Suab nkauj kho siab |

Suab paj nruag style yog ib lo lus nyob rau hauv keeb kwm kos duab uas characterizes ib tug system ntawm kev qhia, uas ua hauj lwm rau embody ib los yog lwm yam ideological thiab cov ntsiab lus piv txwv. Hauv suab paj nruag, qhov no yog suab paj nruag-zoo nkauj. thiab suab paj nruag keeb kwm. qeb. Lub tswvyim ntawm style nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag, reflecting lub dialectic. kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab daim ntawv yog complex thiab multi-valued. Nrog rau unconditional dependence rau cov ntsiab lus, nws tseem belongs rau lub teb ntawm daim ntawv, uas peb txhais tau hais tias tag nrho cov txheej ntawm suab paj nruas kab lus. txhais tau tias, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag. lus, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm shaping, compositions. kev dag. Lub tswv yim ntawm style implies ib tug commonality ntawm stylistic nta hauv suab paj nruag. khoom, rooted nyob rau hauv lub socio-keeb kwm. tej yam kev mob, nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no saib thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm ntxias, nyob rau hauv lawv cov tswv yim ua hauj lwm. txoj kev, nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov suab paj nruag keeb kwm. txheej txheem.

Lub tswv yim ntawm style nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm lub Renaissance (kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th), piv txwv li thaum lub sij hawm tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsis tu ncua ntawm lub tiag tiag muses. compositions tshwm sim nyob rau hauv aesthetics thiab txoj kev xav. Nws tau dhau los ua kev hloov pauv ntev, uas tau qhia ob qho tib si tsis meej thiab qee qhov kev nkag siab tsis meej ntawm lub sijhawm. Nyob rau hauv owls musicology, nws yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib tham, uas tau piav qhia los ntawm ntau lub ntsiab lus nqis peev hauv nws. Nws raug ntaus nqi ob qho tib si rau tus kheej cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus kws sau ntawv (hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, nws mus txog lub tswv yim ntawm kev sau ntawv zoo, tus cwj pwm), thiab rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov haujlwm muaj nyob hauv k.-l. ib hom ntawv nyeem (hom style), thiab rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sau ntawv ntawm ib pab pawg neeg ntawm composers koom ua ke los ntawm ib tug ntau platform (tsev kawm ntawv style), thiab rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua hauj lwm ntawm composers ntawm ib lub teb chaws (national style) los yog keeb kwm. lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm suab paj nruag. art-va (style of direction, style of the era). Txhua yam ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm "style" yog qhov ntuj, tab sis nyob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj qee yam kev txwv. Lawv tshwm sim vim qhov sib txawv ntawm qib thiab qib ntawm kev dav dav, vim muaj ntau yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov style thiab tus kheej ntawm lawv qhov kev siv hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tuam tsev. composers; Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ntau zaus nws yog qhov tseeb hais tias tsis yog hais txog ib qho style, tab sis yuav tsum nco ntsoov lub stylistic. nyiam (ua, nrog rau) hauv suab paj nruag c.-l. era los yog hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Ph.D. composer, stylist kev sib txuas los yog commonality style nta, thiab lwm yam. Cov lus qhia "cov hauj lwm yog sau nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug style" yog ntau tshaj li scientific. Cov no yog, piv txwv li, cov npe uas cov kws sau paj huam qee zaum muab rau lawv cov haujlwm, uas yog stylizations (Fp. Myaskovsky's play "Nyob rau hauv Qub Style", piv txwv li nyob rau hauv lub qub ntsuj plig). Feem ntau lo lus "style" hloov lwm lub ntsiab lus, piv txwv li. txoj kev los yog kev taw qhia (romantic style), ib hom ntawv (opera style), suab paj nruag. warehouse (homophonic style), hom ntsiab lus. Lub tswv yim kawg (piv txwv li, heroic style) yuav tsum lees paub tias tsis yog, vim. nws tsis coj mus rau hauv tus account txawm keeb kwm los yog nat. yam, thiab implied common features, eg. intonational muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm thematism (fanfare intonations nyob rau hauv heroic ntsiab) yog kom meej meej tsis txaus los kho cov stylistic commonality. Hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account ob qho tib si muaj peev xwm ntawm convergence thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm style thiab txoj kev, style thiab ib hom ntawv nyeem, thiab lwm yam, nrog rau lawv qhov sib txawv thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev txheeb xyuas tiav, uas ua rau puas tsuaj heev. qeb ntawm style.

Lub tswv yim ntawm ib hom ntawv style originated nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag. xyaum nyob rau hauv tsim ntawm tus kheej stylistic. nta nyob rau hauv hom motet, huab hwm coj, madrigal, thiab lwm yam. Kev siv lub tswv yim no yog qhov tseeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau cov hom, uas, raws li cov xwm txheej ntawm lawv lub hauv paus chiv keeb thiab lub neej, tsis muaj lub ntsej muag ci ntsa iab ntawm tus tsim tus cwj pwm lossis hauv qhov uas qhia meej meej cov khoom kom meej meej kov yeej tus neeg sau ntawv. Lub sij hawm siv tau, piv txwv li, rau cov hom ntawm prof. suab paj nruag ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab Renaissance (cov qauv ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog. Organum lossis Italian. Chromatic. Madrigal). Lub tswvyim no feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv lus dab neeg (piv txwv li, style ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab tshoob nkauj); nws kuj tseem siv tau rau txhua hnub suab paj nruag ntawm qee yam keeb kwm. lub sij hawm (cov style ntawm Lavxias teb sab niaj hnub romance ntawm 1st ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, ntau yam ntawm niaj hnub pop, jazz music, thiab lwm yam). Qee lub sij hawm qhov ci ntsa iab, kev pom tseeb, thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib hom ntawv uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv c.-l. kev taw qhia suab paj nruag, tso cai rau qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus: piv txwv li, cov kab lus tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov sib npaug: "tus qauv ntawm Fabkis loj. romantic operas" thiab "Great French hom. romantic operas." Txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib txawv tseem nyob: lub tswv yim ntawm opera ib hom ntawv nyeem suav nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov phiaj xwm thiab nws cov kev txhais lus, thaum lub tswv yim ntawm cov style suav nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov yam ntxwv ruaj khov uas muaj keeb kwm tsim nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv sib xws.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm ib hom ntawv undoubtedly cuam tshuam rau qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm qhov sib xws ntawm cov yam ntxwv stylistic; Qhov no yog manifested, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm stylistic. nta ntawm ntau lawm., ua ke los ntawm kev ua. muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nws yog qhov yooj yim dua los nthuav tawm cov stylistic commonality ntawm kev ua haujlwm. prod. F. Chopin thiab R. Schumann (piv txwv li, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lawv cov kev ua haujlwm zoo) tshaj li qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm tag nrho. Ib qho ntawm feem ntau siv. kev siv lub tswv yim ntawm "style" yog hais txog kev kho cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev siv c.-l. tus sau (los yog ib pab pawg neeg ntawm lawv) ntawm cov ua yeeb yam apparatus (piv txwv li, lub piano style ntawm Chopin, lub suab style ntawm Mussorgsky, lub orchestral style ntawm Wagner, style ntawm Fabkis harpsichordists, thiab lwm yam). Nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm ib tug composer, stylistic sib txawv nyob rau hauv txawv ib hom ntawv nyeem yog feem ntau pom tau tias: piv txwv li, cov style ntawm FP. prod. Schumann txawv heev los ntawm cov style ntawm nws symphonies. Ntawm qhov piv txwv ntawm ntau hom ntau yam qhia txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov ntsiab lus piv txwv thiab cov yam ntxwv stylistic: piv txwv li, qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov chaw ntawm keeb kwm thiab tus neeg ua yeeb yam. Cov suab paj nruag chamber tsim cov kev xav tau ua ntej rau cov ntsiab lus philosophical tob thiab cov ntsiab lus stylistic sib haum rau cov ntsiab lus no. nta - ncauj lus kom ntxaws intonation. tsev, polyphonic kev ntxhib los mos, thiab lwm yam.

Stylistic continuity yog pom tseeb dua nyob rau hauv ntau lawm. ntawm tib hom ntawv: ib qho tuaj yeem piav qhia txog ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm cov yam ntxwv hauv FP. concerts los ntawm L. Beethoven, F. Liszt, PI Tchaikovsky, E. Grieg, SV Rachmaninov thiab SS Prokofiev; txawm li cas los xij, raws li kev txheeb xyuas ntawm fp. concerts ntawm cov neeg sau npe, nws tsis yog "style ntawm piano concerto" uas tau tshwm sim, tab sis tsuas yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov txuas ntxiv hauv kev ua haujlwm. ib hom.

Keeb kwm conditioned thiab kev loj hlob decomp. Ib hom ntawv kuj yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm nruj thiab dawb qauv, yos rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 17th. (JB Doni, K. Bernhard thiab lwm tus). Lawv zoo tib yam rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm ancient (antico) thiab niaj hnub (moderne) styles thiab implied ib tug tsim nyog kev faib ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem (motets thiab masses, los yog, ntawm qhov tod tes, concerts thiab instr. music) thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv polyphonic cov tswv yim. ntawv. Cov style nruj, txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau ntau dua, thaum lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm "free style" yog Ch. arr. as opposed to nruj.

Thaum lub sij hawm lub zog ntawm stylistic hloov, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm maturation nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag tshiab, classical. kev tsis tu ncua uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm intensive kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm polyphonic thiab tshwm sim homophonic-harmonic. suab paj nruag, cov ntsiab cai no lawv tus kheej tsis tau tsuas yog formal, tab sis kuj keeb kwm thiab zoo nkauj. lub ntsiab lus. Hais txog lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm JS Bach thiab GF Handel (kom txog rau thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th), lub tswvyim ntawm polyphonic. thiab homophonic styles imply ib yam dab tsi ntau tshaj li lub ntsiab lus ntawm muses. lub tsev khaws khoom. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv siv nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau cov phenomena tom qab yog tsis ncaj ncees lawm; lub tswv yim ntawm homophonic style feem ntau poob ib qho concreteness, thiab polyphonic style yuav tsum tau qhia meej txog keeb kwm. era los yog hloov mus rau hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ntxhib los mos. Ib yam, piv txwv li, hais tias "polyphonic. Shostakovich's style ", siv lub ntsiab lus sib txawv, piv txwv li qhia qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev siv polyphonic. txuj ci nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm tus sau no.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, uas yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum txiav txim siab style, yog lub teb chaws qhov tseem ceeb. Nws plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv concretizing cov yam uas twb tau hais lawm (tus qauv ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev sib hlub los yog zaj nkauj Lavxias teb sab tshoob). Nyob rau hauv txoj kev xav thiab aesthetics nat. nam ntawm style yog accentuated twb nyob rau hauv lub 17th-18th centuries. Lub teb chaws qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm style yog pom tseeb tshaj plaws hauv kev kos duab txij li xyoo pua 19th, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm lub npe hu. Cov tub ntxhais hluas lub teb chaws cov tsev kawm ntawv, tsim ntawm cov teb chaws Europe coj qhov chaw thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19. thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau xyoo pua 20th, kis mus rau lwm lub tebchaws.

Lub teb chaws lub zej zog yog rooted feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kos duab, nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm sab ntsuj plig kab lis kev cai ntawm lub teb chaws thiab pom ib tug indirect los yog indirect qhia nyob rau hauv cov style. Lub hauv paus ntawm lub teb chaws Lub commonality ntawm style nta yog kev cia siab rau cov lus dab neeg thiab txoj kev ntawm lawv cov kev siv. Txawm li cas los xij, hom kev siv cov lus dab neeg, nrog rau ntau qhov ntau ntawm nws lub cev nqaij daim tawv thiab ib hom ntawv txheej, muaj ntau haiv neeg uas qee zaum nyuaj los yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tsim tau qhov kev sib koom ua ke (txawm tias muaj kev txuas ntxiv), tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov keeb kwm sib txawv. theem: kom ntseeg tau qhov no, nws txaus los sib piv cov qauv ntawm MI Glinka thiab GV Sviridov, Liszt thiab B. Bartok, lossis - ntawm lub sijhawm luv luv - AI Khachaturian thiab niaj hnub. caj npab. composers, thiab nyob rau hauv Azerbaijan. suab paj nruag - cov qauv ntawm U. Gadzhibekov thiab KA Karaev.

Thiab tseem, rau cov suab paj nruag ntawm qee yam (qee zaum txuas ntxiv) keeb kwm. theem, lub tswvyim ntawm "style nat. tsev kawm ntawv” (tab sis tsis yog ib lub teb chaws style). Nws cov cim tshwj xeeb yog ruaj khov thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm nat. classics, tsim lub hauv paus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kab lig kev cai thiab stylistic. continuity, uas yuav manifest nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib tug ntev lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm. lub sij hawm (piv txwv li, cov kab lig kev cai ntawm Glinka creativity nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag).

Nrog rau lub teb chaws cov tsev kawm ntawv, muaj lwm cov koom haum ntawm composers uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau haiv neeg. thaj chaw thiab feem ntau hu ua tsev kawm ntawv. Lub degree ntawm kev raug cai ntawm kev siv lo lus "style" nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau cov tsev kawm ntawv nyob ntawm seb cov theem ntawm generality uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv xws li cov koom haum. Yog li, piv txwv li, lub tswv yim ntawm polyphonic style yog ntuj heev. Cov tsev kawm ntawv Renaissance (Fabkis-Flemish lossis Dutch, Roman, Venetian, thiab lwm yam). Lub sijhawm ntawd, tus txheej txheem ntawm tus kheej ntawm kev muaj tswv yim yog pib xwb. tus composer tus sau ntawv nrog rau lub department ntawm suab paj nruag raws li ywj siab. kev thov los ntawm kev siv suab paj nruag thiab nrog rau kev suav nrog cov ntsiab lus tshiab ntawm kev qhia, nthuav dav ntawm cov duab thiab nws qhov sib txawv. Lub meej dominance ntawm polyphonic. ntawv rau prof. suab paj nruag tawm nws lub cim rau tag nrho nws cov kev tshwm sim, thiab lub tswv yim ntawm style feem ntau txuam nrog precisely nrog lub peculiarities ntawm kev siv ntawm polyphonic. kev dag. Cov yam ntxwv rau lub sij hawm tsim ntawm classic. hom thiab cov qauv, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov dav dav tshaj tus neeg tso cai rau peb siv lub tswv yim ntawm style decomp. tsev kawm ntawv rau opera suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. (Florentine, Roman thiab lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv) los yog mus rau instr. suab paj nruag ntawm 17th thiab 18th centuries. (piv txwv li, cov tsev kawm Bologna, Mannheim). Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, thaum lub tswv yim ntawm tus kheej ntawm tus kws kos duab tau txais qhov tseem ceeb, lub tswv yim ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv poob nws lub ntsiab lus "guild". Qhov xwm txheej ib ntus ntawm cov pab pawg tawm tshiab (Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Weimar) ua rau nws nyuaj rau kho lub zej zog stylistic; Nws yog qhov yooj yim dua los tsim nws qhov twg yog vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv (Frank lub tsev kawm ntawv), txawm hais tias cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov pab pawg no tsis yog cov neeg ua raws li kev coj noj coj ua, tab sis epigones (cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv Leipzig nrog rau ua haujlwm ntawm F. Mendelssohn). Ntau qhov tseeb yog lub tswv yim ntawm cov style ntawm "Rus tshiab. tsev kawm suab paj nruag", los yog lub voj voog Balakirev. Ib lub tswv yim zoo ib yam, kev siv cov yeeb yaj kiab zoo sib xws, kev txhim kho ntawm Glinka cov kab lig kev cai tsim hauv av rau lub zej zog stylistic, tshwm sim hauv hom thematics (Lavxias teb sab thiab sab hnub tuaj), thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev loj hlob thiab shaping, thiab nyob rau hauv kev siv. folklore khoom. Tab sis yog hais tias lub tswv yim thiab zoo nkauj yam, kev xaiv ntawm cov ncauj lus, cov phiaj xwm, ib hom kev txiav txim siab loj hauv zej zog stylistic, lawv tsis tas yuav ua rau nws. Piv txwv li, thematically hais txog operas "Boris Godunov" los ntawm Mussorgsky thiab "Tus Maid ntawm Pskov" los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov txawv ho nyob rau hauv style. Hais lus muaj tswv yim. Tus cwj pwm ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm lub voj voog yeej txwv lub tswv yim ntawm cov style ntawm Mighty Handful.

Nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th cov pab pawg neeg ntawm composers tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm txhais tau tias. stylistic hloov (Fabkis "Six", lub tsev kawm ntawv Viennese tshiab). Lub tswv yim ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv style kuj tseem txheeb ze ntawm no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub. txhais tau tias. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv, qhov nqaim ntawm cov duab ntau thiab nws qhov tshwj xeeb, nrog rau kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntsiab lus tsim nyog ntawm kev qhia ua rau muaj kev pom zoo ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm "style ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Schoenberg" (lub tsev kawm ntawv Viennese tshiab). Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias kev siv cov txheej txheem dodecaphonic tsis pom cov tsiaj. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv ntawm A. Schoenberg, A. Berg, A. Webern.

Ib qho teeb meem nyuaj tshaj plaws hauv kev ua suab paj nruag yog qhov teeb meem ntawm style raws li keeb kwm zoo, nws qhov kev sib raug zoo nrog lub sijhawm thiab kev kos duab. method, kev taw qhia. Keeb kwm thiab aesthetic. nam ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm style tshwm sim nyob rau hauv con. 19 – lus. 20 centuries, thaum lub suab paj nruag. Kev zoo nkauj qiv los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam thiab cov ntaub ntawv cov ntsiab lus "baroque", "rococo", "classicism", "romanticism", tom qab "impressionism", "expressionism", thiab lwm yam. G. Adler hauv nws txoj haujlwm ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag ("Der Stil in der Musik") twb nyob rau hauv 1911 coj cov keeb kwm. style designations mus txog 70. Tseem muaj cov ntsiab lus nrog kev faib loj: piv txwv li, S. C. Skrebkov nyob rau hauv phau ntawv. "Cov ntsiab cai ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov suab paj nruag", xav txog keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag raws li kev hloov hauv stylistic. eras, txheeb xyuas rau lub ntsiab tseem ceeb - Cov Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub Nyoog, Lub Sijhawm Thaum Ntxov, Lub Siab Renaissance, Baroque, Classic. era thiab modernity (nyob rau hauv lub tom kawg realistic. thov yog tawm tsam modernist). Ib qho kev qhia ntxaws ntxaws ntawm cov qauv ua rau qhov tsis paub meej ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm lub tswv yim, qee zaum nqaim mus rau qhov kev sau ntawv (“xav. style" nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th), ces loj hlob mus rau hauv ideological art. txoj kev los yog kev taw qhia (romantic style; Tseeb, nws muaj qhov sib txawv. subspecies). Txawm li cas los xij, kev faib loj txawm tawm ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm stylistic. tiam sis (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag niaj hnub), thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm txoj kev thiab kev taw qhia (xws li nruab nrab ntawm Viennese classical tsev kawm ntawv thiab romanticism nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm classicism). Lub complexity ntawm qhov teeb meem yog exacerbated los ntawm lub impossibility ntawm ib tug ua tiav kev txheeb xyuas ntawm phenomena ntawm muses. kev foob nrog cov xwm txheej zoo sib xws hauv lwm tus. art-wah (thiab, yog li ntawd, xav tau kev tshwj xeeb tsim nyog thaum qiv cov ntsiab lus), sib tov lub tswv yim ntawm style nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev muaj tswv yim. txoj kev (hauv Zarub. tsis muaj qhov zoo li no hauv kev ua suab paj nruag) thiab kev coj ua, qhov tsis txaus ntseeg hauv cov ntsiab lus thiab kev faib tawm ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev, kev taw qhia, qauv, tsev kawm ntawv, thiab lwm yam. Tej hauj lwm ntawm owls. musicologists ntawm 1960s thiab 70s (M. TO. Mikhailova A. N. Sohor), vam khom ntau ntawm otd. kev txhais thiab kev soj ntsuam b. AT. Asafeva, Yus. N. Tulin, L. A. Mazel, nrog rau kev tshawb fawb ntawm Marxist-Leninist aesthetics thiab kev zoo nkauj ntawm lwm tus. kev foob yog tsom rau kev qhia meej thiab sib txawv cov ntsiab lus no. Lawv txheeb xyuas peb lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: txoj kev, kev taw qhia, style (qee zaum lub tswv yim ntawm ib qho system ntxiv rau lawv). Txhawm rau txhais lawv, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum paub qhov txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm style thiab kev muaj tswv yim. txoj kev, qhov piv ntawm uas yog ze rau qhov piv ntawm cov pawg ntawm daim ntawv thiab cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lawv dialectic. kev sib raug zoo. Cov kev taw qhia yog suav tias yog pob zeb-keeb kwm. manifestation ntawm txoj kev. Nrog rau txoj kev no, lub tswv yim ntawm style ntawm txoj kev los yog style ntawm kev coj yog muab tso rau pem hauv ntej. Yog, romantic. ib txoj hauv kev uas qhia txog qee yam kev xav ntawm kev muaj tiag thiab, yog li ntawd, qee qhov kev xav-tus qauv, yog concretized nyob rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia ntawm suab paj nruag. kev foob nyob rau xyoo 19th. Nws tsis tsim ib qho romantic. style, tab sis coj mus rau nws ideological thiab figurative system yuav qhia. txhais tau tias tsim ib tug xov tooj ntawm ruaj khov stylistic nta, to-rye thiab txhais tau tias yog romantic. style nta. Yog li, piv txwv li, qhov nce hauv kev nthuav qhia thiab cov yeeb yuj lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, hluavtaws. hom suab paj nruag, siv cov ntawv dawb, siv zog los ntawm kev txhim kho, hom tshiab ntawm tus kheej FP. thiab orc. textures ua rau nws ua tau kom nco ntsoov qhov sib xws ntawm cov neeg nyiam sib txawv ntawm ntau yam xws li G. Berlioz thiab R. Schumann, F. Schubert thiab F. lis, F.

Txoj cai ntawm kev siv cov lus hais, uas lub tswv yim ntawm style, raws li nws tau, hloov lub tswv yim ntawm txoj kev (romantic style, impressionistic style, thiab lwm yam), nyob ntawm lub sab hauv. cov ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev no. Yog li, ntawm ib sab, qhov nqaim ideological thiab zoo nkauj (thiab ib nrab lub teb chaws) lub ntsiab lus ntawm impressionism thiab, ntawm qhov tod tes, qhia qhov tseeb tiag tiag ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim los ntawm nws. txhais tau tias tso cai rau muaj laj thawj zoo los siv lo lus "impressionistic. style” dua li “romantic. style ”(ntawm no lub sij hawm luv luv ntawm lub neej ntawm cov kev taw qhia kuj plays lub luag hauj lwm). Lub neej yog romantic. txoj kev txuam nrog lub predominance ntawm tus neeg tshaj lub general, normative, mus sij hawm ntev evolution ntawm romantic. cov lus qhia ua rau nws nyuaj rau muab lub tswv yim ntawm ib leeg romantic. style. Muaj tiag versatility. txoj kev, tawm tswv yim, tshwj xeeb, cais. ntau hom kev nthuav qhia, ntau yam ntawm cov qauv, ua rau lub tswv yim yog qhov tseeb. style nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag yog tiag tiag devoid ntawm txhua yam ntawm qhov tseeb; qhov no kuj yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi rau txoj kev socialist. kev muaj tiag. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lawv, lub tswv yim ntawm classical style (nrog rau tag nrho cov ambiguity ntawm lub txhais lus) yog heev natural; Nws yog feem ntau to taub raws li cov style tsim los ntawm Viennese classic. tsev kawm ntawv, thiab lub tswv yim ntawm tsev kawm ntawv nce no mus rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev coj. Qhov no yog yooj yim los ntawm implied keeb kwm thiab geographic qhov tseeb ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm no kev taw qhia raws li ib tug txoj kev nyob rau hauv lub siab tshaj plaws theem ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob, raws li zoo raws li lub normativity ntawm txoj kev nws tus kheej thiab nws manifestation nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm lub kawg. tsim ntawm feem ntau universal, ruaj khov hom thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov suab paj nruag. kev foob uas qhia meej meej nws qhov tshwj xeeb. Qhov ci ntsa iab ntawm tus kheej ntawm J. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart thiab Beethoven tsis rhuav tshem cov stylistic commonality ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm Viennese classics. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm qhov piv txwv ntawm keeb kwm theem, lub concretization ntawm ib tug dav lub tswv yim - cov style ntawm lub era kuj pom. Qhov no generalized style yog kom meej meej manifested nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm muaj zog keeb kwm. upheaval, thaum muaj kev hloov pauv hauv zej zog. Kev sib raug zoo ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev kos duab, xav txog hauv nws cov yam ntxwv stylistic. Suab paj nruag, raws li ib ntus thov, rhiab heev rau xws li "explosions". Fabkis zoo heev. lub kiv puag ncig ntawm 1789-94 tau yug los rau ib tug tshiab "intonation phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm lub era" (lub ntsiab lus no yog formulated los ntawm BV Asafiev precisely nyob rau hauv relation to no ntu ntawm cov txheej txheem keeb kwm), uas yog generalized nyob rau hauv Beethoven txoj hauj lwm. Lub ciam teb ntawm lub sijhawm tshiab dhau los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Viennese classics. intonation system, qhov xwm ntawm lub suab ntawm Beethoven lub suab paj nruag tej zaum coj nws los ze zog mus rau lub marches ntawm FJ Gossec, lub Marseillaise, zaj nkauj ntawm I. Pleyel thiab A. Gretry, dua li rau symphonies ntawm Haydn thiab Mozart, rau tag nrho lawv undoubted stylistic . commonality thiab txoj kev muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm kev nthuav qhia txuas ntxiv.

Yog hais tias muaj feem xyuam rau cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov khoom. sib txawv composers los yog ua hauj lwm ntawm ib pab pawg neeg ntawm composers, lub tswv yim ntawm style yuav tsum tau kom meej meej thiab meej, ces nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo mus rau cov hauj lwm ntawm ib pab pawg neeg ntawm composers. composers nws yog characterized los ntawm qhov loj tshaj concreteness. Qhov no yog vim kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev kos duab. tus kheej thiab chronology. txhais ntawm lub Scope ntawm nws cov dej num. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws tsis yog yuav tsum tau muaj ib tug unambiguous txhais, tab sis qhia ib tug ntau yam ntawm stylistic zoo thiab nta uas qhia lub composer qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm. txheej txheem thiab tus kheej ntawm kev siv ntawm stylistic. trends yam ntxwv ntawm lub era, kev taw qhia, nat. cov tsev kawm ntawv, thiab lwm yam. Yog li, lub sijhawm txaus ntawm kev muaj tswv yim. txoj kev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog txhais tau tias. cov xwm txheej keeb kwm, tseem ceeb hloov hauv zej zog. kev nco qab thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev kos duab, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov qauv zoo nkauj; Piv txwv li, cov style ntawm Beethoven lub sij hawm lig yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm creatures. Cov kev hloov hauv cov suab paj nruag lus, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm shaping, uas nyob rau hauv lub lig sonatas thiab quartets ntawm lub composer ua ke nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm romanticism uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm (10-20s ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th). Nyob rau hauv lub 9th symphony (1824) thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej hauj lwm. Lwm hom yog pom organically. ib tug synthesis ntawm stylistic nta ntawm paub tab thiab lig lub sij hawm ntawm Beethoven txoj hauj lwm, ua pov thawj ob qho tib si lub neej ntawm tus composer lub unified style thiab nws evolution. Ntawm qhov piv txwv ntawm 9th symphony lossis op. sonata No. 32, nws yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yuav ua li cas cov ntsiab lus ideological thiab piv txwv cuam tshuam cov yam ntxwv ntawm stylistic (piv txwv li, cov duab ntawm kev tawm tsam heroic nyob rau hauv 1st ib feem ntawm lub symphony, uas yog stylistically ze rau kev ua hauj lwm ntawm lub sij hawm paub tab, txawm tias enriched. nrog cov yam ntxwv tshiab, thiab kev xav xav. Piv txwv ntawm kev hloov pauv zoo li qub yog muab los ntawm kev muaj tswv yim. Kev hloov pauv ntawm G. Verdi - los ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm zoo li operas ntawm 3s thiab 30s. mus rau tsab ntawv ntxaws "Othello". Qhov no kuj tau piav qhia los ntawm evolution los ntawm romantic. operas mus rau qhov tseeb. suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam (piv txwv li, evolution ntawm txoj kev), thiab kev loj hlob ntawm technical. orc kev txawj ntse. cov tsiaj ntawv, thiab ntau thiab ntau zoo ib yam xav txog ntawm qee qhov dav dav stylistic. trends of the era (kawg-rau-kawg txoj kev loj hlob). Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm tus composer lub style tseem nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm Italian. suab paj nruag theatre (national factor), brightness melodic. nyem (nrog rau tag nrho cov kev hloov pauv tau qhia los ntawm nws cov kev sib raug zoo tshiab nrog cov ntawv ua haujlwm).

Tseem muaj xws li composer yeej, to-rye thoob plaws lawv tsim thiab kev loj hlob yog yus muaj los ntawm zoo versatility; qhov no siv rau ch. arr. mus rau lub suab nkauj foob 2 pem teb. 19th-20th centuries Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm I. Brahms, muaj ib tug synthesis ntawm stylistic nta ntawm lub suab paj nruag ntawm Bach lub sij hawm, Viennese classics, thaum ntxov, mature thiab lig romanticism. Ib qho piv txwv tseem ceeb tshaj yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm DD Shostakovich, nyob rau hauv uas cov kev sib txuas tau tsim nrog cov kos duab ntawm JS Bach, L. Beethoven, PI Tchaikovsky, MP Mussorgsky, SI Taneyev, G. Mahler thiab lwm tus; Nyob rau hauv nws cov suab paj nruag ib tug kuj tuaj yeem soj ntsuam qhov kev siv ntawm qee yam stylistic nta ntawm expressionism, neoclassicism, txawm impressionism, uas tsis contradict ib qho kev muaj tswv yim ua hauj lwm. tus composer txoj kev - txoj kev socialist. kev muaj tiag. Xws li creatures tshwm nyob rau hauv Shostakovich txoj hauj lwm. qhov zoo ntawm style, raws li qhov xwm ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm style nta, cov organicity thiab tus kheej ntawm lawv cov kev siv. Cov kev zoo no tso cai rau peb kos ib kab ntawm kev nplua nuj ntawm stylistic. kev sib txuas thiab eclecticism.

Stylization kuj txawv ntawm tus kheej synthesizing style - nco qab. kev siv lub complex ntawm kev nthuav qhia txhais tau tias tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov style ntawm k.-l. composer, era los yog kev taw qhia (piv txwv li, pastoral interlude los ntawm tus huab tais ntawm Spades, sau "nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm Mozart"). Complex piv txwv ntawm modeling decomp. Cov qauv ntawm yav dhau los eras, feem ntau thaum tuav cov cim stylistic ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm creation, muab tej hauj lwm sau nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog neoclassicism (Pulcinella thiab Stravinsky's The Rake's Adventures). Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm niaj hnub, incl. Soviet, composers, koj tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm polystylistics - kev nco qab ua ke hauv ib yam khoom. dec. stylistic nta los ntawm kev hloov pauv, kev sib txuas ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv, qee zaum contradictory "stylistic. tawg tawg.”

Lub tswv yim ntawm lub zej zog stylistic yog ze ze rau lub tswv yim ntawm kev lig kev cai. Tus kheej style ntawm tus composer yog raws li lub tswv yim "arts. discoveries ”(lub sij hawm ntawm LA Mazel) ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm otd. prod. los yog tag nrho cov creativity thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm suav nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv ntawm yav dhau los eras. Qee lub sij hawm lawv tau txuam nrog cov npe ntawm cov kws sau nkauj uas ua lub luag haujlwm dav dav hauv kev txhim kho kev kos duab lossis kwv yees nws txoj hauv kev yav tom ntej. Txhim kho qhov sib txawv stylistic, tsis txo qis rau mechan. daim ntawv teev cov qauv, pab kom paub txog keeb kwm. qhov xwm ntawm kev sib txuas stylistic, qhia cov qauv ntawm keeb kwm. txheej txheem, tshwj xeeb ntawm nws nat. kev tshwm sim thiab kev sib cuam tshuam thoob ntiaj teb. Lub conjugation ntawm lub sij hawm "style" nrog lub tswv yim ntawm kev lig kev cai ua tim khawv rau lub historicism ntawm no suab paj nruas aesthetic. qeb, hais txog nws txoj kev vam khom ntawm lub tswv yim thiab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab kev sib sib zog nqus nrog nws cov decomp. ntsej muag. Qhov no tsis suav nrog kev ua haujlwm thiab cuam tshuam. kev ywj pheej ntawm style, tk. ideological thiab figurative ntsiab lus ntawm suab paj nruag. thov-va tuaj yeem qhia tsuas yog los ntawm qhov system yuav qhia. txhais tau tias, rau-lub vaj kaj siab thiab yog tus cab kuj ntawm stylistic. nta. Cov lus qhia, uas tau dhau los ua cov yam ntxwv stylistic, tau txais hauv keeb kwm. txheej txheem thiab muaj kev ywj pheej. lub ntsiab lus, ua "kev txheeb xyuas cov cim" ntawm ib hom ntsiab lus: qhov ci ntsa iab cov cim qhia tau tshwm sim, qhov pom tseeb dua thiab qhov txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus tau nthuav tawm. Li no qhov yuav tsum tau rau ib tug stylistic tsom xam uas tsim dialectic. kev sib raug zoo ntawm keeb kwm tej yam kev mob ntawm lub era, muaj tswv yim. txoj kev, tus kheej ntawm tus kws kos duab thiab xaiv los ntawm nws yuav qhia. txhais tau tias kev nthuav qhia successions. kev sib txuas thiab stylistic generalizations, kev loj hlob ntawm kab lig kev cai thiab innovation. Kev tsom xam style yog ib qho tseem ceeb thiab fruitfully tsim cheeb tsam ntawm owls. musicology, uas ntse combines cov achievements ntawm nws keeb kwm. thiab theoretical industries.

Kev ua yeeb yam kuj yog ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm style. Nws cov yam ntxwv stylistic yog qhov nyuaj rau kev txiav txim siab, vim tias. ua. kev txhais lus tsis yog nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ntawv sau suab paj nruag ib zaug thiab rau tag nrho. Txawm tias qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov tshuab muaj tam sim no, cov ntaub ntawv sib nqus ua haujlwm tau los ntawm ntau qhov kev txiav txim siab thiab cov ntsiab lus. Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus txhais muaj nyob, thiab lawv cov kev faib tawm kwv yees li coincides nrog lub ntsiab. cov lus qhia nyob rau hauv composer's art. Hauv kev ua. art-ve kuj sib txuas ua ke ntawm tus kheej style ntawm tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag thiab cov kev sib tw style ntawm lub sijhawm; txhais lus ntawm ib lossis lwm yam khoom. nyob ntawm qhov zoo nkauj. lub tswv yim, outlook thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm tus artist. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, xws li cov yam ntxwv xws li "romantic." style los yog "classic." kev ua haujlwm style, feem ntau yog txuam nrog tag nrho lub siab lub ntsws xim ntawm kev txhais lus - dawb, nrog taw qhia qhov sib txawv lossis nruj, sib haum xeeb sib npaug. "Impressionistic" kev ua yeeb yam style feem ntau yog hu ua style uas qhuas cov yeeb yuj ntxoov ntawm lub suab prevails tshaj logic ntawm daim ntawv. Yog li, cov lus txhais yuav ua tiav. style, coinciding nrog cov npe ntawm cov qauv sib xws lossis cov qauv hauv kev kos duab, feem ntau yog raws li k.-l. tus kheej aesthetic cim.

References: Asafiev BV, Guide to concerts, vol. 1. Phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws suab paj nruag-theoretical notation, P., 1919; Livanova TN, Nyob rau hauv txoj kev los ntawm Renaissance mus rau Enlightenment ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. (Qee qhov teeb meem ntawm cov suab paj nruag style), nyob rau hauv Sat: Los ntawm Renaissance mus rau lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, M., 1963; nws, Qhov teeb meem ntawm style hauv suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: Renaissance. Baroque. Classicism, M., 1966; Kremlev Yu. A., Style thiab style, hauv: Cov lus nug ntawm kev xav thiab kev zoo nkauj ntawm suab paj nruag, vol. 4, XLIV, 1965; Mikhailov MK, Ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm style hauv suab paj nruag, ibid.; nws tus kheej, Suab paj nruag style nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab daim ntawv, nyob rau hauv Sat: Criticism thiab Musicology, L., 1975; nws tus kheej, Rau qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tsom xam stylistic, hauv Sat.: Cov lus nug niaj hnub ntawm musicology, M., 1976; Raaben LN, Aesthetic and stylistic trends in the music performance of our days, in: Questions of Theory and Aesthetics of Music, vol. 4, XLIV, 1965; nws tus kheej, System, style, method, in Sat: Criticism and Musicology, L., 1975; Sohor AH, Style, Method, Direction, in: Questions of Theory and Aesthetics of Music, vol. 4, XLIV, 1965; nws, Aesthetic xwm ntawm hom suab paj nruag, M., 1968; Musical form, M., 1965, p. 12, 1974; Konen VD, Ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm style nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm Renaissance, nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv: Etudes ntawm txawv teb chaws suab paj nruag, M., 1968, 1976; Keldysh Yu.V., Qhov teeb meem ntawm cov qauv hauv Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag ntawm 17th-18th centuries, "SM", 1973, No 3; Skrebkov SS, Artistic ntsiab cai ntawm suab paj nruas yeej, M., 1973; Druskin MS, Cov Lus Nug ntawm cov suab paj nruag keeb kwm, hauv kev sau: Cov lus nug niaj hnub ntawm suab paj nruag, M., 1976.

EM Tsareva