Pentatonic |
los ntawm Greek pente - tsib thiab suab
Lub suab kaw lus muaj tsib kauj ruam hauv ib qho octave. Muaj 4 hom P.: non-semitone (los yog tiag P.); halftone; sib tov; kub siab.
Tsis yog ib nrab-tone P. kuj paub nyob rau hauv lwm lub npe: ntuj (AS Ogolevets), ntshiab (X. Riemann), anhemitonic, tag nrho-tone; proto-diatonic (GL Katouar), trichord system (AD Kastalsky), gamma ntawm "lub sijhawm ntawm plaub" (PP Sokalsky), Suav gamma, Scottish gamma. Hom tseem ceeb no P. (lub sij hawm "P." yam tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb ntxiv feem ntau txhais tau hais tias tsis yog-semitone P.) yog 5-kauj ruam system, tag nrho cov suab uas tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv qhov thib tsib. Tsuas yog ob hom ncua sij hawm suav nrog ntawm cov kauj ruam uas nyob ib sab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm P. - b. ob i m. peb. P. yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov tsis-semitone peb-kauj ruam chants - trichords (m. thib peb + b. thib ob, piv txwv li, ega). Vim tsis muaj semitones hauv P., ntse modal gravitations tsis tuaj yeem tsim. P. nplai tsis qhia qhov tseeb tonal center. Yog li ntawd, cov haujlwm ntawm Ch. lub suab tuaj yeem ua ib qho ntawm tsib lub suab; li no tsib diff. variants ntawm P. nplai ntawm tib lub suab muaj pes tsawg leeg:
Ib nrab-tone P. yog ib qho ntawm cov theem tsis tu ncua hauv kev tsim suab paj nruag. xav (saib Suab system). Yog li ntawd, P. (los yog nws cov rudiments) muaj nyob rau hauv feem ntau ancient txheej ntawm muses. lus dab neeg ntawm ntau haiv neeg (xws li cov neeg ntawm Western Europe, saib phau ntawv los ntawm X. Moser thiab J. Müller-Blattau, p. 15). Txawm li cas los xij, P. yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm cov teb chaws sab hnub tuaj (Tuam Tshoj, Nyab Laj), thiab hauv USSR - rau cov Tatars, Bashkirs, Buryats, thiab lwm yam.
Do Nhuan (Vietnam). Zaj nkauj "Far March" (pib).
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm pentatonic xav kuj yog yam ntxwv ntawm feem ntau ancient Lavxias teb sab, Ukrainian, Belarusian. nar. nkauj:
Los ntawm sau los ntawm A. Rubets "100 Ukrainian Folk Songs".
Trichords raug rau P. hauv Lavxias. nar. zaj nkauj no feem ntau veiled nrog cov yooj yim melodic. ornament, stepwise txav (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv zaj nkauj "Tsis muaj cua" los ntawm sau los ntawm MA Balakirev). Cov seem ntawm P. yog pom nyob rau hauv cov qauv qub tshaj plaws ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog. chorale (piv txwv li, tus cwj pwm intonational qauv c-df hauv Dorian, deg thiab ega hauv Phrygian, gac hauv Mixolydian hom). Txawm li cas los xij, mus txog rau xyoo pua 19th. P. raws li qhov system tsis cuam tshuam rau Tebchaws Europe. prof. suab paj nruag. Nco ntsoov Nar. suab paj nruag, txaus siab nyob rau hauv modal xim thiab kev sib haum xeeb. cov yam ntxwv nyob rau hauv lub era tom qab lub Viennese classics coj mus rau lub neej qhov tshwm sim ntawm tiag tiag piv txwv ntawm P. raws li ib tug tshwj xeeb. yuav qhia. txhais tau hais tias (Suav suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm K. Weber rau Schiller lub adaptation ntawm kev ua si "Turandot" los ntawm K. Gozzi; nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm AP Borodin, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, E. Grieg, K. Debussy). P. feem ntau yog siv los qhia kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, tsis muaj kev mob siab rau:
AB Borodin Romance "Pleeping Princess" (pib).
Qee lub sij hawm nws ua hauj lwm los tsim lub suab ntawm tswb - Rimsky-Korsakov, Debussy. Qee zaum P. kuj tseem siv rau hauv chord ("folds" rau hauv ib qho tsis tiav pentachord):
MP Mussorgsky. "Boris Godunov". Action III.
Hauv cov qauv uas tau nqis los rau peb, Nar. nkauj, as well as in prof. P. txoj haujlwm feem ntau yog nyob ntawm qhov loj (saib A hauv qhov piv txwv ntawm kab 234) lossis tus menyuam yaus (saib D hauv tib qhov piv txwv) hauv paus, thiab vim qhov yooj yim ntawm kev hloov lub hauv paus ntawm ib lub suab mus rau lwm qhov, ib qho sib npaug. -alternating hom feem ntau tsim, piv txwv li.
Lwm hom P. yog nws ntau yam. Halftone (hemitonic; kuj ditonic) P. muaj nyob hauv Nar. suab paj nruag ntawm qee lub teb chaws ntawm sab hnub tuaj (X. Husman taw qhia rau Indian suab paj nruag, nrog rau Indonesian, Japanese). Tus qauv ntawm lub halftone scale scale -
, np. ib qho ntawm slendro nplai (Java). Mixed P. combines cov yam ntxwv ntawm tonal thiab tsis-semitone (Husman hais txog cov suab paj nruag ntawm ib haiv neeg ntawm Congo).
Tempered P. (tab sis tsis sib npaug temperament; lub sij hawm yog arbitrary) yog Indonesian slendro nplai, qhov twg lub octave muab faib ua 5 kauj ruam uas tsis coincide nrog ob lub suab los yog semitones. Piv txwv li, kev kho ntawm ib qho ntawm Javanese gamelans (hauv semitones) yog raws li nram no: 2,51-2,33-2,32-2,36-2,48 (1/5 octave - 2,40).
Thawj txoj kev xav uas tau nqis los rau peb. P. cov lus piav qhia yog los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Dr. Tuam Tshoj (tej zaum hnub tim rau 1st ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 1st BC). Nyob rau hauv lub acoustic lub lu system (12 lub suab nyob rau hauv zoo kawg nkaus fifths, tsim raws li thaum ntxov raws li lub Zhou dynasty) ua ke rau hauv ib tug octave ntawm 5 lub suab nyob sib ze muab tsis-semitone piping nyob rau hauv tag nrho tsib ntawm nws ntau yam. Ntxiv nrog rau kev ua lej suav nrog hom P. (lub cim qub qub tshaj plaws yog kev kho mob "Guanzi", ntaus nqi rau Guan Zhong, - 7th xyoo pua BC), ib qho kev ua cim ntawm cov kauj ruam ntawm P. tau tsim, qhov twg tsib lub suab sib raug rau. 5 ntsiab lus, 5 saj; Tsis tas li ntawd, lub suab "gong" (c) cim tus kav, "shan" (d) - cov thawj coj, "jue" (e) - cov neeg, "zhi" (g) - deeds, "yu" (a) - yam.
Kev txaus siab rau P. tau txhawb nqa nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th. AN Serov suav tias yog P. nyob rau sab hnub tuaj. suab paj nruag thiab txhais raws li diatonic nrog lub omission ntawm ob kauj ruam. PP Sokalsky thawj zaug pom lub luag haujlwm ntawm P. hauv Lavxias. nar. nkauj thiab hais txog kev ywj pheej ntawm P. raws li hom muses. tshuab. Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm lub tswv yim theem, nws txuas nrog P. nrog "lub sijhawm ntawm lub quart" (uas tsuas yog qee qhov tseeb). AS Famintsyn, xav txog cov tswv yim ntawm B. Bartok thiab Z. Kodaly, thawj zaug tau taw qhia tias P. yog txheej txheej txheej thaum ub. suab paj nruag ntawm Europe; nyob rau hauv halftone txheej, nws nrhiav tau P. thiab nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab. nkauj. KV Kvitka ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm qhov tseeb tshiab thiab theoretical. Yam yuavtsum tau kawm uantej thuam txoj kev xav ntawm Sokalsky (tshwj xeeb, kev txo qis ntawm "lub sijhawm ntawm lub quart" mus rau trichords ntawm P., nrog rau nws lub tswv yim ntawm "peb lub sijhawm" - quarts, tsib, thib peb) thiab qhia meej txog txoj kev xav ntawm pentatonic AS. Ogolevets, raws li lub tswv yim theem, ntseeg hais tias P. nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv zais kuj muaj nyob rau hauv ntau tsim suab paj nruag. system thiab yog ib hom "skeleton" ntawm modal lub koom haum nyob rau hauv diatonic thiab genetically tom qab hom muses. xav. IV Sposobin tau sau tseg txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm P. ntawm kev tsim ntawm ib qho ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo uas tsis yog tertzian (saib qhov piv txwv ntawm qhov kawg ntawm strip 235). Ya.M. Girshman, tau tsim ib qho kev xav paub ntxaws ntawm P. thiab tshuaj xyuas nws lub neej hauv Tat. suab paj nruag, illuminated keeb kwm ntawm theoretical. kev nkag siab ntawm P. Nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws musicology ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. cov khoom nplua nuj kuj tau sau rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis. hom P. (ntxiv rau cov uas tsis yog-semitone).
References: Serov AN, Lavxias teb sab pej xeem zaj nkauj raws li ib qho kev kawm ntawm science, "Lub Caij Nyoog", 1869-71, tib yam, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: Izbr. cov ntawv, thiab lwm yam 1, M.–L., 1950; Sokalsky PP, Suav nplai nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab pej xeem suab paj nruag, Suab paj nruag Review, 1886, Plaub Hlis Ntuj 10, May 1, May 8; nws, Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag …, Har., 1888; Famintsyn AS, Ancient Indo-Suav nplai hauv Asia thiab Europe, "Bayan", 1888-89, tib yam, St. Petersburg, 1889; Peter VP, On the melodic warehouse of the Aryan song, “RMG”, 1897-98, ed. ed., St. Petersburg, 1899; Nikolsky N., Synopsis ntawm keeb kwm ntawm pej xeem suab paj nruag ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub Volga cheeb tsam, "Txoj kev mus rau lub Musical thiab Ethnographic Department ntawm lub Kazan Higher Musical School", vol. 1, Kas., 1920; Kastalskiy AD, Nta ntawm pej xeem-Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruas system, M. — P., 1923; Kvitka K., Thawj tonoryads, “Thawj pej xeem, thiab nws cov seem hauv Ukpapna, vol. 3, Kipb, 1926 (Russian per. – Primitive scales, in his book: Fav. tej hauj lwm, ie 1, Moscow, 1971); ego, Angemitonic primitives thiab txoj kev xav ntawm Sokalskyi, "Ethnographic Bulletin ntawm Ukrapnskop Ak. Sciences”, phau ntawv 6, Kipv, 1928 (rus. per. – Anhemitonic primitives thiab Sokalsky txoj kev xav, hauv nws phau ntawv: Izbr. tej hauj lwm, ie 1, М., 1971); его же, La systиme anhйmitonigue pentatonique chez les peuples Slaves, в кн .: Diary of the 1927nd Congress of Slavic geographers and ethnographers in Poland, vr 2, t. 1930, Cr., 1 (rus. per. – Pentatonicity of the Slavic peoples, in his book: Izbr. works, ie 1971, M., 2); Nws, Ethnographic faib ntawm pentatonic nplai nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union, Izbr. tej hauj lwm, ie 1973, M., 1928; Kozlov IA, Tsib-suab tsis-semitone nplai hauv Tatar thiab Bashkir pej xeem suab paj nruag thiab lawv cov suab paj nruag thiab theoretical tsom xam, "Izv. Lub koom haum ntawm archaeology, keeb kwm thiab ethnography ntawm Kazan State. university", 34, vol. 1, Nr. 2–1946; Ogolevets AS, Introduction to modern music xav, M.—L., 1951; Sopin IV, Elementary theory of music, M.—L., 1973, 1960; Hirshman Yog. M., Pentatonic thiab nws txoj kev loj hlob hauv Tatar suab paj nruag, M., 1966; Aizenstadt A., Suab paj nruag lus dab neeg ntawm cov neeg ntawm Lower Amur cheeb tsam, nyob rau hauv sau: Suab paj nruag folklore ntawm cov neeg ntawm North thiab Siberia, M., 1967; Suab paj nruag aesthetics ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm sab hnub tuaj, ed. AT. AP Shestakova, M., 1975; Gomon A., Commentary on the tunes of the Papuans, in the book: On the bank of Maclay, M., 1; Ambros AW, History of Music, Vol. 1862, Breslau, 1; He1mhо1863tz H., Theory of tone sensations as a physiological base for theory of music, Braunschweig, 1875 (рус. trans.: Helmholtz GLP, The doctrine of auditory sensations …, St. Petersburg, 1916); Riemann H., Folkloristische Tonalitätsstudien. Pentatonic thiab tetrachordal melody…, Lpz., 1; Kunst J., Music in Java, v. 2-1949, The Hague, 1949; MсRhee C., Five-tone gamelan music of Bali, «MQ», 35, v. 2, No 1956; Winnington-Ingram RP, The pentatonic tuning of the Greek lyre.., «The classical Quarterly», XNUMX v.
Yu. H. Kholopov
