Nikolai Yakovlevich Myaskovsky (Nikolai Myaskovsky).

Nikolai Myaskovsky

N. Myaskovsky yog tus sawv cev qub tshaj plaws ntawm Soviet suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai, uas yog nyob rau hauv nws keeb kwm. "Tej zaum, tsis muaj leej twg ntawm Soviet composers, txawm tias muaj zog tshaj plaws, ci ntsa iab, xav nrog kev nkag siab ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm txoj kev muaj tswv yim los ntawm kev ua neej nyob yav dhau los ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag los ntawm kev nrawm nrawm tam sim no mus rau kev pom yav tom ntej, xws li Myaskovsky. ,” sau B. Asafiev . Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov no yog hais txog lub symphony, uas mus dhau ib tug ntev thiab nyuaj txoj kev nyob rau hauv Myaskovsky txoj hauj lwm, los ua nws "sab ntsuj plig chronicle". Lub suab paj nruag qhia txog tus neeg sau cov kev xav txog tam sim no, nyob rau hauv uas muaj cua daj cua dub ntawm kiv puag ncig, kev tsov kev rog, kev tshaib kev nqhis thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub xyoo tom qab tsov rog, cov xwm txheej tragic ntawm 30s. Lub neej coj Myaskovsky los ntawm kev nyuaj siab ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, thiab thaum kawg ntawm nws lub sijhawm nws muaj lub sijhawm los ntsib kev nyuaj siab ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees nyob rau hauv kev daws teeb meem tsis zoo ntawm xyoo 1948. Myaskovsky's 27 symphonies yog ib qho nyuaj rau lub neej, qee zaum mob siab rau kev tshawb nrhiav. ib lub tswv yim ntawm sab ntsuj plig, uas tau pom nyob rau hauv qhov muaj nuj nqis thiab kev zoo nkauj ntawm tus ntsuj plig thiab tib neeg txoj kev xav. Ntxiv nrog rau symphonies, Myaskovsky tsim 15 symphonic tej hauj lwm ntawm lwm yam; concertos rau violin, cello thiab orchestra; 13 txoj hlua quartets; 2 sonatas rau cello thiab piano, violin sonata; tshaj 100 piano daim; compositions rau tooj dag band. Myaskovsky muaj kev sib hlub zoo raws li nqe lus los ntawm cov kws sau paj huam Lavxias (c. 100), cantatas, thiab cov suab paj nruag-symphonic Alastor.

Myaskovsky yug hauv tsev neeg ntawm tub rog engineer nyob rau hauv Novogeorgievsk fortress nyob rau hauv lub xeev Warsaw. Nyob ntawd, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv Orenburg thiab Kazan, nws tau siv nws lub xyoo thaum yau. Myaskovsky muaj hnub nyoog 9 xyoos thaum nws niam tuag, thiab leej txiv tus muam tau saib xyuas tsib tus menyuam, uas "yog ib tug poj niam ntse thiab siab zoo ... tab sis nws tus mob hnyav heev tau ua rau peb lub neej txhua hnub, uas, tej zaum, Tab sis tsis tuaj yeem xav txog peb cov cim, "cov viv ncaus ntawm Myaskovsky tom qab sau, uas, raws li lawv, nyob rau hauv thaum yau "ib tug tub nyob ntsiag to thiab txaj muag ... mob siab, me ntsis tsaus muag thiab zais zais."

Txawm tias muaj kev mob siab rau kev ua suab paj nruag, Myaskovsky, raws li tsev neeg kev lig kev cai, tau raug xaiv rau kev ua tub rog. Los ntawm 1893 nws kawm nyob rau hauv lub Nizhny Novgorod, thiab los ntawm 1895 ntawm lub thib ob St. Petersburg Cadet Corps. Nws kuj kawm suab paj nruag, txawm tias tsis xwm yeem. Thawj qhov kev sim sau - piano preludes - muaj hnub nyoog kaum tsib. Nyob rau hauv 1889, Myaskovsky, ua raws li qhov xav tau ntawm nws txiv, nkag mus rau St. Petersburg Tub Rog Engineering School. "Ntawm tag nrho cov tsev kawm tub rog kaw, qhov no tsuas yog ib qho uas kuv nco qab nrog kev ntxub ntxaug tsawg," nws tom qab sau. Tej zaum tus kws sau ntawv cov phooj ywg tshiab tau ua lub luag haujlwm hauv qhov kev ntsuam xyuas no. Nws ntsib ... "nrog rau ntau tus neeg nyiam suab paj nruag, ntxiv rau, qhov kev taw qhia tshiab rau kuv - Lub Hwj Chim Loj." Qhov kev txiav txim siab mob siab rau nws tus kheej rau suab paj nruag tau ua kom muaj zog thiab muaj zog, txawm hais tias nws tsis yog yam tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Thiab yog li ntawd, tom qab kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm qib siab hauv xyoo 1902, Myaskovsky, xa mus ua tub rog ntawm Zaraysk, tom qab ntawd Moscow, tig mus rau S. Taneyev nrog tsab ntawv pom zoo los ntawm N. Rimsky-Korsakov thiab ntawm nws cov lus qhia rau 5 lub hlis txij lub Ib Hlis. mus txog rau lub Tsib Hlis 1903 G. mus nrog R. Gliere tag nrho cov kev sib haum xeeb. Tom qab hloov mus rau St. Petersburg, nws txuas ntxiv nws txoj kev kawm nrog ib tug qub tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov, I. Kryzhanovsky.

Nyob rau hauv 1906, tsis pub leej twg paub los ntawm tub rog tub ceev xwm, Myaskovsky nkag mus rau hauv St. Petersburg Conservatory thiab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo nws raug yuam kom muab kev kawm nrog kev pab cuam, uas yog ua tau tsuas yog ua tsaug rau tshwj xeeb efficiency thiab utmost kev nplij siab. Lub suab paj nruag tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm no, raws li nws, "furiously", thiab thaum lub sij hawm nws kawm tiav los ntawm lub conservatory (1911), Myaskovsky twb yog tus sau ntawm ob symphonies, lub Sinfonietta, symphonic paj huam "Silence" (los ntawm E. Poe), plaub piano sonatas, quartet, romances. Cov hauj lwm ntawm lub sij hawm Conservatory thiab ib co tom qab sawv daws yuav tsaus muag thiab ntxhov siab vim. "Grey, eerie, lub caij nplooj zeeg cua daj cua dub nrog lub hau npog ntawm cov huab tuab," Asafiev qhia lawv li no. Myaskovsky nws tus kheej pom qhov laj thawj rau qhov no hauv "qhov xwm txheej ntawm tus kheej txoj hmoo" uas yuam nws tawm tsam kom tshem tawm nws txoj haujlwm tsis nyiam. Thaum lub sij hawm Conservatory xyoo, kev phooj ywg zoo tau tshwm sim thiab txuas ntxiv mus thoob plaws nws lub neej nrog S. Prokofiev thiab B. Asafiev. Nws yog Myaskovsky uas taw qhia Asafiev tom qab kawm tiav los ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej rau kev ua suab paj nruag tseem ceeb. "Yuav ua li cas koj tsis tuaj yeem siv koj lub tswv yim zoo heev"? - nws sau ntawv rau nws nyob rau hauv 1914. Myaskovsky txaus siab rau Prokofiev raws li ib tug muaj txiaj ntsim composer: "Kuv muaj lub siab tawv los txiav txim siab nws ntau dua Stravinsky nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm txuj ci thiab originality."

Ua ke nrog cov phooj ywg, Myaskovsky ua si suab paj nruag, nyiam ua haujlwm ntawm C. Debussy, M. Reger, R. Strauss, A. Schoenberg, tuaj koom "Hnub Hmo Ntuj Suab Nkauj", uas txij li xyoo 1908 nws tus kheej tau koom nrog ua tus sau. . Kev sib ntsib nrog cov kws sau paj huam S. Gorodetsky thiab Vyach. Ivanov txhawb cov paj huam ntawm cov Symbolists - 27 romances tshwm nyob rau hauv nqe lus ntawm Z. Gippius.

Nyob rau hauv 1911, Kryzhanovsky qhia Myaskovsky rau tus neeg xyuas pib K. Saradzhev, uas tom qab ntawd los ua thawj tus neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, Myaskovsky lub suab paj nruag-tseem ceeb kev ua si pib nyob rau hauv lub lim piam "Music", luam tawm nyob rau hauv Moscow los ntawm V. Derzhanovsky. Rau 3 xyoo ntawm kev koom tes nyob rau hauv phau ntawv journal (1911-14), Myaskovsky luam tawm 114 tsab xov xwm thiab sau ntawv, txawv los ntawm kev pom thiab tob ntawm kev txiav txim. Nws txoj cai raws li lub suab paj nruag tau ntxiv dag zog rau ntau thiab ntau dua, tab sis qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsov rog imperialist tau hloov nws lub neej tom ntej. Nyob rau hauv thawj lub hlis ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, Myaskovsky tau tsiv, mus rau lub Austrian pem hauv ntej, tau txais ib tug hnyav concussion nyob ze Przemysl. "Kuv xav tias ... ib qho kev xav ntawm qee yam kev paub tsis meej rau txhua yam uas tau tshwm sim, zoo li txhua yam no ruam, tsiaj txhu, kev sib cav sib ceg yog tshwm sim ntawm lub dav hlau sib txawv," Myaskovsky sau, saib "tsis meej pem" nyob rau pem hauv ntej. , thiab los txog rau qhov xaus: "Rau ntuj txiag teb tsaus nrog kev ua tsov ua rog!"

Tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj Revolution, nyob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1917, Myaskovsky raug xa mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Main Naval Headquarters nyob rau hauv Petrograd thiab resumed nws composing kev ua si, tau tsim 3 symphonies nyob rau hauv 2 thiab ib nrab lub hlis: qhov txaus ntshai Plaub ("ib qho lus teb rau cov kev paub zoo, tab sis. nrog lub ci kawg”) thiab Thib tsib, uas thawj zaug Myaskovsky zaj nkauj, ib hom ntawv nyeem thiab seev cev suab paj nruag, nco txog cov kab lig kev cai ntawm Kuchkist composers. Nws yog hais txog tej hauj lwm uas Asafiev sau: ... "Kuv tsis paub dab tsi zoo nkauj dua nyob rau hauv Myaskovsky lub suab paj nruag tshaj lub sij hawm ntawm tsis tshua muaj sab ntsuj plig clarity thiab sab ntsuj plig enlightenment, thaum tam sim ntawd lub suab paj nruag pib brighten thiab freshen, zoo li lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav hav zoov tom qab los nag. ” Qhov symphony sai sai no coj Myaskovsky ntiaj teb koob meej.

Txij li thaum xyoo 1918, Myaskovsky tau nyob hauv Moscow thiab tam sim ntawd koom nrog kev ua suab paj nruag thiab kev sib raug zoo, ua ke nrog kev ua haujlwm hauv General Staff (uas tau pauv mus rau Moscow hauv kev sib txuas nrog kev hloov chaw ntawm tsoomfwv). Nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag sector ntawm lub State Publishing House, nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag department ntawm cov neeg lub Commissariat ntawm Russia, koom nyob rau hauv lub creation ntawm lub "Collective ntawm Composers" haiv neeg, txij li thaum 1924 nws tau koom tes nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv journal "Modern Music" .

Tom qab demobilization nyob rau hauv 1921, Myaskovsky pib qhia nyob rau hauv Moscow Conservatory, uas kav yuav luag 30 xyoo. Nws coj tag nrho lub galaxy ntawm Soviet composers (D. Kabalevsky, A. Khachaturian, V. Shebalin, V. Muradeli, K. Khachaturian, B. Tchaikovsky, N. Peiko, E. Golubev thiab lwm tus). Muaj ntau hom suab paj nruag acquaintance. Myaskovsky txaus siab koom nrog suab paj nruag yav tsaus ntuj nrog P. Lamm, tus neeg nyiam ua yeeb yam hu nkauj M. Gube, V. Derzhanovsky, txij li xyoo 1924 nws tau los ua tswv cuab ntawm ASM. Thaum lub sij hawm xyoo no, romances tshwm nyob rau hauv nqe lus ntawm A. Blok, A. Delvig, F. Tyutchev, 2 piano sonatas, nyob rau hauv lub 30s. tus composer tig mus rau ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm lub quartet, ua siab dawb siab zoo los teb rau cov kev xav tau ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm lub neej proletarian, tsim cov nkauj loj. Txawm li cas los xij, symphony yeej ib txwm nyob hauv pem hauv ntej. Hauv 20s. 5 ntawm lawv tau tsim, hauv kaum xyoo tom ntej, 11 ntxiv. Yog lawm, tsis yog txhua tus ntawm lawv yog kev sib npaug ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov zoo tshaj plaws symphonies Myaskovsky ua tiav qhov tam sim no, lub zog thiab kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm kev qhia, yam tsis muaj, raws li nws, suab paj nruag tsis muaj nyob rau nws.

Los ntawm symphony mus rau symphony, ib tug muaj peev xwm ntau thiab ntau kom meej meej taug qab txoj kev nyiam mus rau "paub muaj pes tsawg leeg", uas Asafiev characterized li "ob tam sim no - nws tus kheej-kev txawj ntse ntawm tus kheej ... Myaskovsky nws tus kheej tau sau txog symphonies "uas nws feem ntau tsim ua ke: ntau qhov kev puas siab puas ntsws ... thiab ntom ntom." Ib qho piv txwv ntawm thawj zaug yog Kaum Ib Hlis, uas "yog lo lus teb ... rau kev tsim txom ntev ... lub tswv yim - muab ib daim duab ntawm sab ntsuj plig tsis meej pem ntawm Eugene los ntawm Pushkin's The Bronze Horseman." Lub siab xav rau lub hom phiaj ntau dua epic nqe lus yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm Yim Symphony (ib qho kev sim ua kom pom cov duab ntawm Stepan Razin); qhov thib kaum ob, txuas nrog cov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib sau ua ke; lub kaum rau, mob siab rau lub siab tawv ntawm Soviet pilots; Cuaj kaum, sau rau tooj dag band. Ntawm cov symphonies ntawm 20-30s. tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov thib rau (1923) thiab nees nkaum thawj (1940). Lub Sixth Symphony yog qhov txaus ntshai heev thiab nyuaj hauv cov ntsiab lus. Cov duab ntawm lub kiv puag ncig yog cuam tshuam nrog lub tswv yim ntawm kev txi. Lub suab paj nruag ntawm symphony yog tag nrho ntawm qhov sib txawv, tsis meej pem, impulsive, nws cov huab cua yog rhuab mus rau qhov txwv. Myaskovsky's Sixth yog ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zoo nkauj tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm. Nrog rau txoj haujlwm no, "kev ntxhov siab zoo rau lub neej, rau nws txoj kev ncaj ncees nkag mus rau hauv Lavxias teb sab symphony" (Asafiev).

Tib txoj kev xav yog imbued nrog lub Twenty-First Symphony. Tab sis nws yog qhov txawv los ntawm kev tswj hwm sab hauv, conciseness, thiab concentration. Tus sau txoj kev xav npog ntau yam ntawm lub neej, qhia txog lawv sov siab, ua siab dawb, nrog kev tu siab. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm symphony yog permeated nrog intonations ntawm Lavxias teb sab songwriting. Los ntawm Nees nkaum-thawj, ib txoj kev tau piav qhia txog qhov kawg, Nees nkaum-tsib Symphony, uas tau suab tom qab kev tuag ntawm Myaskovsky. Txoj kev no mus los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog xyoo, uas Myaskovsky, zoo li txhua tus kws sau ntawv Soviet, hais txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, xav txog nws yam tsis muaj kev pom thiab tsis tseeb. Qhov no yog li cas Myaskovsky nkag mus rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Soviet suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai, ib tug ncaj ncees, uncompromising, tseeb Lavxias teb sab txawj ntse, nyob rau hauv uas nws tag nrho cov tsos thiab deeds muaj lub stamp ntawm siab tshaj plaws sab ntsuj plig.

O. Averyanova

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