Suab kho siab |
Suab paj nruag-theoretical tswvyim tsim los ntawm BL Yavorsky. Thaum pib (txij li xyoo 1908) nws tau hu ua "tus qauv ntawm kev hais lus suab paj nruag", txij li xyoo 1918 - "txoj kev xav ntawm auditory gravity"; L. r. - nws lub npe nto moo tshaj plaws (qhia hauv 1912). Lub hauv paus ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm L. River. tsim nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20th. Lo lus LR" txhais tau hais tias kev nthuav tawm ntawm hom hauv lub sijhawm. Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm LR: qhov muaj nyob ntawm ob hom kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub suab - tsis ruaj khov thiab ruaj khov; qhov attraction ntawm instability rau kev daws teeb meem rau stability yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov muses. dynamics thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau lub tsev frets. Raws li Yavorsky, suab lub ntiajteb txawj nqus yog ze ze rau kev taw qhia ntawm ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig qhov chaw, raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub cev ntawm kev sib npaug - lub semicircular kwj dej nyob rau hauv lub auditory lub cev uas perceives suab paj nruag. Qhov txawv ntawm dissonance thiab consonance yog hais tias tsis ruaj tsis khov suab thiab ncua sij hawm consonate (piv txwv li, peb hd los yog fa nyob rau hauv C-dur) thiab, conversely, ruaj consonances (tonics) ntawm hom yuav dissonate (piv txwv li, nce thiab txo triads) . Yavorsky pom lub hauv paus ntawm instability nyob rau hauv lub ncua sij hawm ntawm lub triton ("rau-luton ratio"). Nyob rau hauv no, nws tso siab rau lub tswv yim ntawm tritone raws li ib qho tseem ceeb stimulus rau modal txoj kev loj hlob, muab tso rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm SI Taneev nyob rau hauv con. 19th caug xyoo (ua haujlwm "Tshawb xyuas cov phiaj xwm kev hloov pauv hauv Beethoven's sonatas") thiab tsim los ntawm nws tom qab (cov ntawv rau NN Amani, 1903). Cov kev paub ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov qauv bunks kuj tau coj mus rau lub tswv yim ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb ntawm Yavorsky's newt. suab paj nruag. Ua ke nrog nws cov kev daws teeb meem rau qhov loj thib peb, lub triton tsim cov kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab kev ruaj ntseg - "ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke"; ob lub tshuab xws li ntawm ib qho kev ncua deb sib koom ua ke rau hauv "ob chav symmetrical system", qhov kev daws teeb meem yog qhov thib peb. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuab no ua rau decomp. frets, thiab qhov tsis ruaj khov ntawm ib qho system qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ("modal moment") ntawm qhov tseem ceeb, thiab ob txoj kab ke qhia cov subdominants. Txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub suab nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo txiav txim siab qhov degree ntawm lawv qhov kev siv zog ("brightness").
Kev sib haum xeeb, yog li, yog tsim los ua ib pawg ntawm kev sib txuas ("conjugations") ntawm cov suab tsis ruaj khov rau hauv cov khoom ruaj khov uas daws lawv. Los ntawm no tuaj cov feem ntau txais nyob rau hauv owls. musicology, lub tswv yim ntawm hom raws li ib tug heev txheej txheem qauv ntawm dynamic. tus cwj pwm, raws li kev tawm tsam ntawm kev tawm tsam rog. Kev txhais ntawm hom yog ntau ntxaum nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau yav dhau los, scale (vim lub teev tsis qhia lub internal qauv ntawm lub hom).
Nrog rau qhov loj thiab me, txoj kev xav ntawm linear r. substantiates cov qauv, cov tonics uas tsis sawv cev consonance consonances: nce, txo, saw (txuas ntawm ob peb loj, piv txwv li, ce-es-g, piv txwv li lub loj-me ntawm tib lub npe). Ib pab pawg tshwj xeeb yog tsim los ntawm cov qauv sib txawv, qhov uas tib lub suab tuaj yeem muaj ob lub ntsiab lus - tsis ruaj khov thiab ruaj khov, uas yog vim li cas rau kev hloov pauv ntawm tonic. Qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws yog "ob chav-hom" uas tshwm sim thaum qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb yog daws ob zaug - "sab hauv thiab tawm" (ob qho tib si kev daws teeb meem yog sib cais los ntawm ib qho tritone, yog li ob-qhov loj, piv txwv li, sib txuas cov cim ntawm C-dur thiab Fis-dur).
Txhua hom muaj nws tus yam ntxwv yam ntxwv (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib qho kev nce qib - kev daws teeb meem rau cov sib thooj triad, sequences ntawm loj thib peb los yog me thib rau, chords nrog ib tug nce rau thib rau, hnav khaub ncaws foundations nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm ib tug poob peb, thiab lwm yam. ). Tau txais kev txhais lus. scale: pentatonic scale (loj loj los yog me me nrog tritone suab tawm), "Hungarian scale" (nce kev ntxhov siab ntawm ob lub tshuab), tag nrho cov suab thiab suab-semitone nplai (nce thiab txo qis frets, nrog rau ob lub frets).
Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm "hom tshiab" yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Qhov zoo ntawm Yavorsky, txij li feem ntau ntawm lawv yeej muaj nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm 19th-20th centuries, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm ntawm F. Liszt, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, AN Scriabin. Yavorsky kuj tau ua kom pom cov nplais ua haujlwm ib ntus (cov qauv hu ua nrog kev hloov pauv tsis pub dhau), uas nws tau siv hauv nws txoj haujlwm muaj tswv yim ntau xyoo tom qab. xyaum O. Messiaen. Lub tswvyim ntawm modal variability piav ntau ntau. phenomena ntawm tib neeg suab paj nruag; Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws pab piav qhia qee yam ntawm polytonality. Qhov kev lees paub ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov qauv tsim uas mus dhau qhov loj-me yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tawm tsam rau cov ntsiab lus, raws li qhov loj thiab me tuaj yeem hloov tau los ntawm kev tsis lees paub ntawm lub koom haum modal feem ntau, piv txwv li atonality.
Qhov yooj yim sab ntawm Yavorsky txoj kev xav modal yog txoj kev tsim frets ntawm tritone hauv paus. Tsis muaj laj thawj pom nyob rau hauv lub tritone lub universal qhov chaw ntawm fret tsim; qhov no yog pov thawj tseeb los ntawm cov qub frets, tsis muaj ib tug triton, to-rye, contrary to the course of historical. kev loj hlob yuav tsum tau txhais raws li tsis tiav hom ntawm ntau complex formations. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm dogmatism kuj muaj nyob rau hauv kev piav qhia ntawm sab hauv. fret cov qauv, uas qee zaum ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog qhov tseeb. Txawm li cas los xij, tus nqi ntawm Yavorsky txoj kev xav yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tau txiav txim siab ob qho tib si los ntawm txoj hauv kev rau qhov teeb meem nws tus kheej thiab los ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm ntau hom uas tau paub.
Ladotonal kev sib raug zoo (lub sij hawm "tonality" yog qhia los ntawm Yavorsky) yog suav hais tias nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau daim ntawv thiab lub suab nrov. proportions (piv txwv li, "deviation nyob rau hauv lub quarter thib peb ntawm daim ntawv"). Qhov kev txaus siab tshaj plaws yog "kev sib piv tonal nrog qhov tshwm sim", uas ob lossis ntau qhov tsis sib haum xeeb tsim kev tsis sib haum xeeb, qhov kev txiav txim siab los ua "qhov tshwm sim" - tonality uas sib sau ua ke tag nrho cov yav dhau los. Yavorsky tau tsim ntawm no lub tswv yim ntawm "kev sib sau ua ke ntawm kev txiav txim siab dua" tau muab tso ua ntej los ntawm Taneyev. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "kev sib piv nrog qhov tshwm sim" kuj tau nkag siab ntau dua, raws li kev sib tsoo ntawm kev sib cav sib ceg nrog cov txiaj ntsig dav dav. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub causality ntawm qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb tom ntej hauv yav dhau los yog hais txog.
Ib qho chaw loj hauv txoj kev xav ntawm L. r. occupies qhov teeb meem ntawm dismemberment ntawm kev ua hauj lwm. Yavorsky tsim lub tswv yim ntawm caesura thiab nws hom. Raws li kev sib piv nrog cov lus hais, lub tswv yim ntawm caesuria txhawb txoj kev xav ntawm kev ua tau zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov lus. Sab nraud - articulation - pom cov lus qhia nyob rau hauv "kev sib txuas hauv paus ntsiab lus" (kev sib txuas ntawm qhov deb), nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm "overlay" raws li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm adhesion, adhesion. Lub tswvyim ntawm intonation raws li lub hauv paus cell ntawm muses yog qhia. daim ntawv thiab kev nthuav qhia; nws yog nyob ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm suab decomp. modal lub ntsiab lus. Ib feem (kev tsim kho ntawm ib qho kev ua haujlwm) thiab ob-partness (hloov ntawm ob txoj haujlwm) yog qhov txawv; nyob rau hauv ob-partness, ib tug predicate yog txawv - lub sij hawm npaj (ib lub tswv yim uas tau dhau los ua dav) thiab ikt - lub sijhawm kawg thiab txhais tau tias.
Rhythm yog to taub raws li tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub cev - los ntawm qhov tsawg tshaj plaws mus rau qhov proportions ntawm loj qhov chaw. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov xwm txheej zoo sib xws tau sau nrog cov ntsiab lus modal; qhov kev nkag siab ntawm kev sib dhos yog txhais tau tias "muaj peev xwm taug kev hauv lub sijhawm, nyob rau hauv ib txwm ua suab nrov lub ntiajteb txawj nqus." Los ntawm no, ib lub tswv yim dav dav tshwm sim, uas tau muab lub npe. tag nrho txoj kev xav: modal atherosclerosis raws li ib tug txheej txheem ntawm unfolding hom nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm.
Daim ntawv no kuj suav hais tias nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog kev ruaj ntseg thiab instability kev sib raug zoo. Nws tau tshwm sim thawj zaug uas cov ntaub ntawv sawv cev rau kev ua raws li cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm shaping. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib daim ntawv ua ib lub tsev khaws khoom tshwj xeeb thiab cov schema raws li cov qauv tsim qauv dav dav yog delimited. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm L. dej. - lub siab xav txuas cov teeb meem ntawm cov qauv nrog kev kos duab. kev xaav ntawm suab paj nruag. Txawm hais tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm dogmatism tau tshwm sim ntawm no, ib yam nkaus, muaj lub siab xav xav txog suab paj nruag raws li kev hais lus ntawm tib neeg, qhia qhov zoo nkauj. lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, coj lawv los ze zog mus zoo sib xws. phenomena ntawm lwm qhov kev foob. Cov yam ntxwv no tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev xyaum siv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm L. dej. rau kev kawm suab paj nruag, rau cov chav kawm "mloog suab paj nruag".
Yog li, txawm hais tias lub tswv yim ntawm LR, uas raws nraim li tus sau qhov kev nthuav qhia, tsis tau khaws nws qhov tseem ceeb, ntau ntawm nws cov tswv yim dav dav dav dav, thiab cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb tau siv dav. Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm owls. musicologists LV Kulakovsky, ME Tarakanov, VP Dernova rethought los yog revived txoj kev tsom xam ntawm Nar. nkauj, tswvyim ntawm LR, ob hom.
References: Yavorsky BL, Tus qauv ntawm kev hais lus suab paj nruag. Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntawv sau, ntu 1-3, M., 1908; nws tus kheej, Kev Cuam Tshuam hauv kev tsim cov qauv kev sib dhos, ntu 1, M., 1915, M., 1928; nws, Basic ntsiab ntawm suab paj nruag, M., 1923; nws tus kheej, Kev tsim kho ntawm cov txheej txheem suab paj nruag, hauv phau ntawv: Belyaeva-Ekzemplyarskaya S., Yavorsky B., Melody qauv, M., 1929; Bryusova N., Kev tshawb fawb ntawm suab paj nruag, nws cov keeb kwm paths thiab lub xeev tam sim no, M., 1910; nws tus kheej, Boleslav Leopoldovich Yavorsky, nyob rau hauv lub collection: B. Yavorsky, vol. 1, M., 1964; Kulakovsky L., De-yaki zivchennya BL Yavorsky, “Music”, 1924, part 10-12; nws tus kheej, Ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm modal atherosclerosis thiab nws cov dej num, "Musical Education", 1930, No 1; Belyaev V., Analysis of modulations in Beethoven's sonatas, SI Taneev, in collection: Lavxias teb sab phau ntawv txog Beethoven, M,, 1927; Protopopov S., Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv ntawm kev hais lus suab paj nruag, ntu 1-2, M., 1930; Ryzhkin I., Theory of modal rhythm, in the book: Mazel L., Ryzhkin I., Essays on the history of theoretical musicology, vol. 2, M.-L., 1939; Cov ntawv sau los ntawm SI Taneyev rau NN Amani, EF Napravnik, IA Vsevolozhsky, SM, 1940, No 7; Nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm Sergei Ivanovich Taneyev, 1856-1946. Sat. cov khoom thiab cov ntaub ntawv rau lub 90th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm nws yug, M.-L., 1947; Zukkerman V., Kulakovsky L., Yavorsky-theorist, “SM”, 1957, No 12; Lunacharsky AB, Hais lus ntawm lub rooj sib tham txog kev xav ntawm modal atherosclerosis Lub ob hlis ntuj 5, 1930 nyob rau hauv Moscow, nyob rau hauv Sat: B. Yavorsky, vol. 1, M., 1964; Zukkerman VA, Yavorsky-theorist, ibid.; Kholopov Yu. N., Symmetric hom nyob rau hauv theoretical systems ntawm Yavorsky thiab Messiaen, nyob rau hauv: Suab paj nruag thiab Modernity, vol. 7 Ib., 1971.
VA Zuckerman
