Melody |

Lwm cov Greek μελῳδία - hu nkauj ntawm paj huam, los ntawm μέλος - chant, thiab ᾠδή - hu nkauj, hu nkauj

Unanimously qhia suab paj nruag xav (raws li IV Sposobin). Nyob rau hauv homophonic suab paj nruag, kev ua haujlwm ntawm suab paj nruag feem ntau yog nyob rau sab sauv, ua lub suab, thaum lub suab nruab nrab nruab nrab yog harmonic. sau thiab bass constituting lub harmonic. kev txhawb nqa, tsis muaj tag nrho cov raug. melody zoo. M. sawv cev rau lub ntsiab. pib ntawm lub suab paj nruag; "Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov suab paj nruag yog suab paj nruag" (SS Prokofiev). Lub luag haujlwm ntawm lwm yam ntawm cov suab paj nruag - kev sib tham, kev ntsuas, thiab kev sib haum xeeb - yog "ua kom tiav, ua kom tiav qhov kev xav zoo nkauj" (MI Glinka). Melody tuaj yeem muaj nyob thiab ua rau kos duab. kev cuam tshuam hauv monophony, ua ke nrog cov suab paj nruag hauv lwm lub suab (polyphony) lossis nrog homophonic, kev sib haum xeeb. accompaniment (homophony). Ib lub suab yog Nar. suab paj nruag pl. haiv neeg; ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov neeg, monophony yog kev sib sau. yam prof. suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv tej keeb kwm lub sij hawm los yog txawm nyob rau hauv lawv cov keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag, ntxiv rau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus intonational, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv suab paj nruag, xws li muses kuj tshwm sim. cov ntsiab lus xws li hom, suab paj nruag, suab paj nruag. qauv (form). Nws yog los ntawm cov suab paj nruag, nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag, uas lawv ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov qhia lawv tus kheej qhia. thiab npaj cov cib fim. Tab sis txawm nyob rau hauv polyphonic suab paj nruag M. kiag li dominates, nws yog "tus ntsuj plig ntawm ib tug suab paj nruas ua hauj lwm" (DD Shostakovich).

Tsab ntawv no tham txog lub ntsiab lus, lub ntsiab lus thiab keeb kwm ntawm lo lus "M." (I), qhov xwm ntawm M. (II), nws cov qauv (III), keeb kwm (IV), qhia txog M. (V).

I. Greek. lo lus melos (saib Melos), uas tsim lub hauv paus ntawm lo lus "M.", Ameslikas muaj lub ntsiab lus dav dav dua thiab txhais tau tias yog ib feem ntawm lub cev, nrog rau lub cev raws li cov organic. tag nrho (G. Hyushen). Hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, lo lus "M." y Homer thiab Hesiod yog siv los qhia txog kev ua tiav ntawm cov suab uas tsim tag nrho, yog li ntawd, tus thawj. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus melodia kuj tuaj yeem nkag siab tias "txoj kev hu nkauj" (G. Huschen, M. Vasmer). Los ntawm lub hauv paus mel - hauv Greek. Muaj ntau cov lus tshwm sim hauv cov lus: melpo - Kuv hu nkauj, kuv coj ua las voos; melographia - sau nkauj; melopoipa - muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tej hauj lwm (lyrical, suab paj nruag), muaj pes tsawg leeg txoj kev xav; los ntawm melpo - lub npe ntawm muse Melpomene ("Singing"). Lub ntsiab lus ntawm Greeks yog "melos" (Plato, Aristotle, Aristoxenus, Aristides Quintilian, thiab lwm yam). Muses. Cov kws sau ntawv Medieval thiab Renaissance siv lat. Cov ntsiab lus: M., melos, melum (melum) ("melum yog tib yam li canthus" - J. Tinktoris). Niaj hnub nimno terminology (M., melodic, melismatic thiab cov ntsiab lus zoo sib xws ntawm tib lub hauv paus) tau nkag mus rau hauv suab paj nruag-theoretical. treatises thiab nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm kev hloov ntawm lat. Cov lus rau lub teb chaws (16-17 centuries), txawm hais tias qhov sib txawv ntawm kev txhais cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb mus txog rau xyoo pua 20th. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus, lub primordial lo lus "suab" (tseem hu ua "melody", "lub suab") nrog nws ntau yam ntawm lub ntsiab lus maj mam (tsuas yog los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th) muab txoj kev rau lo lus "M." Hauv 10s. 20th caug xyoo BV Asafiev rov qab mus rau Greek. lo lus "melos" los txhais lub ntsiab melodic. txav, melodiousness ("hloov ntawm lub suab mus rau hauv suab"). Siv lo lus "M.", feem ntau, lawv hais txog ib qho ntawm nws sab thiab spheres ntawm kev tshwm sim tau teev tseg saum toj no, rau qee qhov kev tsis pom los ntawm tus so. Hauv qhov kev sib txuas no, lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog:

1) M. – ib tug series ntawm suab interconnected mus rau hauv ib tug tag nrho (M. kab), as opposed to harmony (ntau precisely, ib chord) raws li ib tug ua ke ntawm suab nyob rau hauv ib txhij ("combinations ntawm suab paj nruas, ... nyob rau hauv uas suab ua raws ib qho tom qab, ... yog hu ua suab paj nruag "- PI Tchaikovsky).

2) M. (hauv tsab ntawv homophonic) - lub suab tseem ceeb (piv txwv li, hauv cov kab lus "M. thiab accompaniment", "M. thiab bass"); Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, M. tsis txhais hais tias ib qho kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov suab (nws kuj pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntses bass thaj tsam thiab lwm lub suab), tab sis tsuas yog xws li, uas yog lub hom phiaj ntawm melodiousness, suab paj nruag. kev sib txuas thiab lub ntsiab lus.

3) M. – semantic thiab figurative unity, "suab paj nruag. xav”, concentration ntawm suab paj nruag. kev nthuav qhia; Raws li qhov tsis pom kev tag nrho nthuav tawm nyob rau lub sijhawm, M.-xav xav ua ntej qhov txheej txheem ntws los ntawm qhov pib taw tes mus rau qhov kawg, uas tau nkag siab tias yog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv ntawm ib leeg thiab tus kheej daim duab; successively tshwm sim ntawm M. yog perceived raws li ib yam nkaus xwb maj looming essence. Kev ncaj ncees thiab kev nthuav qhia ntawm M. kuj tshwm sim kom zoo nkauj. tus nqi zoo ib yam li tus nqi ntawm cov suab paj nruag ("... Tab sis kev hlub kuj yog suab paj nruag" - AS Pushkin). Yog li kev txhais cov suab paj nruag raws li kev tsim txiaj ntawm suab paj nruag (M. - "kev ua tiav ntawm lub suab uas ... ua rau muaj kev zoo siab lossis, yog tias kuv tuaj yeem hais li ntawd, kev xav sib haum xeeb", yog tias qhov no tsis yog, "peb hu ua kev sib txuas ntawm lub suab. tsis yog suab paj nruag” - G. Bellerman).

II. Tau tshwm sim ua thawj hom suab paj nruag, M. khaws cov cim ntawm nws thawj kev sib txuas nrog kev hais lus, nqe lus, lub cev txav. Qhov zoo sib xws nrog kev hais lus yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm cov qauv ntawm M. zoo li suab paj nruag. tag nrho thiab hauv nws txoj haujlwm kev sib raug zoo. Raws li kev hais lus, M. yog ib qho kev thov rau cov neeg mloog nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev cuam tshuam nws, ib txoj hauv kev sib txuas lus rau tib neeg; M. ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv suab (vocal M. - tib yam khoom - suab); kev qhia M. tso siab rau ib qho kev xav lub suab. Pitch (tessitura, sau npe), atherosclerosis, nrov, tempo, ntxoov ntawm timbre, ib tug tej yam dissection, thiab logic yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev hais lus thiab hais lus. qhov sib piv ntawm qhov chaw, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov dynamics ntawm lawv cov kev hloov, lawv cov kev sib tshuam. Kev sib txuas nrog lo lus, hais lus (tshwj xeeb, oratorical) kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab tus nqi ntawm melodic. ib kab lus sib raug rau lub sijhawm ntawm tib neeg ua pa; nyob rau hauv zoo sib xws (los yog txawm dav) txoj kev embellishing hais lus thiab suab paj nruag (muz.-rhetoric. cov duab). Tus qauv ntawm suab paj nruag. kev xav (tso pom hauv M.) qhia txog tus kheej ntawm nws cov kev cai dav dav tshaj plaws nrog cov ntsiab lus sib xws. cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev xav (cf. cov kev cai tsim kev hais lus hauv rhetoric – Inventio, Dispositio, Elaboratio, Pronuntiatio – nrog rau cov ntsiab cai ntawm suab paj nruag. xav). Kev nkag siab tob txog qhov sib xws ntawm lub neej tiag tiag thiab kev ua yeeb yam (suab paj nruag) cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub suab hais tau tso cai B. AT. Asafiev qhia lub suab qhia ntawm muses nrog lub sij hawm intonation. xav, to taub raws li ib tug phenomenon socially txiav txim los ntawm pej xeem muses. kev nco qab (raws li nws hais tias, "lub intonation system ua ib qho ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev nco qab", "suab paj nruag qhia txog kev muaj tiag los ntawm intonation"). Melody txawv. intonation los ntawm kev hais lus lies nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv qhov ntawm lub melodic (nrog rau suab paj nruas feem ntau) - nyob rau hauv kev khiav hauj lwm nrog stepped tones ntawm raws nraim qhov siab, muses. intervals ntawm qhov sib txuas tuning system; nyob rau hauv modal thiab tshwj xeeb rhythmic. lub koom haum, nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam suab paj nruas qauv ntawm M. Zoo sib xws rau nqe yog ib qho tshwj xeeb thiab tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sib txuas nrog kev hais lus. Sawv los ntawm lub ancient syncretic. "Sangita", "trochai" (kev sib koom ua ke ntawm suab paj nruag, lo lus thiab seev cev), M., suab paj nruag tsis tau poob qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas txuas nws nrog nqe lus thiab lub cev txav - metrorhythm. lub koom haum ntawm lub sijhawm (hauv suab, nrog rau kev taug kev thiab seev cev). thov suab paj nruag, qhov no synthesis yog ib feem los yog txawm tag nrho khaws cia). "Kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv tsa suab" (Plato) yog cov xov uas ib txwm tuav tag nrho peb qhov chaw ua ke. Cov suab paj nruag muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab tuaj yeem faib raws li dec. cov cim - keeb kwm, stylistic, hom, qauv. Hauv kev txiav txim siab dav dav, ib qho yuav tsum cais M. monophonic music los ntawm M. polyphonic. Hauv monotone M. npog tag nrho cov nkauj. tag nrho, hauv polyphony, tsuas yog ib qho ntawm cov ntaub (txawm tias nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws). Yog li ntawd, hais txog monophony, tag nrho cov kev qhia ntawm M. yog ib qho kev nthuav tawm ntawm tag nrho txoj kev xav ntawm suab paj nruag. Hauv polyphony, txoj kev kawm ntawm lub suab sib cais, txawm tias nws yog qhov tseem ceeb, tsis yog tag nrho (lossis tsis raug cai). Los yog nws yog qhov projection ntawm cov cai ntawm tag nrho (polyphonic) cov ntawv nyeem ntawm muses. ua haujlwm rau lub suab tseem ceeb (tom qab ntawd qhov no tsis yog "cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm lub suab" hauv qhov kev nkag siab zoo). Los yog nws cais lub suab tseem ceeb ntawm lwm tus uas muaj kev sib txuas nrog nws. suab thiab ntaub ntsiab ntawm cov suab paj nruag nyob. kab mob (ces "cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov suab paj nruag" yog qhov tsis zoo hauv suab paj nruag. kev txheeb ze). Kev sib txuas ntawm lub suab tseem ceeb nrog rau lwm lub suab ntawm homophonic suab paj nruag. cov ntaub so ntswg yuav tsum tsis txhob, txawm li cas los, yuav absolutized. Yuav luag txhua lub suab nkauj ntawm lub tsev khaws khoom homophonic tuaj yeem tsim thiab qhov tseeb yog framed hauv polyphony nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Txawm li cas los xij, nruab nrab ntawm kev sib cais M. thiab, nrog dr. sab, ib qho kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev sib haum xeeb (hauv "kev qhia txog kev sib haum xeeb"), kev sib cav, kev ntsuas, tsis muaj kev sib piv txaus, vim qhov kev kawm tom kawg, txawm tias ib sab, ntau dua tag nrho cov suab paj nruag. Suab paj nruag xav (M.) ntawm ib tug polyphonic muaj pes tsawg leeg hauv ib M. yeej tsis qhia tag nrho; qhov no yog ua tiav tsuas yog nyob rau hauv aggregate ntawm tag nrho cov votes. Yog li ntawd, cov kev tsis txaus siab txog qhov underdevelopment ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm M., hais txog qhov tsis muaj ib qho kev qhia tsim nyog (E. Tokh thiab lwm tus) yog txhaum cai. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kheej ntawm cov dej khov loj yog qhov ntuj tsim, yam tsawg kawg ntawm kev sib raug zoo rau Tebchaws Europe. classical music, polyphonic nyob rau hauv xwm. Li no tshwj xeeb. teeb meem ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm M.

III. M. yog ib tug multicomponent keeb ntawm suab paj nruag. Txoj hauj lwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm lwm cov suab paj nruag tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov suab paj nruag sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov suab paj nruag uas tau teev tseg saum toj no, nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas nrog cov suab paj nruag thiab feem ntau sawv cev rau tag nrho cov suab paj nruag. tag nrho. Tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws. tivthaiv M. – suab kab. Lwm tus yog lawv tus kheej. cov suab paj nruag: modal-harmonic phenomena (saib Harmony, hom, Tonality, Interval); meter, sib dhos; kev faib cov suab paj nruag rau hauv motifs, kab lus; thematic kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv M. (saib Musical daim ntawv, Ntsiab lus, Motive); hom nta, dynamic. nuances, tempo, agogics, ua ntxoov ntxoo, strokes, timbre xim thiab timbre dynamics, nta ntawm textural nthuav qhia. Lub suab ntawm ib qho nyuaj ntawm lwm lub suab (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv homophonic warehouse) muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau M., muab nws cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb puv, tsim cov qauv hloov maj mam, kev sib haum xeeb, thiab intonation nuances, tsim cov keeb kwm yav dhau los uas ua rau M. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus zoo sib xws yog nqa los ntawm M. thiab pom tau tias tag nrho cov no tsuas yog M.

Cov qauv ntawm melodic. kab yog rooted nyob rau hauv elementary dynamic. cov khoom ntawm kev sau npe nce thiab nqis. Tus qauv ntawm ib qho M. - suab M. qhia lawv nrog qhov sib txawv loj tshaj; instrumental M. yog hnov ​​ntawm tus qauv ntawm lub suab. Kev hloov mus rau ntau zaus ntawm kev vibrations yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qee qhov kev siv zog, kev tshwm sim ntawm lub zog (uas yog qhia nyob rau hauv qib ntawm lub suab nro, txoj hlua nro, thiab lwm yam), thiab vice versa. Yog li ntawd, txhua qhov kev txav mus los ntawm txoj kab nce toj yog ib txwm cuam tshuam nrog qhov dav dav (dynamic, kev xav) nce, thiab qis qis nrog kev poob qis (qee zaum cov kws sau ntawv txhob txwm ua txhaum tus qauv no, sib txuas qhov nce ntawm qhov txav nrog qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm qhov tsis muaj zog, thiab qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob. nrog kev nce ntxiv, thiab yog li ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig peculiar qhia). Kev piav qhia tsis tu ncua yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib qho nyuaj interweaving nrog cov tsis tu ncua ntawm modal gravity; Yog li, lub suab siab dua ntawm kev ntxhov siab tsis yog ib txwm khaus ntau dua, thiab vice versa. Khoov melodic. kab, nce thiab ntog yog rhiab rau tso saib ntxoov vnutr. kev xav hauv lawv lub cev daim ntawv. Kev sib koom ua ke thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov suab paj nruag yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov kev nyiam ntawm cov suab nrov mus rau qhov chaw ruaj khov - qhov abutment ("melodic tonic," raws li BV Asafiev), nyob ib ncig ntawm qhov chaw gravitational ntawm cov suab uas nyob ib sab tsim. Raws li acoustic perceived los ntawm pob ntseg. kev sib raug zoo, kev txhawb nqa thib ob tshwm sim (feem ntau yog ib lub quart lossis thib tsib saum lub hauv paus kawg). Ua tsaug rau qhov kev sib koom ua ke thib plaub-quint, lub suab nrov ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes uas sau qhov chaw ntawm lub hauv paus nws thiaj li nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim diatonic. gamma. Kev hloov ntawm lub suab M. rau ib lub thib ob nce los yog nqes qhov zoo tshaj plaws "tshem tawm txoj kab" ntawm qhov dhau los thiab muab qhov kev xav ntawm kev hloov, kev txav uas tau tshwm sim. Yog li ntawd, cov nqe lus ntawm vib nas this (Sekundgang, lub sij hawm ntawm P. Hindemith) yog tshwj xeeb. txhais tau tias ntawm M. (cov lus ntawm vib nas this ua ib hom "melodic pob tw"), thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm M. yog, tib lub sij hawm, nws cov suab paj nruag-modal cell. Lub ntuj kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub zog ntawm txoj kab thiab cov kev taw qhia ntawm melodic. kev txav mus los txiav txim siab tus qauv qub tshaj plaws ntawm M. - ib txoj kab nqes los (" kab pib ", raws li G. Schenker; "cov kab lus coj, feem ntau nqis los hauv vib nas this", raws li IV Sposobin), uas pib nrog lub suab siab ( "lub taub hau lub suab" ntawm thawj kab, raws li G. Schenker; "sab saum toj-qhov chaw", raws li LA Mazel) thiab xaus nrog lub caij nplooj zeeg mus rau hauv qab abutment:

Lavxias teb sab nkauj "Muaj ib tug birch nyob rau hauv lub teb."

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob ntawm cov thawj kab (cov qauv txheej txheem ntawm M.), uas underlies feem ntau melodies, qhia txog qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov txheej txheem linear tshwj xeeb rau M.: qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub zog hauv kev txav ntawm melodic. kab thiab nws qeb ntawm qhov kawg, qhia hauv qhov xaus. kev txom nyem; tshem tawm (tshem tawm) ntawm nro uas tshwm sim nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muab ib tug zoo siab ntawm kev txaus siab, lub extinction ntawm melodic. lub zog contributes rau cessation ntawm melodic. kev txav mus los, qhov kawg ntawm M. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob kuj piav txog qhov tshwj xeeb, "linear functions" ntawm M. (LA Mazel lub ntsiab lus). "Sounding zog" (G. Grabner) raws li lub ntsiab lus ntawm suab paj nruag. kab muaj raws li nws lub hom phiaj lub suab kawg (kawg kawg). Thawj qhov tsom xam ntawm lub suab paj nruag. lub zog tsim ib qho "dominance cheeb tsam" ntawm lub suab nrov (tus ncej thib ob ntawm kab, nyob rau hauv qhov dav dav - melodic dominant; saib lub suab e2 hauv qhov piv txwv saum toj no; melodic dominant tsis tas yuav yog thib tsib siab tshaj qhov kawg, nws muaj peev xwm. cais tawm ntawm nws los ntawm ib tug plaub, ib tug thib peb). Tab sis lub zog rectilinear yog primitive, tiaj tus, aesthetically unattractive. Kev kos duab. qhov kev txaus siab yog nyob rau hauv nws ntau yam xim, teeb meem, detours, moments ntawm contradiction. Lub tones ntawm cov qauv tseem ceeb (txoj kab nqes tseem ceeb) yog overgrown nrog branching passages, npog lub theem pib ntawm lub suab paj nruag. Lub cev (pob tshab zais):

A. Thomas. "Yav rau peb, yav tsaus ntuj ntsiag to."

Initial melody. lub dominant as1 yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ib pab. suab (qhia los ntawm tsab ntawv "v"); txhua lub suab nrov (tshwj tsis yog qhov kawg) muab lub neej rau cov suab paj nruag uas loj tuaj ntawm nws. "kev khiav tawm"; qhov kawg ntawm txoj kab thiab cov txheej txheem core (suab es-des) tau tsiv mus rau lwm qhov octave. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, melodic txoj kab ua nplua nuj, hloov pauv, tsis muaj kev poob rau tib lub sijhawm ntawm kev ncaj ncees thiab kev sib koom ua ke muab los ntawm qhov pib txav ntawm vib nas this hauv consonance as1-des-1 (des2).

Nyob rau hauv harmonic. European system. Hauv cov suab paj nruag, lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov suab nrov ruaj khov yog ua si los ntawm lub suab ntawm tus consonant triad (thiab tsis yog quarts lossis thib tsib; lub hauv paus triad feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv pej xeem suab paj nruag, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab lub sij hawm; nyob rau hauv cov piv txwv ntawm lub suab paj nruag ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem song. muab saum toj no, cov contours ntawm ib tug me triad yog xam). Yog li ntawd, cov suab paj nruag sib koom ua ke. dominants - lawv dhau los ua qhov thib peb thiab thib tsib ntawm triad, ua rau lub suab kawg (prime). Thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov suab paj nruag. cov kab (ob qho tib si lub hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab nws cov ceg), imbued nrog qhov kev txiav txim ntawm triadic kev sib txuas, yog nyob rau hauv rethought. Kev kos duab tau muaj zog. lub ntsiab lus ntawm zais polyphony; M. organically merges nrog lwm lub suab; kev kos duab M. tuaj yeem ua raws li kev txav ntawm lwm lub suab. Kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub taub hau lub suab ntawm cov thawj kab tuaj yeem loj hlob mus rau qhov tsim ntawm kev ywj pheej. qhov chaw; qhov kev txav mus los hauv qhov no tsuas yog ib nrab ntawm M. lossis txawm txav mus ntxiv, mus rau qhov kawg. Yog hais tias lub ascent tau ua rau lub taub hau, ces lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob yog:

hloov mus rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm symmetry:

(txawm hais tias qhov kev txav mus los ntawm txoj kab ntawm qhov kawg khaws nws cov nqi ntawm kev tawm ntawm lub zog melodic):

VA Mozart. "Little Night Music", part I.

F. Chopin. Nocturne op. 15 nr2.

Kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm tuaj yeem ua tiav tsis yog nrog kev pab ntawm cov nplai zoo li sab kab (ob qho tib si nqis los thiab nce), tab sis kuj nrog kev pab ntawm kev txav raws lub suab ntawm chords, txhua hom suab paj nruag. ornaments (cov duab xws li trills, gruppetto; txhawb pab pawg, zoo ib yam li mordents, thiab lwm yam) thiab ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv ib leeg. Yog li, cov qauv ntawm cov suab paj nruag yog nthuav tawm raws li ntau txheej txheej, qhov twg nyob rau hauv lub sab sauv qauv muaj ib tug melodic. figurations yog yooj yim dua thiab nruj melodic. txav, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, tig tawm los ua ib tug piv txwv ntawm ib tug txawm ntau elementary kev tsim kho uas tsim los ntawm cov thawj structural moj khaum. Cov txheej qis tshaj plaws yog lub hauv paus yooj yim. qauv fret. (Lub tswv yim ntawm ntau theem ntawm cov qauv melodic tau tsim los ntawm G. Schenker; nws txoj kev ua ntu zus "tshem tawm" cov txheej txheem ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab txo nws mus rau thawj cov qauv hu ua "txo txoj kev"; IP Shishov's "txoj kev ntawm qhov tseem ceeb. lub cev pob txha” yog ib feem ntawm nws.)

IV. Cov theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm melodics coincide nrog lub ntsiab. theem hauv keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag tag nrho. Qhov tseeb qhov chaw thiab nyiaj txiag tsis txaus ntawm M. - Nar. nkauj creation. Nar. M. yog ib qho kev qhia ntawm qhov tob ntawm cov bunks. kev nco qab, ib txwm tshwm sim "natural" kab lis kev cai, uas txhawb nqa cov kws tshaj lij, tus kws sau nkauj. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab nar. creativity yog polished ntau centuries los ntawm ancient peasant M., embodying pristine purity, epic. clarity thiab objectivity worldview. Lub majestic calmness, qhov tob thiab immediacy ntawm kev xav yog organically txuas nrog rau qhov hnyav, "ardor" ntawm diatonic. fret system. Thawj cov qauv ntawm M. ntawm Lavxias teb sab nkauj "Muaj ntau tshaj ib txoj hauv kev" (saib piv txwv) yog tus qauv c2-h1-a1 scale.

Lavxias teb sab pej xeem song "Tsis muaj ib txoj hauv kev."

Organic qauv ntawm M. yog embodied nyob rau hauv ib tug hierarchical. subordination ntawm tag nrho cov structural theem thiab yog manifested nyob rau hauv qhov yooj yim thiab naturalness ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, lub sab sauv txheej.

Rus. roob cov suab paj nruag yog coj los ntawm triad harmonic. Lub cev pob txha (xws li, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, qhib txav raws lub suab ntawm chord), squareness, rau feem ntau muaj ib qho kev qhia meej meej, rhyming melodic cadences:

Lavxias teb sab pej xeem song "Hnub Ringing".

Mugham "Shur". Cov ntaub ntawv no. A. Karaev.

Lub suab paj nruag feem ntau ancient oriental (thiab ib nrab European) suab paj nruag yog structurally raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm maqam (lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm raga, fret-qauv). Kev rov ua dua cov qauv qauv-txheej txheem (bh nqis los) dhau los ua tus qauv (qauv) rau cov txheej txheem suab tshwj xeeb nrog tshwj xeeb. variation-variant kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntsiab series ntawm lub suab.

Cov kev taw qhia suab paj nruag- qauv yog ob qho tib si M. thiab qee hom. Hauv Is Nrias teb, cov qauv zoo li no hu ua para, nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm Arab-Persian kab lis kev cai thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm Central Asian owls. Republics - maqam (poppy, mugham, tsim txom), nyob rau hauv ancient Greece - nom ("txoj cai"), nyob rau hauv Java - pathet (patet). Lub luag haujlwm zoo sib xws hauv Old Russian. cov suab paj nruag yog ua los ntawm lub suab raws li ib tug txheej ntawm chants, nyob rau hauv uas lub M. ntawm pab pawg neeg no hu nkauj (cov chants zoo ib yam li cov suab paj nruag- qauv).

Nyob rau hauv ancient Russia nyob rau hauv cult hu nkauj, lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub hom qauv yog nqa tawm nrog kev pab los ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua glamours, uas yog luv luv melodies uas crystallized nyob rau hauv kev xyaum ntawm lub qhov ncauj hu nkauj kev lig kev cai thiab muaj li ntawm motifs-chants muaj nyob rau hauv. lub complex characterizing tus coj lub suab.

Poglasica thiab psalm.

Lub suab paj nruag ntawm ancient sij hawm yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub richest hom-intonational kab lis kev cai, uas, los ntawm nws lub sij hawm sib txawv, surpasses lub melodics tom qab teb chaws Europe. suab paj nruag. Ntxiv rau qhov ob qhov ntev ntawm lub suab uas tseem muaj nyob niaj hnub no - hom thiab tonality, nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm muaj lwm tus, qhia los ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm poj niam txiv neej (genos). Peb cov poj niam txiv neej (diatonic, chromatic thiab enharmonic) nrog lawv cov ntau yam tau muab ntau lub sijhawm rau cov suab nrov ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes (Greek kinoumenoi) txhawm rau sau qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm qhov ruaj khov (estotes) ntug tones ntawm tetrachord (ua "symphony" ntawm plaub dawb huv), suav nrog (nrog rau diatonic. suab) thiab suab hauv microintervals – 1/3,3/8, 1/4 tones, thiab lwm yam. Piv txwv M. (excerpt) enharmonic. genus (hla tawm qhia txog qhov txo qis ntawm 1/4 lub suab):

Thawj stasim los ntawm Euripides 'Orestes (fragment).

M. kab muaj (raws li nyob rau hauv lub ancient Eastern M.) ib tug kom meej meej qhia downward kev taw qhia (raws li Aristotle, qhov pib ntawm M. nyob rau hauv siab thiab xaus nyob rau hauv qis register contributes rau nws tseeb, perfection). M. txoj kev vam khom rau lo lus (Greek suab paj nruag feem ntau yog suab), lub cev txav (hauv kev seev cev, kev sib tw, kev ua si hauv gymnastic) tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los nrog qhov ua tiav zoo tshaj plaws thiab tam sim no. Yog li lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib dhos hauv suab paj nruag yog qhov tseem ceeb tswj kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub cev (raws li Aristides Quintilian, atherosclerosis yog tus txiv neej txoj cai, thiab suab paj nruag yog poj niam). Qhov chaw yog antique. M. yog qhov tob dua - qhov no yog thaj tsam ntawm uXNUMXbuXNUMXb "musculo-motor txav uas underlie ob lub suab paj nruag thiab paj huam, piv txwv li tag nrho triune chorea ”(RI Gruber).

Lub suab nkauj ntawm Gregorian chant (saib Gregorian chant) teb rau nws tus kheej cov ntseeg liturgical. teem caij. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Gregorian M. yog kiag li rov qab mus rau qhov kev thov ntawm pagan antique. kev thaj yeeb. Lub cev-muscular impulse ntawm M. ntawm antiquity yog tawm tsam ntawm no los ntawm qhov kawg detachment los ntawm lub cev-lub cev muaj zog. lub sij hawm thiab tsom ntsoov rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus (xws li "kev tshwm sim los saum ntuj los"), ntawm kev xav txog kev xav, kev xav hauv kev xav, kev nkag siab ntawm tus kheej. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag choral, txhua yam uas hais txog qhov kev txiav txim yog tsis tuaj - lub chased atherosclerosis, lub dimensionality ntawm articulation, kev ua si ntawm motives, lub zog ntawm tonal gravity. Gregorian chant yog kab lis kev cai ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag ("kev sib koom siab ntawm lub siab" tsis sib haum nrog "kev tsis pom zoo"), uas tsis yog neeg txawv teb chaws rau kev sib haum xeeb ntawm chordal, tab sis tsis tso cai rau "polyphony" txhua. Lub hauv paus modal ntawm Gregorian M. - lub thiaj li hu. lub tsev teev ntuj tones (plaub khub ntawm nruj diatonic hom, cais raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub finalis - lub suab kawg, lub ambitus thiab repercussion - lub suab ntawm repetition). Txhua yam ntawm cov qauv, tsis tas li ntawd, yog txuam nrog ib pawg ntawm cov yam ntxwv motifs-chants (chaw nyob rau hauv lub thiaj li hu ua psalmodic tones - toni psalmorum). Kev taw qhia ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm ib hom muab rau hauv ntau yam suab paj nruag muaj feem xyuam rau nws, nrog rau melodic. variation nyob rau hauv tej yam ntawm Gregorian chant, akin rau lub ancient txoj cai ntawm maqam. Lub poise ntawm kab ntawm choral melodies yog qhia nyob rau hauv nws nquag tshwm sim arcuate siv; qhov pib ntawm M. (initium) yog qhov nce mus rau lub suab ntawm kev rov ua dua (tenor lossis tuba; kuj yog repercussio), thiab qhov kawg yog qhov nqis mus rau lub suab kawg (finalis). Lub suab ntawm lub choral tsis yog raws nraim ruaj thiab nyob ntawm lub suab ntawm lo lus. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntawv nyeem thiab suab paj nruag. pib qhia ob DOS. hom ntawm lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam: recitation, psalmody (lectio, orationes; accentue) thiab hu nkauj (cantus, modulatio; concentus) nrog lawv ntau yam thiab kev hloov. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm Gregorian M.

Antiphon "Asperges kuv", tone IV.

Melodika polyphonic. Cov tsev kawm ntawv Renaissance ib nrab tso siab rau Gregorian chant, tab sis txawv nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus piv txwv (nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau kev zoo nkauj ntawm humanism), ib hom intonation system, tsim rau polyphony. Lub suab system yog raws li cov laus yim "lub tsev teev ntuj tones" nrog rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm Ionian thiab Aeolian nrog lawv cov plagal ntau yam (cov qauv tom kawg tej zaum tshwm sim los ntawm qhov pib ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm European polyphony, tab sis tau sau tseg hauv txoj kev xav tsuas yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 16th). Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm diatonic nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm no tsis yog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov systematic. Kev siv lub suab nrov (musica ficta), qee zaum hnyav dua (piv txwv li, hauv G. de Macaux), qee zaum softening (hauv Palestrina), qee zaum thickening mus rau qhov uas nws mus txog chromaticity ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. (Gesualdo, qhov kawg ntawm madrigal "Mercy!"). Txawm tias muaj kev sib txuas nrog polyphonic, chordal kev sib raug zoo, polyphonic. cov suab paj nruag tseem xeeb hauv linearly (uas yog, nws tsis xav tau kev txhawb nqa kev sib haum xeeb thiab tso cai rau kev sib txuas ua ke). Cov kab yog tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ntsuas, tsis yog triad; lub monofunctionality ntawm tones ntawm ib tug deb ntawm ib tug thib peb yog tsis manifested (los yog tshwm sim heev weakly), txav mus rau lub diatonic. ob yog Ch. kab kev txhim kho cuab yeej. Qhov dav dav ntawm M. yog ntab thiab undulating, tsis qhia qhov nyiam rau kev txhaj tshuaj; kab hom yog feem ntau tsis-culminating. Rhythmically, lub suab ntawm M. tau teeb tsa ruaj khov, tsis meej pem (uas twb tau txiav txim siab los ntawm polyphonic warehouse, polyphony). Txawm li cas los xij, lub 'meter' muaj lub sijhawm ntsuas tus nqi yam tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntsuas. ze-up functions. Qee cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib dhos ntawm kab thiab ntu ntu tau piav qhia los ntawm kev suav rau kev sib txuas lus (cov qauv ntawm kev npaj khaws cia, syncopations, cambiates, thiab lwm yam). Hais txog cov qauv suab paj nruag dav dav, nrog rau cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg, muaj qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev txwv tsis pub rov hais dua (suab, suab paj nruag), kev sib txawv ntawm qhov uas tau tso cai tsuas yog qee yam, muab los ntawm suab paj nruag rhetoric. tshuaj, hniav nyiaj hniav kub M.; Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txwv yog ntau haiv neeg (txoj cai redicta, y los ntawm J. Tinktoris). Kev txuas ntxiv txuas ntxiv hauv suab paj nruag, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm polyphony ntawm kev sau ntawv nruj me ntsis hauv 15th thiab 16th centuries. (lub thiaj li hu ua Prosamelodik; lub sij hawm ntawm G. Besseler), tsis suav nrog qhov ua tau ntawm metric. thiab structural symmetry (periodicity) ntawm qhov ze-up, tsim ntawm squareness, lub sij hawm ntawm classical. hom thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntsig txog.

Palestrina. "Missa brevis", Benedictus.

Old Russian melody. tus hu nkauj. art-va typologically sawv cev rau qhov sib npaug rau Western Gregorian chant, tab sis txawv ntawm nws hauv cov ntsiab lus intonational. Txij thaum chiv keeb qiv los ntawm Byzantium M. tsis ruaj khov, ces twb thaum lawv raug xa mus rau Russia. av, thiab txawm ntau npaum li ntawd nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm xya-xyoo pua hav zoov ntawm Ch. sij hawm tuaj txog. nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj kis tau tus mob (txij li thaum tus nuv ntaub ntawv ua ntej lub xyoo pua 17th. tsis qhia qhov tseeb qhov siab ntawm lub suab) nyob rau hauv qhov txuas txuas ntxiv ntawm Nar. Kev sau nkauj, lawv tau rov qab xav dua thiab, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv uas tau nqis los rau peb (hauv kev sau cia ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th), undoubtedly tig mus rau hauv ib tug purely Lavxias teb sab. qhov tshwm sim. Lub suab nkauj ntawm cov qub masters yog ib qho khoom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Lavxias. neeg. ("Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm nws cov suab paj nruag, ancient Lavxias teb sab cult melos yog tsis muaj nqi tsawg tshaj li cov monuments ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab painting," sau tseg B. AT. Asafiev.) Lub hauv paus ntawm lub modal system ntawm Znamenny hu nkauj, yam tsawg kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. (cm. Znamenny chant), – lub thiaj li hu. Txhua hnub teev (lossis hom niaj hnub) GAH cde fga bc'd' (tawm ntawm plaub "accordions" ntawm tib lub qauv; qhov ntsuas raws li qhov system tsis yog octave, tab sis plaub, nws tuaj yeem txhais tau plaub Ionian tetrachords, articulated nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev fused). Feem ntau M. cais raws li ib qho ntawm 8 lub suab. Ib lub suab yog ib phau ntawm tej yam chants (muaj ob peb lub kaum os ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv txhua lub suab), pab pawg nyob ib ncig ntawm lawv cov suab paj nruag. tonic (2-3, qee zaum ntau dua rau feem ntau lub suab). Kev xav tawm-ntawm-octave kuj tseem tshwm sim hauv cov qauv qauv. M tej zaum yuav muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm nqaim-volume micro-scale formations nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam scale. Kab M. characterized by smoothness, predominance ntawm gamma, thib ob txav, kev zam ntawm jumps nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho (qee zaum muaj peb thiab plaub). Nrog rau qhov dav dav ntawm qhov kev qhia (nws yuav tsum tau hu ua "suab nrov nrov thiab ntsiag to") melodic. txoj kab muaj zog thiab muaj zog. Laus Russian. Cov suab paj nruag cult yog ib txwm suab thiab feem ntau monophonic. Qhia. Kev hais lus ntawm cov ntawv txiav txim siab lub suab ntawm M. (hais qhia cov lus nyuaj rau hauv ib lo lus, lub sijhawm tseem ceeb hauv lub ntsiab lus; tom kawg ntawm M. zoo tib yam suab paj nruag. cadence, ch. sij hawm tuaj txog. nrog ntev ntev). Kev ntsuas atherosclerosis yog zam, qhov kev sib dhos ze yog tswj los ntawm qhov ntev thiab kev sib txuas ntawm cov kab ntawv. Cov suab sib txawv. M nrog cov txhais tau tias muaj rau nws, qee zaum nws piav qhia txog cov xeev lossis cov xwm txheej uas tau hais hauv cov ntawv nyeem. Txhua tus M. nyob rau hauv dav dav (thiab nws yuav ua tau ntev heev) yog tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm variant txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tunes. Qhov sib txawv muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug tshiab hu nkauj nrog dawb repetition, tshem tawm, ntxiv ntawm otd. suab thiab tag nrho pawg suab (cf. piv txwv li zaj nkauj thiab cov nkauj). Cov txuj ci ntawm chanter (suab paj nruag) tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm los tsim ib tug ntev thiab ntau yam M. los ntawm txwv tus naj npawb ntawm cov hauv qab motives. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm originality yog nruj me ntsis soj ntsuam los ntawm qub Lavxias teb sab. masters ntawm kev hu nkauj, kab tshiab yuav tsum muaj lub suab tshiab (meloprose). Li no qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv kev nkag siab dav ntawm lo lus raws li ib txoj hauv kev txhim kho.

Stichera rau lub Koobtsheej ntawm Vladimir Icon ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv, mus ncig chant. Cov ntawv nyeem thiab suab paj nruag (xws li) los ntawm Ivan the Terrible.

European melodic 17th-19th centuries yog raws li qhov loj-me tonal system thiab yog organically txuas nrog polyphonic ntaub (tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv homophony, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv polyphonic warehouse). "Melody yeej tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv kev xav tsis yog ua ke nrog kev sib haum xeeb" (PI Tchaikovsky). M. tseem yog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev xav, txawm li cas los xij, sau M., tus neeg sau ntawv (tej zaum tsis nco qab) tsim nws ua ke nrog lub ntsiab. counterpoint (bass; raws li P. Hindemith - "basic two-voice"), raws li kev sib haum xeeb tau teev tseg hauv M.. Kev loj hlob ntawm suab paj nruag. kev xav yog embodied nyob rau hauv lub phenomenon ntawm melodic. cov qauv vim yog coexistence ntawm noob caj noob ces nyob rau hauv nws. cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv compressed uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv yav dhau los ntawm melodics:

1) thawj linear-zog. keeb (nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm dynamics ntawm ups thiab downs, constructive caj qaum ntawm kab thib ob);

2) qhov ntsuas metrorhythm uas faib cov ntsiab lus no (nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev sib txawv zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub cev ntawm txhua theem);

3) lub koom haum modal ntawm lub suab paj nruag (nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug nplua nuj tsim system ntawm tonal-functional sib txuas; kuj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov theem ntawm lub suab paj nruag tag nrho).

Rau tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm cov qauv no, qhov kawg yog ntxiv - chord kev sib haum xeeb, npaj mus rau ib lub suab kab los ntawm kev siv cov tshiab, tsis tsuas yog monophonic, tab sis kuj polyphonic qauv rau kev tsim kho cov suab paj nruag. Compressed rau hauv ib txoj kab, kev sib haum xeeb zoo li tau txais nws daim ntawv polyphonic ntuj; Yog li ntawd, M. ntawm lub sijhawm "kev sib raug zoo" yog yuav luag ib txwm yug nrog nws tus kheej kev sib raug zoo - nrog rau cov ntses bass thaj tsam contrapuntal thiab sau cov suab nruab nrab. Hauv qhov piv txwv hauv qab no, raws li lub ntsiab lus ntawm Cis-dur fugue los ntawm 1st ntim ntawm Zoo-Tempered Clavier los ntawm JS Bach thiab lub ntsiab lus los ntawm kev npau suav overture Romeo thiab Juliet los ntawm PI Tchaikovsky, nws tau qhia tias chord kev sib haum xeeb (A ) ua melodic ib hom qauv (B), uas, embodied nyob rau hauv M., reproduces lub sib haum xeeb muab zais rau hauv nws (V; Q 1, Q2, Q3, thiab lwm yam. - chord functions ntawm thawj, thib ob, peb, thiab lwm yam. ; Q1 - feem tsib nqes; 0 - "zero fifths", tonic); tsom xam (los ntawm txoj kev txo) thaum kawg qhia nws lub hauv paus ntsiab lus (G):

Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv qhov kev sib cav nto moo ntawm Rameau (uas tau lees tias kev sib haum xeeb qhia txoj hauv kev rau txhua lub suab, ua rau lub suab nrov) thiab Rousseau (uas ntseeg tias "lub suab nkauj hauv suab paj nruag yog tib yam li kos duab hauv duab; kev sib haum xeeb tsuas yog qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov xim”) Rameau yog lawm; Rousseau's formulation ua tim khawv rau ib qho kev to taub yuam kev ntawm harmonics. lub hauv paus ntawm cov suab paj nruag classical thiab tsis meej pem ntawm lub ntsiab lus: "kev sib haum xeeb" - "chord" (Rousseau yuav yog yog "kev sib haum xeeb" tuaj yeem nkag siab raws li lub suab nrog).

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm European melodic "harmonic" era yog ib tug series ntawm keeb kwm thiab stylistic. theem (raws li B. Sabolchi, baroque, rococo, Viennese classics, romanticism), txhua yam uas yog characterized los ntawm ib tug complex complex. kos npe. Ib tug neeg zoo nkauj ntawm JS Bach, WA Mozart, L. Beethoven, F. Schubert, F. Chopin, R. Wagner, MI Glinka, PI Tchaikovsky, MP Mussorgsky. Tab sis ib qho tseem tuaj yeem nco ntsoov qee cov qauv ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm "kev sib haum xeeb" era, vim qhov peculiarities ntawm kev zoo nkauj tseem ceeb. kev teeb tsa tsom rau qhov ua tiav tshaj tawm ntawm sab hauv. lub ntiaj teb ntawm tus kheej, tib neeg. tus kheej: qhov dav dav, "lub ntiaj teb" tus cwj pwm ntawm kev qhia (as opposed to a abstraction of the melody of the dhau los era); ncaj qha kev sib cuag nrog lub intonational kheej kheej ntawm txhua txhua hnub, pej xeem suab paj nruag; permeation nrog atherosclerosis thiab meter ntawm kev seev cev, lub peb hlis ntuj, lub cev txav; complex, branched metric lub koom haum nrog multilevel sib txawv ntawm lub teeb thiab hnyav lobes; muaj zog shaping impulse los ntawm atherosclerosis, motif, meter; metrorhythm. thiab motivic repetition raws li ib qho kev qhia ntawm kev ua ntawm lub siab ntawm lub neej; gravitation ntawm squareness, uas dhau los ua tus qauv siv taw tes; triad thiab manifestation ntawm harmonics. ua haujlwm hauv M., zais polyphony hauv kab, kev sib haum xeeb implied thiab xav rau M.; monofunctionality sib txawv ntawm cov suab pom raws li ib feem ntawm ib tug chord; Nyob rau hauv no lub hauv paus, lub internal reorganization ntawm kab (piv txwv li, c - d - hloov, c - d - e - externally, "quantitatively" ntxiv zog, tab sis sab hauv - ib tug rov qab mus rau lub yav dhau los consonance); ib tug tshwj xeeb txheej txheem rau overcoming xws ncua sij hawm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm txoj kab los ntawm txoj kev atherosclerosis, motive kev loj hlob, kev sib haum xeeb (saib piv txwv saum toj no, ntu B); tus qauv ntawm ib kab, motif, kab lus, lub ntsiab lus yog txiav txim los ntawm lub 'meter'; metric dismemberment thiab periodicity yog ua ke nrog dismemberment thiab periodicity ntawm harmonics. cov qauv hauv suab paj nruag (ntau zaus melodic cadences tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov yam ntxwv); nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog tiag tiag (lub ntsiab lus los ntawm Tchaikovsky nyob rau hauv tib lub piv txwv) los yog implied (lub ntsiab lus ntawm Bach) kev sib raug zoo, tag nrho cov kab ntawm M. yog txawv (nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm lub Viennese classics txawm emphatically twv yuav raug hu) muab faib ua chord thiab tsis- chord suab, piv txwv li, hauv lub ntsiab lus los ntawm Bach gis1 thaum pib thawj kauj ruam - raug kaw. Lub symmetry ntawm daim ntawv kev sib raug zoo generated los ntawm lub 'meter' (uas yog, kev sib txuas lus ntawm qhov chaw) txuas mus rau qhov loj (tej zaum loj heev) extensions, pab mus rau lub creation ntawm lub sij hawm ntev kev loj hlob thiab kuj ceeb tias ib tug meter (Chopin, Tchaikovsky).

Melodika xyoo pua 20th qhia ib daim duab ntawm ntau haiv neeg - los ntawm cov archaic ntawm feem ntau ancient txheej ntawm bunks. suab paj nruag (IF Stravinsky, B. Bartok), originality of non-European. suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai (Negro, East Asian, Indian), pawg, pop, jazz nkauj rau niaj hnub tonal (SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, AI Khachaturyan, RS Ledenev, R K. Shchedrin, BI Tishchenko, TN Khrennikov, AN Alexandrov, A. Ya. Stravinsky thiab lwm tus), tshiab-modal (O. Messiaen, AN Cherepnin), kaum ob-tone, serial, serial music (A. Schoenberg, A. Webern, A. Berg, lig Stravinsky, P. Boulez, L. Nono, D Ligeti, EV Denisov, AG Schnittke, RK Shchedrin, SM Slonimsky, KA Karaev thiab lwm tus), hluav taws xob, aleatoric (K. Stockhausen, V. Lutoslavsky thiab lwm yam.), stochastic (J. Xenakis), suab paj nruag nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm collage (L. Berio, CE Ives, AG Schnittke, AA Pyart, BA Tchaikovsky), thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb tshaj tam sim no thiab cov lus qhia. Tsis muaj lus nug txog txhua yam qauv thiab ntawm cov ntsiab lus dav dav ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm no; Nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau ntau phenomena, lub tswv yim ntawm suab paj nruag yog tsis muaj feem xyuam rau tag nrho cov, los yog yuav tsum muaj ib tug txawv lub ntsiab lus (piv txwv li, "timbre suab paj nruag", Klangfarbenmelodie - nyob rau hauv lub Schoenbergian los yog lwm yam kev nkag siab). Cov qauv ntawm M. 20th caug xyoo: purely diatonic (A), kaum ob-tone (B):

NWS Prokofiev. "Kev Tsov Rog thiab Kev Thaj Yeeb", Kutuzov's aria.

DD Shostakovich: 14 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk! XNUMXth symphony, txav V.

V. Qhov pib ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm M. muaj nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm suab paj nruag los ntawm Dr. Greece thiab Dr. East. Txij li thaum lub suab paj nruag ntawm cov neeg thaum ub feem ntau yog monophonic, tag nrho cov kev xav ntawm cov suab paj nruag yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm suab paj nruag ("Music is the science of perfect melos" - Anonymous II Bellerman; "zoo meej", los yog "full", melos yog tus kev sib sau ntawm lo lus, suab thiab suab paj nruag). Tib yam hauv txhais tau tias. tsawg kawg yog kev txhawj xeeb txog kev ua suab paj nruag ntawm European era. Ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, nyob rau hauv ntau yam, tshwj tsis yog feem ntau ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm counterpoint, kuj ntawm lub Renaissance: "Music is the science of melody" (Musica est peritia modulationis - Isidore of Seville). Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm M. nyob rau hauv kev nkag siab zoo ntawm lo lus hnub rov qab mus rau lub sij hawm thaum muses. txoj kev xav pib qhov txawv ntawm harmonics, rhythms thiab suab paj nruag xws li. Tus tsim ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm M. yog suav tias yog Aristoxenus.

Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov suab paj nruag thaum ub suav tias yog qhov tshwm sim syncretic: "Melos muaj peb ntu: cov lus, kev sib haum xeeb, thiab kev sib dhos" (Plato). Lub suab ntawm lub suab yog feem ntau rau suab paj nruag thiab hais lus. Tsis zoo li kev hais lus, melos yog ib qho kev txav ntawm lub suab (Aristoxenus); Lub zog ntawm lub suab yog ob npaug: "ib qho yog hu ua txuas ntxiv thiab sib tham, lwm lub sijhawm (dastnmatikn) thiab suab paj nruag" (Anonymous (Cleonides), nrog rau Aristoxenus). Lub sijhawm txav "tso cai ncua sijhawm (ntawm lub suab ntawm tib lub suab) thiab lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm lawv" sib hloov nrog ib leeg. Kev hloov ntawm ib qhov siab mus rau lwm qhov yog txhais raws li cov leeg-dynamic. yam ("kev ncua sij hawm peb hu ua tensions, thiab lub ncua sij hawm ntawm lawv - kev hloov ntawm ib tug nro mus rau lwm yam. Dab tsi ua rau ib tug sib txawv ntawm tensions yog nro thiab tso tawm" - Anonymous). Tib yam Anonymous (Cleonides) faib cov hom suab paj nruag. kev txav: "muaj plaub qhov kev hloov pauv uas cov suab paj nruag tau ua: agogy, plok, petteia, suab nrov. Agogue yog lub zog ntawm cov suab paj nruag tshaj cov suab hauv qab no nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim tam sim ntawd ib tug tom qab lwm yam (stepwise txav); ploke - qhov kev npaj ntawm lub suab nyob rau hauv ib ntus los ntawm ib tug paub tus naj npawb ntawm cov kauj ruam (dhia txav); petteiya - rov hais dua ntawm tib lub suab; suab nrov - ncua lub suab rau lub sijhawm ntev dua yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam. Aristides Quintilian thiab Bacchius tus Txwj Laug koom nrog kev txav ntawm M. los ntawm siab dua mus rau qis suab nrog tsis muaj zog, thiab nyob rau hauv qhov kev coj rov qab nrog amplification. Raws li Quintilian, M. yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov nce, nqis, thiab sib npaug (wavy) qauv. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm ancient sij hawm, ib tug tsis tu ncua tau pom, raws li ib tug upward dhia (prolnpiz los yog prokroysiz) entails ib tug rov qab txav mus rau hauv vib nas this (kev tshuaj ntsuam), thiab vice versa. M. tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog tus cwj pwm qhia ("ethos"). "Raws li cov suab paj nruag, lawv tus kheej muaj kev tsim tawm ntawm cov cim" (Aristotle).

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab Renaissance, qhov tshiab nyob rau hauv cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov suab paj nruag tau qhia feem ntau nyob rau hauv kev tsim ntawm lwm yam kev sib raug zoo nrog lo lus, hais lus raws li ib tug tib txoj cai. Nws hu nkauj kom tsis yog lub suab ntawm tus uas hu nkauj, tab sis cov lus thov Vajtswv ” (Jerome). "Modulatio", to taub tsis tau tsuas yog raws li qhov tseeb M., suab paj nruag, tab sis kuj zoo nkauj, "consonant" hu nkauj thiab zoo tsim ntawm muses. tag nrho, tsim los ntawm Augustine los ntawm lub hauv paus modus ( ntsuas), yog txhais raws li "kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev txav mus los zoo, uas yog, txav mus rau kev ua raws li kev ntsuas", uas txhais tau hais tias "kev ua raws sijhawm thiab lub sijhawm"; hom thiab qhov sib xws ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib dhos thiab hom kuj suav nrog hauv lub tswv yim ntawm "modulation". Thiab txij li thaum M. ("modulation") los ntawm " ntsuas", ces, nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm neo-Pythagoreanism, Augustine txiav txim siab tus naj npawb los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev zoo nkauj hauv M.

Cov kev cai ntawm "kev yooj yim ntawm cov suab paj nruag" (modulatione) hauv "Microlog" los ntawm Guido d'Arezzo b.ch. Kev txhawj xeeb tsis yog ntau lub suab nkauj hauv qhov nqaim ntawm lo lus (raws li kev sib dhos, hom), tab sis muaj pes tsawg leeg. "Qhov kev qhia ntawm lub suab paj nruag yuav tsum sib haum rau cov ntsiab lus nws tus kheej, yog li ntawd thaum muaj xwm txheej tu siab lub suab paj nruag yuav tsum loj, nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej nws yuav tsum zoo siab, nyob rau hauv kev zoo siab nws yuav tsum zoo siab, thiab lwm yam." Cov qauv ntawm M. yog piv rau cov qauv ntawm cov lus hais: "ib yam li hauv poetic meters muaj cov tsiaj ntawv thiab cov suab, qhov chaw thiab nres, nqes, yog li hauv suab paj nruag (hauv kev sib haum xeeb) muaj phthongs, uas yog, suab hais tias. ... tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv cov suab lus, thiab lawv tus kheej (cov lus), yooj yim thiab muab ob npaug rau, tsim ib qho nevma, uas yog, ib feem ntawm cov suab paj nruag (cantilenae), ”, cov khoom ntxiv rau hauv chav haujlwm. Kev hu nkauj yuav tsum yog "zoo li ntsuas hauv metrical footsteps." M. cov chav haujlwm, ib yam li hauv paj huam, yuav tsum sib npaug, thiab qee qhov yuav tsum rov ua dua ib leeg. Guido cov ntsiab lus rau txoj hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cov tuam tsev: "zoo ib yam hauv kev nce lossis nqis melodic txav", ntau yam kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo: ib feem ntawm M. tuaj yeem mus "rov qab txav thiab txawm nyob hauv tib kauj ruam raws li nws mus. thaum nws xub tshwm sim”; daim duab ntawm M., emanating los ntawm lub suab sab sauv, yog sib piv nrog tib daim duab emanating los ntawm lub suab qis ("nws zoo li peb, saib mus rau hauv lub qhov dej, pom qhov kev xav ntawm peb lub ntsej muag"). “Cov lus xaus ntawm kab lus thiab ntu yuav tsum sib haum nrog tib lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, ... cov suab ntawm qhov kawg ntawm ntu yuav tsum yog, zoo li tus nees khiav, qeeb dua, zoo li lawv nkees, nrog kev ua pa nyuaj. ” Tsis tas li ntawd, Guido - ib tug neeg ntaus suab paj nruag medieval - muaj ib txoj hauv kev xav paub sau nkauj, hu ua. tus txheej txheem ntawm equivocalism, nyob rau hauv uas lub suab ntawm M. yog qhia los ntawm lub vowel muaj nyob rau hauv lub muab syllable. Hauv M., cov suab "a" ib txwm poob ntawm lub suab C (c), "e" - ntawm lub suab D (d), "i" - ntawm E (e), "o" - ntawm F ( f) thiab "thiab» ntawm G(g). ("Tus txheej txheem yog ntau tshaj pedagogical tshaj sau," sau ntawv K. Dahlhaus):

Tus neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm kev zoo nkauj ntawm Renaissance Tsarlino nyob rau hauv treatise "Tsev tsim kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb", hais txog lub ancient (Platonic) txhais ntawm M., qhia tus composer "reproduce lub ntsiab lus (soggetto) muaj nyob rau hauv hais lus." Nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm kev lig kev cai qub, Zarlino distinguishes plaub lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm suab paj nruag, uas ua ke txiav txim siab nws amazing nyhuv rau ib tug neeg, cov no yog: kev sib raug zoo, meter, hais lus (oratione) thiab artistic tswv yim (soggetto - "ploj"); thawj peb ntawm lawv yog M. Muab piv cov lus qhia. cov possibilities ntawm M. (hauv qhov nqaim ntawm lub sijhawm) thiab kev sib dhos, nws nyiam M. raws li muaj "lub zog loj dua los hloov kev mob siab rau thiab kev coj ncaj ncees los ntawm sab hauv." Artusi (nyob rau hauv "Lub Art of Counterpoint") nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov ancient kev faib ntawm melodic hom. zog teev tej yam melodic. kos duab. Kev txhais cov suab paj nruag ua tus sawv cev ntawm kev cuam tshuam (nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov ntawv nyeem) los rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog nws cov kev nkag siab ntawm lub suab paj nruag rhetoric, cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws theoretical txoj kev loj hlob ntawm uas ntog nyob rau hauv lub 17th thiab 18th centuries. Kev qhia txog suab paj nruag ntawm lub sij hawm tshiab twb tshawb txog homophonic melody (lub articulation ntawm uas yog nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lub articulation ntawm tag nrho cov suab paj nruas tag nrho). Txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog hauv Ser. 18th caug xyoo koj tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov sib xws rau nws qhov xwm txheej scientific thiab methodological. tom qab. Kev vam meej ntawm homophonic suab paj nruag ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, hais txog Rameau ("Dab tsi peb hu ua suab paj nruag, uas yog, suab paj nruag ntawm ib lub suab, yog tsim los ntawm diatonic kev txiav txim ntawm lub suab nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb succession thiab nrog tag nrho cov kev txiav txim ntawm harmonic suab. muab rho tawm los ntawm "qhov tseem ceeb") muab tso ua ntej txoj kev xav suab paj nruag, qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov suab paj nruag thiab kev sib haum xeeb, uas tau ntev tau txiav txim siab txog txoj kev xav ntawm suab paj nruag. Kev kawm ntawm suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv 17th-19th centuries. ua bh tsis nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm tshwj xeeb rau nws, tab sis nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg, kev sib haum xeeb, counterpoint. Txoj kev xav ntawm Baroque era illuminates tus qauv ntawm M. ib feem ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm suab paj nruag rhetoric. cov duab (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nthuav tawm ntawm M. tau piav raws li kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov suab paj nruag - qee cov kab kos duab, ntau hom kev rov ua dua, exclamation motifs, thiab lwm yam). Los ntawm Ser. 18th caug xyoo cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm M. yuav ua li cas tam sim no meant los ntawm lo lus no. Thawj lub tswv yim ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia tshiab ntawm M. tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv ntawm I. Mattheson (1, 1737), J. Ripel (1739), K. Nickelman (1755). Qhov teeb meem ntawm M. (ntxiv rau cov suab paj nruag-rhetorical thaj chaw, piv txwv li, hauv Mattheson), cov German no. theorists txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm meter thiab atherosclerosis ("Taktordnung" los ntawm Ripel). Nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm enlightenment rationalism, Mattheson pom lub ntsiab ntawm M. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws 1755 tej yam zoo: lightness, clarity, smoothness (fliessendes Wesen) thiab kev zoo nkauj (attractiveness - Lieblichkeit). Txhawm rau ua tiav txhua qhov zoo, nws pom zoo kom sib npaug cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb. kev cai.

1) ua tib zoo saib xyuas qhov sib xws ntawm lub suab nres (Tonfüsse) thiab kev sib dhos;

2) tsis txhob ua txhaum lub geometric. Piv txwv (Verhalt) ntawm qee qhov zoo sib xws (Sdtze), uas yog cov suab paj nruag suav (suab paj nruag tus lej), piv txwv li yog saib xyuas melodic. tus lej proportions (Zahlmaasse);

3) qhov tsawg sab hauv cov lus xaus (förmliche Schlüsse) nyob rau hauv M., lub smoother nws yog, thiab lwm yam. Qhov zoo ntawm Rousseau yog tias nws sharply hais txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm melodic. intonation (“Melody … xyaum cov lus intonations thiab cov lem uas nyob rau hauv txhua yam lus sib raug rau tej yam kev puas siab puas ntsws taw”).

Nyob ze ze rau cov lus qhia ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. A. Reich hauv nws "Treatise on Melody" thiab AB Marx hauv "Cov Lus Qhuab Qhia ntawm Kev Sau Nkauj". Lawv tau ua haujlwm nthuav dav txog cov teeb meem ntawm kev faib cov qauv. Reich txhais cov suab paj nruag los ntawm ob sab - zoo nkauj ("Melody yog hom lus ntawm kev xav") thiab kev txawj ntse ("Melody yog kev sib txuas ntawm lub suab, vim kev sib haum xeeb yog kev sib txuas ntawm chords") thiab tshuaj xyuas kom meej lub sijhawm, kab lus (membre), kab lus (dessin mélodique), "lub ntsiab lus los yog motif" thiab txawm ko taw (pieds mélodiques) - trocheus, iambic, amphibrach, thiab lwm yam. Marx wittily formulates lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntsiab lus: "Melody yuav tsum tau mob siab rau."

X. Riemann nkag siab M. raws li tag nrho thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm txhua yam hauv paus. txhais tau tias ntawm suab paj nruag - kev sib raug zoo, suab paj nruag, ntaus (meter) thiab tempo. Hauv kev tsim cov nplai, Riemann pib los ntawm qhov ntsuas, piav qhia txhua lub suab los ntawm chord successions, thiab mus rau lub tonal kev twb kev txuas, uas yog txiav txim los ntawm kev sib raug zoo rau qhov chaw. chord, ces successively ntxiv ib lub suab, melodic. decorations, articulation los ntawm cadenzas thiab, thaum kawg, los ntawm motives rau kab lus thiab ntxiv mus rau cov ntaub ntawv loj (raws li "Kev qhia txog Melody" los ntawm ntim l ntawm "Great Teaching about Composition"). E. Kurt tau hais txog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev quab yuam cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th qhia txog suab paj nruag, tawm tsam kev nkag siab ntawm chord kev sib raug zoo thiab lub sij hawm ntsuas kev sib tw ua lub hauv paus ntawm cov suab paj nruag. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, nws muab tso rau pem hauv ntej lub tswv yim ntawm lub zog ntawm linear zog, uas yog feem ntau ncaj qha qhia nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag, tab sis muab zais (nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm "muaj peev xwm zog") uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv ib tug chord, kev sib haum xeeb. G. Schenker pom nyob rau hauv M., ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ib tug txav mus rau ib tug tshwj xeeb lub hom phiaj, tswj los ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo (feem ntau 3 hom - "thawj kab"

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; tag nrho peb taw tes down). Nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov "thawj kab", ceg kab "bloom", uas, nyob rau hauv lem, tua kab "sprout", thiab lwm yam. P. Hindemith txoj kev xav ntawm suab paj nruag zoo ib yam li Schenker's (thiab tsis muaj nws lub hwj chim) (M. 's wealth yog nyob rau hauv intersecting ntau yam thib ob tsiv, muab hais tias cov kauj ruam yog tonal-txuas). Ib tug xov tooj ntawm phau ntawv qhia txog txoj kev xav ntawm dodecaphone suab paj nruag (ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov txheej txheem no).

Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab theoretical nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, thawj qhov tshwj xeeb ua hauj lwm "On Melody" yog sau los ntawm I. Gunke (1859, raws li nyob rau hauv lub 1 seem ntawm "Complete Guide to Composing Music"). Hais txog nws tus cwj pwm dav dav, Gunke nyob ze rau Reich. Lub metrorhythm yog coj los ua lub hauv paus ntawm cov suab paj nruag (cov lus qhib ntawm Phau Ntawv Qhia: "Suab paj nruag yog tsim thiab tsim raws li kev ntsuas"). M. cov ntsiab lus hauv ib lub voj voog hu ua. lub moos motif, cov duab hauv cov motifs yog cov qauv lossis kos duab. Txoj kev kawm ntawm M. mus rau ib qho loj npaum li cas rau cov hauj lwm uas tshawb txog cov dab neeg, thaum ub thiab sab hnub tuaj. suab paj nruag (DV Razumovsky, AN Serov, PP Sokalsky, AS Famintsyn, VI Petr, VM Metallov; nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm - MV Brazhnikov, VM Belyaev, ND Uspensky thiab lwm yam).

IP Shishov (nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub 2s nws qhia ib tug chav kawm nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv Moscow Conservatory) coj lwm yam Greek. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm lub cev ntawm M. (uas kuj tau tsim los ntawm Yu. N. Melgunov): chav tsev me tshaj plaws yog mora, mora tau muab tso rau hauv nres, cov pendants, pendants rau lub sijhawm, lub sijhawm rau hauv stanzas. Form M. obeys b.ch. symmetry txoj cai (qhia los yog zais). Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsom xam ntawm kev hais lus suav nrog kev coj mus rau hauv tus account tag nrho cov ntu uas tsim los ntawm kev txav ntawm lub suab thiab kev sib txuas lus ntawm qhov chaw uas tshwm sim hauv suab paj nruag. LA Mazel nyob rau hauv phau ntawv "On Melody" xam M. nyob rau hauv kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub ntsiab. yuav qhia. txhais tau tias ntawm suab paj nruag - melodic. kab, hom, atherosclerosis, structural articulation, muab essays ntawm keeb kwm. kev loj hlob ntawm suab paj nruag (los ntawm JS Bach, L. Beethoven, F. Chopin, PI Tchaikovsky, SV Rachmaninov, thiab ib co Soviet composers). MG Aranovsky thiab MP Papush nyob rau hauv lawv tej hauj lwm tsa cov lus nug ntawm qhov xwm ntawm M. thiab lub ntsiab ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm M.

References: Gunke I., Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm suab paj nruag, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: Phau ntawv qhia ua tiav rau kev sau nkauj, St. Petersburg, 1863; Serov A., Lavxias teb sab pej xeem zaj nkauj raws li ib tug kawm ntawm science, "Music. lub caij”, 1870-71, Tsis muaj 6 (section 2 – Technical warehouse of the Russian song); tib yam, hauv nws phau ntawv: Xaiv. articles, vol. 1, M.-L., 1950; Petr VI, Ntawm lub tsev khaws khoom melodic ntawm Aryan nkauj. Keeb Kwm thiab Kev Sib Piv, SPV, 1899; Metallov V., Osmosis ntawm Znamenny Chant, M., 1899; Küffer M., Rhythm, melody and harmony, “RMG”, 1900; Shishov IP, Nyob rau lo lus nug ntawm kev tsom xam ntawm cov qauv suab paj nruag, "Kev kawm suab paj nruag", 1927, Tsis muaj 1-3; Belyaeva-Kakzemplyarskaya S., Yavorsky V., Structure of a melody, M., 1929; Asafiev BV, Musical form as a process, book. 1-2, M.-L., 1930-47, L., 1971; nws tus kheej, Speech intonation, M.-L., 1965; Kulakovsky L., Nyob rau hauv lub methodology ntawm melody tsom xam, "SM", 1933, No 1; Gruber RI, Keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai, vol. 1, ntu 1, M.-L., 1941; Sposobin IV, Musical form, M.-L., 1947, 1967; Mazel LA, O melody, M., 1952; Ancient suab paj nruag aesthetics, nkag. Art. thiab coll. ntawv los ntawm AF Losev, Moscow, 1960; Belyaev VM, Essays ntawm keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub USSR, vol. 1-2, M., 1962-63; Uspensky ND, Laus Lavxias teb sab hu nkauj art, M., 1965, 1971; Shestakov VP (comp.), Musical aesthetics of the Western European Middle Ages thiab Renaissance, M., 1966; nws, Suab paj nruag aesthetics ntawm Western Europe ntawm lub XVII-XVIII centuries, M., 1971; Aranovsky MG, Melodika S. Prokofiev, L., 1969; Korchmar L., Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XVIII, nyob rau hauv sau: Cov lus nug ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm suab paj nruag, vol. 2, M., 1970; ib. Papush MP, On the analysis of the concept of melody, in: Musical Art and Science, vol. 2, M., 1973; ib. Zemtsovsky I., Melodika of calendar songs, L., 1975; Plato, Xeev, Ua Haujlwm, trans. los ntawm ancient Greek A. Egunova, vol. 3, part 1, M., 1971, p. 181, § 398d; Aristotle, Txoj Cai, trans. los ntawm ancient Greek S. Zhebeleva, M., 1911, p. 373, § 1341b; Anonymous (Cleonides?), Taw qhia rau lub harmonica, trans. los ntawm ancient Greek G. Ivanova, "Philological Review", 1894, v. 7, phau ntawv. ib.

Yu. N. Kholopov