zoo sib xws rau hom choreographic. Kev txav mus los (tus kheej, pab pawg lossis pawg), txawm li cas los xij, polyrhythm ntawm suab paj nruag thiab choreography kuj ua tau. Kev seev cev yog nrog ob leeg hu nkauj thiab ntaus suab paj nruag. cuab yeej. Ntau haiv neeg (piv txwv li, African) accompaniment yog nplawm (nrog rau tsuas yog tshuab. instruments). Nyob rau hauv ib co kev lig kev cai ntawm cov hlua. cov twj paj nruag nrog tsuas yog hu nkauj (tab sis tsis yog seev cev), thiab cov twj paj nruag lawv tus kheej tuaj yeem raug improvised nyob ntawd los ntawm cov khoom ntawm tes. Ntau tus neeg (piv txwv li, Papuans) muaj qhov tshwj xeeb. tsev seev cev. Cov kev kaw suab seev cev tsis muab lub tswv yim ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm kev ua las voos, uas yog qhov txawv ntawm lub siab lub ntsws loj.

Lyric. nkauj tsis txwv los ntawm kev kawm, tsis txuas nrog qhov chaw thiab lub sijhawm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, paub txog ntau haiv neeg. cov ntaub ntawv suab paj nruag. Qhov no yog qhov dynamic tshaj plaws. ib hom ntawv nyob rau hauv ib txwm system. lus dab neeg. Raug cuam tshuam, nqus cov ntsiab lus tshiab, lyric. zaj nkauj tso cai rau kev sib koom ua ke thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov tshiab thiab qub, uas enriches nws muses. lus. Originating ib nrab nyob rau hauv lub plab ntawm ritual folklore, ib nrab pib los ntawm extra-ritual lyric. ntau lawm, nws muaj keeb kwm evolved muaj zog. Txawm li cas los, qhov twg muaj ib tug kuj archaic. style (nrog luv luv stanza, nqaim ambitus, declamation base), nws yog perceived li niaj hnub thiab txaus siab rau muses. kev thov. Nws yog tus lyric. zaj nkauj, qhib rau neoplasms los ntawm sab nraud thiab muaj peev xwm txhim kho los ntawm sab hauv, coj N. m. ib tug wealth ntawm muses. daim ntawv thiab nthuav qhia. txhais tau hais tias (piv txwv li, ib daim ntawv polyphonic ntawm ib tug dav chanted Lavxias teb sab lingering lyrical song, nyob rau hauv uas ntev lub suab yog hloov los ntawm chants los yog tag nrho cov suab paj nruas kab lus, uas yog, lawv tau ncua melodically, uas hloov lub plawv ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntawm zaj nkauj los ntawm nqe lus mus rau. suab paj nruag). Lyric. nkauj tau tsim nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua lub tebchaws ywj pheej. social pab pawg - cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb uas tau tawg tawm ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb. ua hauj lwm, kws txawj, proletariat thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm; nrog kev loj hlob ntawm roob. kab lis kev cai tsim tshiab muses. thiaj li hu ua cov roob nkauj txuam nrog prof. suab paj nruag thiab poetic. kab lis kev cai (sau ntawv poetic, suab paj nruag tshiab thiab seev cev tshiab, mastering nrov composer melodics, thiab lwm yam).

Nyob rau hauv lub department Nyob rau hauv kab lis kev cai, ib hom ntawv yog txawv tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus, muaj nuj nqi, thiab poetics, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub hnub nyoog thiab poj niam txiv neej: piv txwv li, nkauj rau cov me nyuam, hluas thiab hluas nkauj, poj niam thiab txiv neej (ib yam siv rau cov suab paj nruag) ; Qee lub sij hawm txwv txiav rau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov txiv neej thiab poj niam, uas yog tshwm sim hauv muses. qauv ntawm cov nkauj.

Summary cov suab paj nruag cov style ntawm txhua hom nkauj, ib tus tuaj yeem ua ib qho tseem ceeb. suab paj nruag-intonation tsoos warehouses. (peasant) N. m.: piav, chanting, dance and mix. Txawm li cas los, qhov no generalization tsis yog universal. Piv txwv li, yuav luag txhua hom, Yakuts. folklore, los ntawm lyric. improvisations rau lullabies, ib tug thiab tib zaj nkauj style ntawm dieretii tshwm sim. Ntawm qhov tod tes, qee qhov kev hu nkauj tsis haum rau hauv ib qho kev paub systematization: piv txwv li, lub suab tsis muaj suab nrov ntawm lub suab gurgling-vibrating yog Arab. ua. cwj pwm los yog Yakut kylysakhs (tshwj xeeb falsetto overtones, accents). Cov nkauj tsis muaj lo lus ntawm Ainu - sinottsya (zoo nkauj tunes) - tsis txhob qiv lawv tus kheej rau kev kho cov ntawv sau: cov suab sib txuas ua ke tsim nyob rau hauv qhov tob ntawm lub caj pas, nrog qee qhov kev koom tes ntawm daim di ncauj, thiab txhua tus ua lawv txoj hauv kev. Yog li, lub suab paj nruag style ntawm ib lossis lwm N. m. nyob ntawm tsis yog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nws hom muaj pes tsawg leeg, tab sis kuj, piv txwv li, ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev hu nkauj nrog ritualized suab paj nruag. kev hais lus (ib txwm rau cov haiv neeg yawg suab thaum ntxov nrog lawv txoj kev tswj hwm lub neej) thiab nrog kev hais lus sib tham, uas txawv me ntsis ntawm kev hu nkauj ntawm ntau haiv neeg (lub ntsiab lus suab lus xws li Nyab Laj, nrog rau qee yam lus nyob sab Europe - piv txwv li, lub suab lus zoo ntawm Greek. pejxeem ntawm cov kob ntawm Chios). Kev lig kev cai kuj tseem ceeb. lub suab zoo tagnrho ntawm txhua haiv neeg. kab lis kev cai, ib hom intonation-timbre qauv uas generalizes tshwj xeeb. wok yam. thiab instr. hom. Muaj ntau yam cuam tshuam nrog qhov no. nta ntawm ib lub suab paj nruag. intonation: piv txwv li, Avar poj niam. hu nkauj (khob caj pas, nyob rau hauv ib tug siab register) zoo li lub suab ntawm ib tug zurna, nyob rau hauv Mongolia muaj ib tug suab imitation ntawm ib tug flute, thiab lwm yam. Qhov no suab zoo tagnrho yog tsis sib npaug zos meej nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov hom, uas yog txuam nrog kev mus los ntawm ciam teb ntawm suab paj nruag thiab tsis yog suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv N. m .: muaj ntau yam, nyob rau hauv uas nemuz yog noticeably tam sim no. lub ntsiab lus (piv txwv li, qhov kev mloog yog tsom rau cov ntawv nyeem thiab qhov twg ntau dua kev ywj pheej ntawm intonation raug tso cai).

Kev siv qee yam suab paj nruag.-express. ntawm txhais tau tias yog txiav txim tsis ntau ncaj qha los ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem, tab sis los ntawm hom intonation raws li ib qho ntawm tsawg kawg yog 6 qhov kev sib txuas nruab nrab hauv ib qho kev sib txuas: daim ntawv ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag (ib leeg lossis pawg neeg) - ib hom ntawv - haiv neeg suab zoo tagnrho (hauv tshwj xeeb, qhov piv ntawm timbres) - hom intonation - style ntawm intonation - muz.- yuav qhia. txhais tau tias (melodic-compositional thiab ladorhythmic).

Hauv decomp. Nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv ntawm N. m., ntau hom melos tau tsim (los ntawm recitative, piv txwv li, Estonian runes, South Slavic epic, rau nplua nuj ornamental, piv txwv li, lyric nkauj ntawm Middle Eastern suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai), polyphony (heterophony, bourdon, polyrhythmic ua ke ntawm tunes nyob rau hauv lub ensembles ntawm African haiv neeg, German choral chord, Georgian quarter-thib ob thiab Middle Lavxias teb sab subvocal polyphony, Lithuanian canonical sutartines), fret systems (los ntawm primitive low-stepped thiab nqaim-volume hom mus rau tsim diatonic ntawm "dawb melodic tuning"), rhythms (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, cov qauv suab paj nruag uas ua rau lub suab nrov ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab seev cev), cov ntaub ntawv (stanzas, couplets, ua haujlwm feem ntau; ua khub, sib luag, asymmetrical, dawb, thiab lwm yam). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, N.m. muaj nyob rau hauv monophonic (solo), antiphonal, ensemble, choral, thiab instrumental forms.

Piav qee qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm DOS. yuav qhia. txhais tau tias N.m. (nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm melos, hom, atherosclerosis, daim ntawv, thiab lwm yam), nws yog tsis tsim nyog yuav tsum tau txwv rau lawv yooj yim enumeration (xws li structural schematism yog neeg txawv teb chaws mus rau lub tiag tiag ua yeeb yam ntawm qhov ncauj lus dab neeg). Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los nthuav tawm cov "kinetic schemes" ntawm cov qauv intonation-rhythmic thiab "generating qauv" ntawm N. m., uas, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, muab tshwj xeeb rau ntau haiv neeg kab lig kev cai; kom nkag siab qhov xwm ntawm "dynamic stereotypes" ntawm N. m. ntawm ib cheeb tsam los yog lwm haiv neeg. Kev soj ntsuam ntawm NG Chernyshevsky dhau ntawm poetic. lus dab neeg: "Muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov nar. zaj nkauj, cov tswv yim siv tshuab, cov dej ntws zoo sib xws yog pom, yam tsis muaj qhov uas lawv yeej tsis tsim lawv cov ntsiab lus.

Regional diversity dynamic. stereotypes yog txuam nrog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm keeb kwm tsim cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm H. m., feem ntau nyob ntawm cov suab paj nruag tsis yog. yam tseem ceeb (cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm, kev ua koob tsheej, kev ua koob tsheej, kev tos txais qhua, hnub so ua ke, thiab lwm yam). Muses. tshwj xeeb kuj nyob ntawm tus nemuz. cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov no lossis cov lus dab neeg syncretism (piv txwv li, hauv nkauj seev cev - los ntawm nqe, seev cev) thiab los ntawm hom instr. accompaniment thiab, tseem ceeb tshaj, ntawm hom thiab style ntawm intonation. Tus txheej txheem ntawm nyob intonation nyob rau hauv N. m. yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws formative yam, uas txiav txim siab originality ntawm muses. intonation thiab nws irreducibility rau suab paj nruag notation. Dynamics ntawm suab paj nruag.-express. nyiaj, lawv lub npe. variation kuj yog txuam tsis tau tsuas yog nrog lub qhov ncauj ntsiab ntawm kev ua tau zoo, tab sis kuj nrog nws tej yam kev mob. Piv txwv li, tib lub suab nkauj Lavxias teb sab hauv solo thiab hu nkauj. polygonal txhais tej zaum yuav txawv nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo: nyob rau hauv lub choir nws yog enriched, nthuav thiab, raws li nws yog, stabilized (tsawg "tsis nruab nrab" cov kauj ruam), ib tug load. los yog lat.-amer. choral kev ua yeeb yam muab cov suab paj nruag ib yam dab tsi npaj txhij txog rau Tebchaws Europe. hnov suab nrov (tsis yog-terzian ntsug nrog peculiar ua ke ntawm suab paj nruag thiab motives). Lub peculiarity ntawm intonation ntawm N.m. ntawm cov haiv neeg sib txawv tsis tuaj yeem nkag siab los ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm cov neeg European. music: txhua yam suab paj nruag. style yuav tsum tau txiav txim los ntawm txoj cai nws tus kheej tsim.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm timbre thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub suab tsim (intonation) hauv N. m yog qhov tshwj xeeb thiab pom tsawg kawg nkaus. Timbre qhia txog lub suab zoo ntawm txhua pawg neeg. kab lis kev cai, lub teb chaws suab paj nruag nta. intonation, thiab nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab no ua hauj lwm tsis tsuas yog raws li ib tug style, tab sis kuj raws li ib tug formative yam (piv txwv li, txawm Bach's fugues ua nyob rau hauv Uzbek pej xeem seev yuav suab zoo li Uzbek N. m.); nyob rau hauv no haiv neeg ntawm kab lis kev cai, timbre ua hauj lwm raws li ib hom ntawv-differentiating feature (ritual, epic thiab lyrical nkauj feem ntau ua nyob rau hauv txawv timbre yam ntxwv) thiab ib feem raws li ib tug kos npe rau ntawm lub dialect division ntawm ib tug kab lis kev cai; nws yog ib qho kev faib cov kab ntawm cov suab paj nruag thiab tsis yog suab paj nruag: piv txwv li, emphatically unnatural. timbre xim cais suab paj nruag los ntawm kev hais lus txhua hnub, thiab nyob rau theem pib ntawm lub neej ntawm N. m. Qee lub sij hawm tau txais kev pabcuam "kev xav zais ntawm cov ntoo ntawm tib neeg lub suab" (BV Asafiev), uas yog, hom kev zais, qee txoj hauv kev tsim nyog rau lub ntsej muag ritual. Qhov no ncua kev loj hlob ntawm "natural" hu nkauj. Nyob rau hauv ancient hom thiab hom lus dab neeg, timbre intonation ua ke cov yam ntxwv ntawm "suab paj nruag" thiab "tsis yog suab paj nruag", uas sib xws rau cov thawj syncretic. indivisibility ntawm kos duab thiab tsis-art nyob rau hauv folklore. Li no tus cwj pwm tshwj xeeb rau purity ntawm muses. intonations: nkauj ntshiab. tone thiab nemuz. suab nrov (tshwj xeeb yog "hoarseness") tau sib xyaw ua ke hauv ib lub cav ntoo (piv txwv li, lub suab nrov, suab qis hauv Tibet; lub suab ua raws li lub wagon hauv Mongolia, thiab lwm yam). Tab sis kuj tso tawm los ntawm "syncretic. timbre” suab paj nruag. lub suab tau siv nyob rau hauv N.m. kev ywj pheej ntau dua nyob hauv Europe. composer txoj hauj lwm, "limited" los ntawm temperament thiab suab paj nruag notation. Yog li, qhov piv ntawm cov suab paj nruag thiab tsis yog suab paj nruag hauv N. m. yog dialectically complex: ntawm ib sab, cov thawj muses. kev txawj ntse nyob ntawm nemuz. yam, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, kev ua suab paj nruag yog thawj zaug tawm tsam txhua yam uas tsis yog suab paj nruag, yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws qhov kev tsis pom zoo. Tsim thiab evolution ntawm lub tiag muses. cov ntaub ntawv yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm. lub conquest ntawm folklore, muaj tswv yim. kov yeej cov "thawj" undivided cov ntaub ntawv raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm rov "intonational xaiv". Txawm li cas los xij, "suab paj nruag intonation yeej tsis poob nws txoj kev sib txuas nrog lo lus, lossis kev seev cev, lossis lub ntsej muag qhia (pantomime) ntawm tib neeg lub cev, tab sis "rov xav dua" cov qauv ntawm lawv cov qauv thiab cov ntsiab lus uas ua rau hauv lawv cov suab paj nruag. txhais tau tias ntawm kev qhia” (BV Asafiev).

Hauv N.m. ntawm txhua tus neeg, thiab feem ntau pab pawg neeg, muaj qee yam ntawm "wandering" muses. motives, melodic thiab rhythmic. stereotypes, qee qhov "qhov chaw" thiab txawm tias muz.-phraseological. cov qauv. Qhov no tshwm sim yog obviously vocabulary thiab stylistic. xaj. Nyob rau hauv tsoos suab paj nruag folklore pl. cov neeg (feem ntau Slavic thiab Finno-Ugric), nrog rau qhov no, cov qauv ntawm lwm hom yog dav: cov neeg nyob hauv tib lub zos tuaj yeem hu nkauj rau tib lub suab. cov ntsiab lus thiab txawm ntau yam sib txawv (piv txwv li, Ingrian singer ua epic, daim ntawv qhia hnub, kab tshoob thiab lyrical nkauj rau ib lub suab paj nruag; Altaians tau sau ib lub suab rau tag nrho lub zos, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov hom ntawv nrog cov ntawv sib txawv). Ib yam hauv cov menyuam yaus cov lus dab neeg: "Ntau, los nag, cia nws mus!" thiab "Los nag, nag, nres nws!", kev thov rau lub hnub, cov noog tau nkag mus rau tib txoj kev, qhia tias lub suab paj nruag tsis cuam tshuam nrog cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb ntawm cov lus ntawm zaj nkauj, tab sis nrog nws lub hom phiaj thiab yam kev ua si sib xws rau lub hom phiaj no. Nyob rau hauv Russia Yuav luag tag nrho cov kab lig kev cai yog cim los ntawm N. m. nkauj hom ntawv (daim ntawv teev hnub, kab tshoob, epic, yav tsaus ntuj, puag ncig seev cev, ditties, thiab lwm yam), nws tsis yog coincidence uas lawv muaj peev xwm yuav txawv thiab txheeb xyuas los ntawm suab paj nruag.

Txhua tus neeg suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov kab lis kev cai raws li monodic (monophonic) thiab polyphonic (nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm polyphonic lossis harmonic warehouses). Xws li kev faib yog qhov tseem ceeb, tab sis schematic, vim hais tias qee zaum polyphony paub tsis yog rau tag nrho cov neeg, tab sis tsuas yog rau ib feem ntawm nws (piv txwv li, sutartines nyob rau sab qaum teb Lithuania, "cov kob" ntawm polyphony ntawm Bulgarians thiab Albanians, thiab lwm yam). Rau N. m., cov ntsiab lus ntawm "ib lub suab hu nkauj" thiab "solo hu nkauj" tsis txaus: 2- thiab 3-lub hom phiaj tseem paub. solo (hu ua caj pas) hu nkauj (ntawm Tuvans, Mongolians, thiab lwm yam). Cov hom polyphony muaj ntau haiv neeg: ntxiv rau cov qauv tsim (piv txwv li, Lavxias thiab Mordovian polyphony), heterophony muaj nyob rau hauv N. m., nrog rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm keeb kwm canon, bourdon, ostinato, organum, thiab lwm yam. suab paj nruag). Muaj ntau qhov kev xav txog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm polyphony. Ib tug ntawm lawv (qhov txaus siab tshaj plaws) coj nws tawm ntawm amoeba hu nkauj thiab hais txog lub qub txeeg qub teg ntawm canonical. cov ntaub ntawv, lwm yam txuas nws nrog kev coj ua thaum ub ntawm pab pawg "discordant" hu nkauj hauv vajvoog seev cev, piv txwv li. ntawm cov neeg ntawm North. Nws yog qhov raug cai ntau dua los hais txog polygenesis ntawm polyphony hauv N. m. Qhov ratio ntawm wok. thiab instr. suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv ib tug polygon. cov kab lis kev cai sib txawv - los ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus sib sib zog nqus kom tiav kev ywj pheej (nrog rau ntau yam kev hloov pauv). Qee cov twj paj nruag tsuas yog siv los nrog kev hu nkauj xwb, lwm tus tsuas yog siv lawv tus kheej xwb.

Stereotyping dominates nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm hom thiab atherosclerosis. Hauv monodic. thiab polygon. kab lis kev cai, lawv qhov txawv. Lub koom haum modal ntawm N.m. yog txuam nrog lub suab nrov: sab nraum lub suab nrov. tus qauv ntawm hom tsis qhia tawm. Complex kev sib raug zoo rhythmic. thiab modal foundations thiab unsustainability underlies lub muses. intonation raws li ib tug txheej txheem thiab tsuas yog yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug stylistically tshwj xeeb melodic. ua. Txhua lub suab paj nruag. kab lis kev cai muaj nws tus kheej stylistically normative txoj kev. Lub hom yog txiav txim tsis tsuas yog los ntawm lub teev, tab sis kuj los ntawm subordination ntawm cov kauj ruam, uas yog txawv rau txhua hom (piv txwv li, kev faib ntawm lub ntsiab kauj ruam - lub tonic, hu ua "ho" nyob rau hauv Nyab Laj, "Shahed" nyob rau hauv Iran. , thiab lwm yam), thiab los ntawm tag nrho cov txhais tau tias sib haum rau txhua fret melodic. cov qauv los yog motives (chants). Cov tom kawg no nyob hauv Nar. suab paj nruag nco qab, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, yog lub tsev cov ntaub ntawv ntawm melos. Hom, nthuav tawm los ntawm kev sib dhos-syntactic. cov ntsiab lus, hloov mus rau qhov sib xws ntawm muses. cov qauv tsim. thiab yog li nyob ntawm tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub atherosclerosis, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub polyphony (yog hais tias muaj) thiab ntawm lub cav thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua tau zoo, uas nyob rau hauv lem qhia lub dynamics ntawm lub hom. Hu nkauj. Hu nkauj tau keeb kwm yog ib qho ntawm txoj hauv kev uas cov qauv tsim. Sib piv solo thiab polygoal. Spanish (los yog solo verse thiab chorus) ntawm ib zaj nkauj, ib tus tuaj yeem ntseeg tau ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm polyphony rau crystallization ntawm hom: nws yog kev sib sau ua suab paj nruag uas pom pom qhov kev nplua nuj ntawm hom ib txhij nrog nws cov txheeb ze stabilization (li no tus modal formulas li dynamic stereotypes). Ib qho ntxiv, ntau txoj kev archaic ntawm kev tsim ntawm hom thiab, tshwj xeeb, lub hauv paus modal yog qhov rov ua dua ntawm ib lub suab - ib hom "trampling" ntawm tonic, ib yam dab tsi uas yog raws li cov khoom siv ntawm North Asian thiab North. Amer. N. m. V. Viora hu ua "stomping repetition", yog li hais txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev seev cev hauv kev tsim cov qauv syncretic. prod. Xws li ib tug chanting ntawm lub abutment kuj pom nyob rau hauv Nar. instr. suab paj nruag (piv txwv li, ntawm Kazakhs).

Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm cov neeg sib txawv cov teev (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov theem qis thiab anhemitonic sawv daws yuav) tuaj yeem sib koom ua ke, ces cov lus hu ua modal (tig, motifs, hlwb) qhia txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm N. m. ntawm ib los yog lwm haiv neeg. Lawv qhov ntev thiab ambitus tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog kev ua pa ntawm tus neeg hu nkauj lossis tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag (ntawm cov twj paj nruag cua), nrog rau kev ua haujlwm lossis kev seev cev. kev txav mus los. Cov ntsiab lus ua tau zoo, suab paj nruag zoo sib xws muab cov nplai zoo sib xws (piv txwv li, pentatonic) lub suab sib txawv: piv txwv li, koj tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tus whale. thiab shotl. pentatonic nplai. Cov lus nug ntawm cov noob caj noob ces thiab kev faib tawm ntawm fret-scale systems yog debatable. Qhov kev pom zoo tshaj plaws yog keeb kwm kev sib npaug ntawm cov txheej txheem sib txawv, kev sib koom ua ke hauv N. m. qhov sib txawv tshaj plaws ambitus. Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm N. m. ntawm ib haiv neeg, tej zaum yuav txawv. hom, sib txawv ntawm hom thiab hom intonation. Paub hypotheses txog kev sau ntawv decomp. fret systems txhais. keeb kwm ntawm kev lag luam (piv txwv li, pentatonic anhemitonics ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab 7-kauj ruam diatonics ntawm cov xibhwb thiab cov xibhwb). Ntau qhov pom tseeb yog qhov kev faib tawm hauv zos ntawm qee qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm hom Indonesian. slendro thiab pelo. Multistage suab paj nruag. Cov lus dab neeg hais txog txhua hom kev xav, los ntawm archaic "qhib hom" ntawm Yakuts mus rau qhov kev tsim kho ntawm diatonic variability. fret sab hnub tuaj.-glory. nkauj. Tab sis txawm nyob rau yav tas los, cov ntsiab lus tsis ruaj khov, cov kauj ruam txav raws qhov siab, nrog rau qhov hu ua. nruab nrab ntu. Cov kauj ruam ntawm kev txav mus los (hauv txhua kauj ruam ntawm hom), thiab qee zaum tonalities feem ntau (piv txwv li, hauv kev pam tuag laments) ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev faib cov generalizations. Raws li acousticians tau qhia, ib theem tonal ruaj khov tsis muaj nyob hauv qhov system tiag tiag ntawm N. m. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, qhov luaj li cas ntawm lub ncua sij hawm sib txawv nyob ntawm seb cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev tsim kho thiab dynamic (qhov no kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm xyaum - lub cheeb tsam txoj kev xav ntawm NA Garbuzov), tab sis nyob rau hauv wok. music - los ntawm phonetic. cov qauv thiab kev ntxhov siab ntawm cov ntawv nkauj (txog qhov kev cia siab ntawm kev siv nruab nrab nruab nrab ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub suab sib txuas hauv nqe lus). Nyob rau hauv hom suab paj nruag thaum ntxov. intonation, suab hloov hauv cov kauj ruam yuav tsis tig mus rau hauv cov qauv: nrog rau qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov suab paj nruag, kev txav mus los ntawm lub sijhawm raug tso cai (hauv qhov hu ua off-tone 4-kauj ruam teev). Hom yog txiav txim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm-melodic. interdependence ntawm reference tones.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib dhos hauv N. m. Nws yog qhov zoo heev uas muaj lub siab xav ua kom tiav nws, tso rau pem hauv ntej cov qauv sib dhos ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev muaj tswv yim (qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog tsuas yog hauv qee kis). Suab paj nruag txhais. lub suab yuav tsum to taub nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm intonation. txoj kev xav ntawm BV Asafiev, uas ntseeg tau tias "tsuas yog cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub sijhawm, zoo ib yam li cov lus qhuab qhia intonation ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm chords, lub suab ntawm hom, thiab lwm yam, qhia rau peb lub luag haujlwm tseeb ntawm kev sib dhos hauv kev tsim suab paj nruag." "Tsis muaj qhov tsis muaj suab nrov hauv suab paj nruag thiab ua tsis tau." Rhythm intonations txhawb kev yug melos. Rhythm yog heterogeneous (txawm tias nyob rau hauv ib lub teb chaws kab lis kev cai). Piv txwv li, Azeri N. m. muab faib raws li metrorhythmics (tsis hais hom kev faib tawm) rau hauv 3 pawg: bahrli - nrog lub ntsiab lus. loj (suab paj nruag thiab seev cev suab paj nruag), bahrsiz - tsis txhais. loj (improvisational mughams tsis muaj percussive accompaniment) thiab garysyg-bahrli - polymetric (lub suab paj nruag mugham ntawm lub suab tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm ib qho kev sib tham meej hauv qhov loj, lub npe hu ua rhythmic mughams).

Lub luag haujlwm loj yog ua los ntawm cov qauv luv luv, pom zoo ob qho tib si los ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab (kev ua yeeb yam thiab seev cev), thiab los ntawm kev sib tw polyrhythm decomp. hom (xws li African ensembles thiab Lithuanian sutartines). Rhythm. Cov ntaub ntawv muaj ntau haiv neeg, lawv nkag siab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog ib hom ntawv nyeem- thiab stylistically-specific phenomena. Piv txwv li, hauv N. m. ntawm Balkan haiv neeg, seev cev yog complex, tab sis koom rau hauv cov qauv ntshiab. rhythms, suav nrog cov tsis sib xws ("aksak"), yog qhov sib txawv nrog cov suab paj nruag dawb ntawm feem ntau uas tsis yog tacted chant ornamental melody (lub thiaj li hu ua unscaled ones). Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kev lig kev cai, daim ntawv qhia hnub thiab kab tshoob nkauj txawv nyob rau hauv atherosclerosis (lub qub yog raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim lub ntsiab lus, lub tom kawg ntawm complex rhythmic formulas, piv txwv li, metrorhythmic formula 6/8, 4/8, 5/8, 3 /8, rov ua dua ob zaug), thiab tseem lingering lyrical nrog lub suab paj nruag asymmetrical. chant, kov yeej cov qauv ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, thiab epic (epics) nrog atherosclerosis, ze ze rau cov qauv ntawm poetic. ntawv (lub npe hu ua recitative forms). Nrog xws li ib tug internal heterogeneity ntawm suab paj nruag. rhythms ntawm txhua haiv neeg. kab lis kev cai, sib txawv nrog rau kev txav (dance), lo lus (nqe), ua pa thiab instrumentation, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau muab ib tug meej geography ntawm lub ntsiab. hom kev sib dhos, txawm hais tias lub suab ntawm Africa, Is Nrias teb, Indonesia, Far East nrog Tuam Tshoj, Nyiv thiab Kaus Lim Kauslim, Middle East, Europe, America nrog Australia, thiab Oceania twb delimited. Rhythms uas tsis sib xyaw hauv ib kab lis kev cai (piv txwv li, qhov txawv ntawm qhov muaj lossis tsis muaj kev seev cev) tuaj yeem sib xyaw ua ke hauv lwm qhov lossis txawm tias ua tib zoo sib xws hauv yuav luag txhua hom kev ua suab paj nruag (tshwj xeeb yog tias qhov no tau yooj yim los ntawm homogeneity ntawm lub suab paj nruag. coj mus ua poetic system), uas yog pom, piv txwv li nyob rau hauv lub runic kev lig kev cai.

Txhua hom kab lis kev cai muaj nws tus kheej muses. daim ntawv. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis yog-strophic, improvisational, thiab aperiodic, feem ntau qhib (piv txwv li, laments) thiab strophic, feem ntau kaw (tso txwv los ntawm cadence, symmetry ntawm qhov sib txawv juxtaposition, thiab lwm yam symmetry, variational qauv).

Prod., Attributable rau cov qauv qub ntawm N. m., feem ntau muaj ib qho semantic. ib txoj kab nrog kev txwv tsis pub los yog hu nkauj (tom kawg tuaj yeem muaj ib qho kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua khawv koob). Lawv muses. Cov qauv yog feem ntau monorhythmic thiab raws li repetitions. Ntxiv evolution tshwm sim vim yog ib hom ntawm kev ua kom rov ua dua tshiab (piv txwv li, ob npaug ntawm qhov kev rov ua dua tshiab - lub npe hu ua ob chav stanza) lossis qhov sib ntxiv, ntxiv cov muses tshiab. kab lus (motives, chants, melostrings, thiab lwm yam) thiab fouling lawv nrog ib hom suab paj nruag. prefixes, suffixes, inflections. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub caij tshiab tuaj yeem kaw daim ntawv uas xav rov ua dua: nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev hloov pauv, lossis los ntawm qhov yooj yim txuas ntxiv ntawm qhov xaus. suab (los yog suab complex). Cov ntaub ntawv suab paj nruag yooj yim tshaj plaws (feem ntau yog ib nqe lus) hloov 2 cov lus - qhov no yog qhov "cov nkauj tiag" (strophic) pib.

Ntau hom strophic. nkauj yog txuam feem ntau nrog nws kev ua tau zoo. Txawm tias AN Veselovsky tau taw qhia qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev sau nkauj nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov neeg hu nkauj hloov pauv (amebae, antiphony, "chain chant", ntau yam pickups ntawm soloist hauv chorus, thiab lwm yam). Xws li, piv txwv li, yog Gurian polyphonics. nkauj "gadadzakhiliani" (hauv Georgian - "echoing"). Hauv suab paj nruag, lyric prod. Lwm txoj kev ntawm daim ntawv creation prevails - melodic. txoj kev loj hlob (ib hom ntawm Lavxias teb sab lingering song), "ob" qauv tam sim no nyob ntawm no yog obscured, zais qab ib tug tshiab aperiodicity ntawm sab hauv. cov tsev.

Hauv Nar. instr. suab paj nruag coj qhov chaw zoo sib xws. txheej txheem. Piv txwv li, daim ntawv ntawm kev ua hauj lwm txuam nrog kev seev cev thiab tsim tawm sab nraud ntawm kev seev cev yog sib txawv heev (xws li Kazakh kyui, raws li lub teb chaws epic thiab ua nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb syncretic kev sib koom ua ke ntawm "zaj dab neeg nrog kev ua si").

Yog li, cov neeg yog tus tsim tsis tsuas yog suav tsis txheeb, tab sis kuj muaj ntau yam. cov ntaub ntawv, hom, cov ntsiab cai ntawm suab paj nruag. xav.

Ua cov cuab yeej ntawm tag nrho cov tib neeg (ntau qhov tseeb, ntawm tag nrho cov suab paj nruag sib xws lossis pab pawg lus), N. m. Lub neej tsis tsuas yog los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam tsis muaj npe, tab sis, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, los ntawm kev muaj tswv yim thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse nuggets. Xws li ntawm cov neeg sib txawv yog kobzar, guslyar, buffoon, leutar, ashug, akyn, kuyshi, bakhshi, mos lwj, gusan, taghasats, mestvir, hafiz, olonkhosut (saib Olonkho), aed, juggler, minstrel, shpilman, thiab lwm yam.

Tshwj xeeb scientific disciplines fixation N. m. - suab paj nruag. ethnography (saib Musical ethnography) thiab nws txoj kev kawm - suab paj nruag. lus dab neeg.

N. m yog lub hauv paus ntawm yuav luag txhua lub teb chaws prof. cov tsev kawm ntawv, xws li los ntawm cov txheej txheem yooj yim ntawm bunks. melodies rau tus kheej creativity thiab co-creation, txhais lus folklore suab paj nruag. kev xav, piv txwv li, cov cai tshwj xeeb rau ib leeg lossis lwm tus neeg. nkauj kab lig kev cai. Hauv cov xwm txheej niaj hnub N. m. rov tig los ua fertilizing ob leeg rau prof. thiab rau decomp. daim ntawv ntawm tus kheej-doers. foob.

References: Kushnarev Kh.S., Cov lus nug ntawm keeb kwm thiab kev xav ntawm Armenian monodic music, L., 1958; Bartok B., Vim li cas thiab yuav ua li cas sau suab paj nruag pej xeem, (txhais los ntawm Hung.), M., 1959; nws, Folk music ntawm Hungary thiab cov neeg nyob sib ze, (txhais los ntawm Hung.), M., 1966; Melts M. Ya., Lavxias teb sab lus dab neeg. Xyoo 1917-1965. Bibliographic Index, vol. 1–3, L., 1961–67; Suab paj nruag lus dab neeg ntawm cov neeg ntawm North thiab Siberia, M., 1966; Belyaev VM, Verse thiab suab paj nruag pej xeem, "SM", 1966, No 7; Gusev VE, Aesthetics of folklore, L., 1967; Zemtsovsky II, Lavxias teb sab drawling song, L., 1967; nws, Lavxias teb sab Soviet Musical Folklore (1917-1967), nyob rau hauv Sat: Cov Lus Nug ntawm Kev Xav thiab Kev Zoo Nkauj ntawm Suab Nkauj, vol. 6/7, XLIV, 1967, p. 215–63; nws tus kheej, Ntawm Txoj Kev Kawm Txuj Ci ntawm Folklore Genres nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm Marxist-Leninist Methodology, nyob rau hauv Sat: Teeb meem ntawm Suab paj nruag Science, vol. 1, M., 1972, nr. 169–97; nws tus kheej, Semasiology ntawm suab paj nruas folklore, nyob rau hauv Sat: Teeb meem ntawm suab paj nruas xav, M., 1974, p. 177–206; nws tus kheej, Melodika ntawm daim ntawv teev cov nkauj, L., 1975; Vinogradov VS, Suab paj nruag ntawm Soviet East, M., 1968; Music of the Peoples of Asia thiab Africa, vol. 1–2, M., 1969–73; Log PM, Mysicologists xyaum, comp. S. Gritsa, Kipv, 1970; Kvitka KV, Izbr. ua, vol. 1–2, M., 1971–73; Goshovsky VL, Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm pej xeem suab paj nruag ntawm lub Slavs, M., 1971; VI Lenin nyob rau hauv cov nkauj ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub USSR. Cov khoom thiab cov ntaub ntawv, (sau los ntawm I. Zemtsovsky), M., 1971 (Folklore thiab folkloristics); Slavic suab paj nruag folklore. Cov khoom thiab cov ntaub ntawv, (sau los ntawm I. Zemtsovsky), M., 1972 (Folklore thiab folkloristics); Chistov KV, Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov lus dab neeg hauv lub teeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev tshawb xav, "Problems of Philosophy", 1972, No 6; Teeb meem ntawm suab paj nruag folklore ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub USSR. Cov khoom thiab cov ntaub ntawv, (sau los ntawm I. Zemtsovsky), M., 1973 (Folklore thiab folkloristics); Suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai ntawm haiv neeg. Kev lig kev cai thiab niaj hnub, M., 1973; Suab paj nruag folklore, comp.-ed. AB Banin, vol. 1, Moscow, 1973; Cov ntawv sau txog suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg ntawm Tropical Africa, comp. L. Golden, M., 1973; Suab paj nruag ntawm Centuries, UNESCO Courier, 1973, Lub Rau Hli; Rubtsov PA, Cov ntawv xov xwm ntawm cov suab paj nruag, L.-M., 1973; Suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai ntawm Latin America, comp. P Pichugin, M., 1974; Theoretical teeb meem ntawm pej xeem instrumental music, Sat. abstracts, cov. I. Matsievsky, M., 1974. Anthologies of folk songs – Sauce SH

II Zemtsovsky

Cov pab pawg neeg tshaj lij "Toke-Cha" tau tuav txog 1000 txheej xwm txij li xyoo 2001. Koj tuaj yeem xaj cov yeeb yaj kiab uas suav nrog Eastern Arabic thiab Central Asian hu nkauj, Suav, Nyij Pooj, Indian suab paj nruag ntawm lub vev xaib http://toke-cha.ru/programs .html.