Charles Gounod |

Charles Gounod

Gounod. Faust. “Le veau dor” (F. Chaliapin)

Art yog lub plawv muaj peev xwm xav. Sh. Gono

C. Gounod, tus sau ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto moo opera Faust, nyob hauv ib qho chaw muaj koob npe tshaj plaws ntawm cov kws sau ntawv ntawm xyoo pua XNUMX. Nws nkag mus rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag raws li ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm ib tug tshiab kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv lub opera hom, uas tom qab ntawd tau txais lub npe "lyric opera". Nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv twg tus composer ua hauj lwm, nws ib txwm nyiam melodic kev loj hlob. Nws ntseeg hais tias suab paj nruag yeej ib txwm yog qhov qhia meej tshaj plaws ntawm tib neeg kev xav. Lub cawv ntawm Gounod cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau nkauj J. Bizet thiab J. Massenet.

Hauv suab paj nruag, Gounod invariably kov yeej lyricism; Nyob rau hauv opera, lub tshuab raj ua ib tug tswv ntawm suab paj nruag portraits thiab ib tug rhiab artist, conveying lub veracity ntawm lub neej cov xwm txheej. Nyob rau hauv nws style ntawm kev nthuav qhia, lub siab dawb paug thiab simplicity yeej ib txwm coexist nrog lub siab tshaj plaws kev txawj sau ntawv. Nws yog rau cov qualities uas P. Tchaikovsky txaus siab rau lub suab paj nruag ntawm Fabkis composer, uas txawm ua lub opera Faust ntawm lub Pryanishnikov Theatre nyob rau hauv 1892. Raws li nws, Gounod yog "ib tug ntawm ob peb tug uas nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm sau tsis los ntawm preconceived theories. , tab sis los ntawm instillation ntawm kev xav. "

Gounod paub zoo tias yog tus kws sau nkauj ua yeeb yam, nws muaj 12 qhov kev ua yeeb yam, ntxiv rau nws tsim choral tej hauj lwm (oratorios, masses, cantatas), 2 symphonies, instrumental ensembles, piano pieces, ntau tshaj 140 romances thiab nkauj, duets, suab paj nruag rau theatre. .

Gounod tau yug los rau hauv tsev neeg tus kws kos duab. Twb tau nyob rau hauv thaum yau, nws lub peev xwm rau kev kos duab thiab suab paj nruag manifested lawv tus kheej. Tom qab nws txiv tuag, nws niam tau saib xyuas nws tus tub txoj kev kawm (xws li suab paj nruag). Gounod kawm suab paj nruag txoj kev xav nrog A. Reicha. Thawj qhov kev xav ntawm lub tsev opera, uas tuav G. Rossini's opera Otello, txiav txim siab xaiv txoj haujlwm yav tom ntej. Txawm li cas los xij, leej niam, tau kawm txog qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm nws tus tub thiab paub txog cov teeb meem hauv txoj kev ntawm tus kws kos duab, sim tawm tsam.

Tus thawj coj ntawm lyceum qhov twg Gounod kawm tau cog lus tias yuav pab nws ceeb toom nws tus tub tiv thaiv qhov kev ua tsis zoo no. Thaum lub sijhawm so ntawm cov chav kawm, nws hu ua Gounod thiab muab nws ib daim ntawv nrog cov ntawv Latin. Nws yog cov ntawv nyeem ntawm kev hlub los ntawm E. Megul's opera. Tau kawg, Gounod tseem tsis tau paub txog txoj haujlwm no. "Los ntawm kev hloov pauv tom ntej, kev sib hlub tau sau ..." tus kws ntaus nkauj tau hais. “Kuv tsis tshua tau hu ib nrab ntawm thawj stanza thaum kuv tus kws txiav txim lub ntsej muag ci. Thaum kuv ua tiav, tus thawj coj hais tias: "Zoo, tam sim no cia peb mus rau piano." kuv yeej! Tam sim no kuv yuav ua kom tiav. Kuv rov plam kuv cov lus sau tseg, thiab ntaus yeej Mr. Poirson, kua muag, rub kuv lub taub hau, hnia kuv thiab hais tias: "Kuv tus me nyuam, ua tus ntaus suab paj nruag!" Gounod cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm Paris Conservatory yog cov kws ntaus nkauj zoo F. Halévy, J. Lesueur thiab F .Paer. Tsuas yog tom qab qhov kev sim thib peb hauv 1839 tau Gounod los ua tus tswv ntawm Great Roman Prize rau cantata Fernand.

Lub sijhawm thaum ntxov ntawm kev muaj tswv yim yog cim los ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Xyoo 1843-48. Gounod yog tus kws tshaj lij thiab hu nkauj tus thawj coj ntawm lub Koom Txoos ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Txawv Tebchaws hauv Paris. Nws txawm npaj yuav coj dawb huv kev txiav txim, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub lig 40s. tom qab ntev hesitation rov qab mus rau art. Txij thaum ntawd los, hom kev ua yeeb yam tau dhau los ua ib hom kev ua yeeb yam hauv Gounod txoj haujlwm.

Thawj thawj opera Sappho (libre los ntawm E. Ogier) tau tshwm sim hauv Paris ntawm Grand Opera thaum Lub Yim Hli 16, 1851. Qhov tseem ceeb tau sau tshwj xeeb rau Pauline Viardot. Txawm li cas los xij, opera tsis nyob hauv theatrical repertoire thiab raug tshem tawm tom qab qhov kev ua yeeb yam thib xya. G. Berlioz tau muab qhov kev tshuaj xyuas hnyav heev ntawm txoj haujlwm no hauv xovxwm.

Hauv xyoo tom ntej, Gounod tau sau cov yeeb yaj kiab The Bloody Nun (1854), The Reluctant Doctor (1858), Faust (1859). Nyob rau hauv "Faust" los ntawm IV Goethe, Gounod qhov kev xav tau nyiam los ntawm zaj dab neeg los ntawm thawj ntu ntawm zaj yeeb yaj kiab.

Hauv thawj tsab ntawv, lub opera, npaj rau kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Theatre Lyrique hauv Paris, muaj kev sib tham thiab kev sib tham. Nws tsis yog txog xyoo 1869 uas lawv tau teeb tsa suab paj nruag rau kev tsim khoom ntawm Grand Opera, thiab ballet Walpurgis Hmo kuj tau tso. Txawm hais tias muaj kev vam meej ntawm kev ua yeeb yam hauv xyoo tom ntej, cov neeg thuam tau rov thuam tus kws sau nkauj rau kev txo qis ntawm cov ntawv sau thiab paj huam, tsom mus rau cov lus sau los ntawm lub neej ntawm Faust thiab Margarita.

Tom qab Faust, Philemon thiab Baucis (1860) tshwm sim, zaj dab neeg uas tau qiv los ntawm Ovid's Metamorphoses; "Tus poj huab tais ntawm Sheba" (1862) raws li cov lus dab neeg Arabic los ntawm J. de Nerval; Mireil (1864) thiab comic opera Dove (1860), uas tsis tau ua tiav rau tus neeg sau. Interestingly, Gounod twb tsis ntseeg txog nws creations.

Qhov thib ob pinnacle ntawm Gounod txoj haujlwm operatic yog opera Romeo thiab Juliet (1867) (raws li W. Shakespeare). Tus kws sau ntawv ua haujlwm rau nws nrog kev txaus siab heev. “Kuv pom nkawd ob leeg ua ntej kuv: Kuv hnov ​​lawv; tab sis kuv puas pom zoo txaus? Puas yog qhov tseeb, kuv puas tau hnov ​​ob tus neeg hlub? tus kws sau ntawv sau rau nws tus poj niam. Romeo thiab Juliet tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1867 hauv lub xyoo ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Exhibition hauv Paris ntawm theem ntawm Theatre Lyrique. Nws yog noteworthy tias nyob rau hauv Russia (nyob rau hauv Moscow) nws tau ua 3 xyoo tom qab los ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm Italian troupe, ib feem ntawm Juliet tau hu los ntawm Desiree Artaud.

Cov operas Lub Tsib Hlis Ntuj, Polievkt, thiab Zamora's Tribute (1881) tau sau tom qab Romeo thiab Juliet tsis ua tiav. Lub xyoo dhau los ntawm tus neeg sau lub neej tau rov ua dua los ntawm kev xav ntawm tus thawj coj. Nws tig mus rau hom suab paj nruag choral - nws tau tsim cov ntawv loj loj "Kev Theej Txhoj" (1882) thiab oratorio "Kev Tuag thiab Lub Neej" (1886), uas yog ib feem tseem ceeb, suav nrog Requiem.

Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Gounod muaj 2 tej hauj lwm uas, raws li nws yog, nthuav peb kev nkag siab ntawm lub composer lub peev xwm thiab ua tim khawv rau nws zoo heev txawj sau ntawv. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog mob siab rau WA ​​Mozart's opera "Don Giovanni", lwm yam yog ib tug memoir "Memoirs ntawm ib tug Artist", nyob rau hauv uas tshiab facets ntawm Gounod tus cwj pwm thiab cwm pwm tau tshwm sim.

L. Kozhevnikova

Lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ntawm Fabkis cov suab paj nruag yog txuam nrog lub npe ntawm Gounod. Tsis tau tawm hauv cov tub ntxhais kawm ncaj qha - Gounod tsis tau koom nrog kev qhia - nws muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau nws cov neeg hluas. Nws cuam tshuam, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm suab paj nruas ua yeeb yam.

Los ntawm lub 50s, thaum lub "grand opera" nkag mus rau lub sij hawm ntawm ntsoog thiab pib nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej, cov tshiab tiam sis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruas ua yeeb yam. Cov duab romantic ntawm exaggerated, exaggerated txoj kev xav ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb cwm pwm yog hloov los ntawm kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm ib tug zoo tib yam, zoo tib yam, nyob rau hauv lub neej nyob ib ncig ntawm nws, nyob rau hauv lub sphere ntawm intimate intimate txoj kev xav. Hauv kev hais lus suab paj nruag, qhov no tau cim los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav lub neej simplicity, lub siab dawb paug, kev sov siab ntawm kev qhia, lyricism. Li no qhov dav dua ua ntej rov hais dua rau cov kev ywj pheej ntawm cov nkauj, romance, seev cev, lub peb hlis ntuj, rau cov txheej txheem niaj hnub ntawm txhua hnub intonations. Xws li yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev muaj zog muaj tseeb nyiam nyob rau hauv cov duab Fabkis niaj hnub no.

Kev tshawb nrhiav cov hauv paus ntsiab lus tshiab ntawm kev ua yeeb yam suab paj nruag thiab cov ntsiab lus tshiab ntawm kev qhia tau piav qhia hauv qee qhov kev ua yeeb yaj kiab-comedy los ntawm Boildieu, Herold thiab Halévy. Tab sis cov qauv no tau tshwm sim tag nrho los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm 50s thiab hauv 60s. Ntawm no yog cov npe ntawm cov haujlwm nto moo tshaj plaws uas tau tsim ua ntej xyoo 70s, uas tuaj yeem ua piv txwv ntawm hom tshiab ntawm "lyrical opera" (hnub tim premieres ntawm cov haujlwm no tau qhia):

1859 – “Faust” los ntawm Gounod, 1863 – “Pearl Seekers” Bizet, 1864 – “Mireille” Gounod, 1866 — “Minion” Thomas, 1867 – “Romeo and Juliet” Gounod, 1867 – “Beauty of Perth 1868” Bizet "Hamlet" by Tom.

Nrog rau qee qhov tshwj xeeb, Meyerbeer qhov kawg operas Dinora (1859) thiab Tus Poj Niam Neeg Asmeskas (1865) tuaj yeem suav nrog hauv hom ntawv no.

Txawm tias muaj qhov sib txawv, cov npe operas muaj ntau qhov sib txawv. Hauv nruab nrab yog ib daim duab ntawm tus kheej ua yeeb yam. Lub delineation ntawm lyrical kev xav yog muab qhov tseem ceeb mloog; Rau lawv cov kev sib kis, cov kws sau paj lug dav tig mus rau lub caij romance. Tus cwj pwm ntawm qhov xwm txheej tiag tiag ntawm qhov kev txiav txim kuj tseem ceeb heev, uas yog vim li cas lub luag haujlwm ntawm hom kev qhia dav dav nce ntxiv.

Tab sis rau tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev kov yeej tshiab no, lyric opera, raws li qee yam ntawm Fabkis cov suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX, tsis muaj qhov dav ntawm nws txoj kev xav thiab kev ua yeeb yam horizons. Cov ntsiab lus philosophical ntawm Goethe's novels los yog Shakespeare qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim "txo" rau ntawm theem ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, tau txais ib qho kev tshwm sim txhua hnub - cov ntaub ntawv qub tau raug tshem tawm ntawm lub tswv yim dav dav, kev ua kom pom tseeb ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm lub neej, thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. kev ntshaw. Rau cov lyrical operas, rau feem ntau, cim txoj hauv kev rau realism es tsis muab nws cov ntshav qhia tag nrho. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv qhov kev ua tiav tsis muaj tseeb yog democratization ntawm suab paj nruag lus.

Gounod yog thawj tus ntawm nws cov neeg kawm tiav uas tau tswj hwm los sib sau ua ke cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov nkauj ua yeeb yam. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm ntawm nws txoj haujlwm. Sensitively ntes lub tsev khaws khoom thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub neej hauv nroog - nws tsis yog vim li cas rau yim xyoo (1852-1860) nws tau coj Parisian "Orpheonists", - Gounod nrhiav pom cov ntsiab lus tshiab ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag thiab kev ua yeeb yam uas ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua. lub sijhawm. Nws nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv Fabkis opera thiab romance suab paj nruag lub richest possibilities ntawm "sociable" lyrics, ncaj qha thiab impulsive, imbued nrog kev ywj pheej kev xav. Tchaikovsky tau sau tseg tias Gounod yog "ib qho ntawm ob peb tus kws sau nkauj uas nyob rau hauv peb lub sijhawm sau tsis yog los ntawm kev xav ua ntej, tab sis los ntawm kev xav ntawm kev xav." Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo thaum nws cov txuj ci zoo tau vam meej, uas yog, los ntawm ib nrab xyoo 50s thiab nyob rau hauv 60s, cov kwv tij Goncourt tau tuav ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv cov ntaub ntawv, uas tau suav tias lawv tus kheej yog tus tsim ntawm lub tsev kawm txuj ci tshiab - lawv hu ua " lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm nervous rhiab heev. " Gounod tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv nws.

Txawm li cas los xij, "sensibility" tsis yog lub zog xwb, tab sis kuj yog Gounod qhov tsis muaj zog. Nervously reacting rau lub neej impressions, nws yooj yim succumbed rau ntau yam ideological influences, tsis ruaj tsis khov raws li ib tug neeg thiab ib tug artist. Nws qhov xwm txheej yog tag nrho ntawm qhov tsis sib xws: txawm tias nws txo hwj chim nqes taub hau ua ntej kev ntseeg, thiab nyob rau hauv 1847-1848 nws txawm xav ua ib tug abbot, los yog nws tag nrho surrendered rau lub ntiaj teb no passions. Nyob rau hauv 1857, Gounod tau nyob rau hauv lub verge ntawm mob hlwb loj heev, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub 60s nws ua hauj lwm ntau, productively. Hauv ob xyoos tom ntej no, rov poob rau hauv qhov muaj zog ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm cov thawj coj, nws ua tsis tau raws li kev coj noj coj ua.

Gounod tsis ruaj khov hauv nws txoj haujlwm muaj tswv yim - qhov no piav qhia txog qhov tsis sib xws ntawm nws qhov kev ua tiav zoo nkauj. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, txaus siab rau qhov elegance thiab saj zawg zog ntawm kev qhia, nws tsim cov suab paj nruag cus ciav, xav txog kev hloov ntawm lub hlwb, tag nrho ntawm kev tshav ntuj thiab kev ntxim nyiam ntxim nyiam. Tab sis feem ntau qhov tseeb lub zog thiab ua tiav ntawm kev qhia hauv kev qhia qhov tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm lub neej, uas yog, dab tsi yog yam ntxwv ntawm ntse heev Bizet, tsis txaus txuj ci Gounod. Cov cwj pwm ntawm kev xav rhiab heev qee zaum nkag mus rau hauv cov suab paj nruag tom kawg, thiab kev zoo nkauj melodic hloov qhov tob ntawm cov ntsiab lus.

Txawm li cas los xij, tau tshawb pom qhov chaw ntawm kev tshoov siab uas tsis tau tshawb pom ua ntej hauv Fabkis cov suab paj nruag, Gounod tau ua ntau yam rau Lavxias kos duab, thiab nws cov yeeb yaj kiab Faust hauv nws qhov chaw muaj peev xwm sib tw nrog kev tsim ntau tshaj plaws ntawm Fabkis cov suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam ntawm xyoo pua XNUMX - Bizet's Carmen. Twb tau nrog txoj haujlwm no, Gounod tau sau nws lub npe hauv keeb kwm tsis yog Fabkis nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog lub ntiaj teb suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai.

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Tus sau kaum ob operas, tshaj ib puas romances, ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm sab ntsuj plig compositions uas nws pib thiab xaus nws txoj hauj lwm, ib tug xov tooj ntawm instrumental tej hauj lwm (xws li peb symphonies, lub xeem rau cua tshuab), Charles Gounod yug rau lub rau hli ntuj 17. , 1818. Nws txiv yog ib tug kws kos duab, nws niam yog ib tug kws ntaus nkauj zoo heev. Txoj kev ntawm lub neej ntawm tsev neeg, nws txoj kev nyiam kev kos duab dav tau coj mus rau kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Gounod. Nws tau txais cov txheej txheem sib xyaw ua ke ntau yam los ntawm ntau tus kws qhia ntawv uas muaj tswv yim sib txawv (Antonin Reicha, Jean-Francois Lesueur, Fromental Halévy). Raws li tus kws tshaj lij ntawm Paris Conservatoire (nws tau los ua tub ntxhais kawm thaum muaj hnub nyoog kaum xya), Gounod tau siv sijhawm 1839-1842 hauv Ltalis, tom qab ntawd - luv luv - hauv Vienna thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Picturesque impressions los ntawm ltalis tau muaj zog, tab sis Gounod los ua disillusioned nrog niaj hnub Italian suab paj nruag. Tab sis nws poob nyob rau hauv lub spell ntawm Schumann thiab Mendelssohn, uas nws lub hwj chim tsis dhau tsis muaj ib tug taug qab rau nws.

Txij li thaum pib ntawm 50s, Gounod tau ua ntau dua hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm Paris. Nws thawj opera, Sappho, premiered nyob rau hauv 1851; ua raws li qhov ua yeeb yam The Bloodied Nun hauv xyoo 1854. Ob leeg ua haujlwm, ua haujlwm ntawm Grand Opera, raug cim los ntawm kev tsis sib xws, suab paj nruag, txawm tias kev ua yeeb yam ntawm style. Lawv ua tsis tau tiav. Ntau qhov sov sov yog "Tus kws kho mob tsis txaus siab" (raws li Molière), tau qhia hauv 1858 ntawm "Lyric Theatre": zaj dab neeg comic, qhov chaw tiag tiag ntawm qhov kev txiav txim, kev ua neej nyob ntawm cov cim ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam tshiab ntawm Gounod lub peev xwm. Lawv tau tshwm sim tag nrho hauv kev ua haujlwm tom ntej. Nws yog Faust, staged nyob rau tib lub ua yeeb yam nyob rau hauv 1859. Nws siv sij hawm ib co sij hawm rau cov neeg tuaj saib poob rau hauv kev hlub nrog lub opera thiab paub nws lub tswv yim xwm. Tsuas yog kaum xyoo tom qab ntawd nws tau nkag mus rau hauv Grand Orera, thiab cov kev sib tham thawj zaug tau hloov nrog cov lus hais thiab cov neeg ntaus pob ncaws pob ntxiv. Xyoo 1887, tsib puas qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Faust tau tuav ntawm no, thiab xyoo 1894 nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntau txhiab tau ua kev zoo siab (hauv xyoo 1932 - ob txhiab). (Thawj qhov kev tsim khoom ntawm Faust hauv Russia tau tshwm sim xyoo 1869.)

Tom qab no masterfully sau ua hauj lwm, nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 60s, Gounod tsim ob mediocre comic operas, raws li zoo raws li tus poj huab tais ntawm Sheba, txhawb nqa nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm Scribe-Meyerbeer dramaturgy. Tig tom qab xyoo 1863 mus rau zaj paj huam ntawm Provençal kws sau paj huam Frederic Mistral "Mireil", Gounod tau tsim ib txoj haujlwm, ntau nplooj ntawv uas nthuav tawm, ntxim nyiam nrog kev hloov maj mam lyricism. Cov duab ntawm qhov xwm txheej thiab lub neej nyob deb nroog nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Fabkis tau pom muaj lub suab paj nruag hauv suab paj nruag (saib cov nkauj hu nkauj ntawm kev ua I lossis IV ). Tus kws sau nkauj tau tsim cov suab paj nruag Provençal tiag tiag hauv nws qhov qhab nia; Ib qho piv txwv yog zaj nkauj qub "Oh, Magali", uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua yeeb yam ntawm opera. Cov duab hauv nruab nrab ntawm tus ntxhais neeg pluag Mireil, uas tau tuag hauv kev tawm tsam kom muaj kev zoo siab nrog nws tus hlub, kuj tau hais txog qhov sov so. Txawm li cas los xij, Gounod's suab paj nruag, uas muaj kev tshav ntuj ntau dua li muaj kuab heev, yog qhov qis dua hauv kev muaj tiag thiab kev ci ntsa iab rau Bizet's Arlesian, qhov chaw ntawm Provence tau nthuav tawm nrog kev ua tiav zoo kawg nkaus.

Gounod qhov kev ua yeeb yam tseem ceeb kawg yog kev ua yeeb yam Romeo thiab Juliet. Nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1867 thiab tau cim los ntawm kev ua tiav zoo - hauv ob xyoos cuaj caum ua yeeb yam tau tshwm sim. Txawm tias qee Shakespeare nyob ntawm no txhais ntawm tus ntsuj plig lyrical ua yeeb yam, tus lej zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua yeeb yam - thiab cov no suav nrog plaub lub suab ntawm cov cim tseem ceeb (ntawm lub pob, ntawm lub sam thiaj, hauv Juliet lub chav pw thiab hauv crypt), Juliet's waltz, Romeo's cavatina - muaj qhov kev xav tam sim ntawd, qhov tseeb ntawm recitation. thiab kev zoo nkauj melodic uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus kheej style Gounod.

Cov suab paj nruag thiab theatrical tej hauj lwm sau tom qab ntawd yog qhia txog qhov pib ideological thiab artistic ntsoog nyob rau hauv lub composer txoj hauj lwm, uas yog txuam nrog rau ntxiv dag zog rau ntawm clerical ntsiab nyob rau hauv nws worldview. Hauv kaum ob xyoos dhau los ntawm nws lub neej, Gounod tsis tau sau operas. Nws tuag thaum Lub Kaum Hli 18, 1893.

Yog li, "Faust" yog nws qhov zoo tshaj plaws tsim. Qhov no yog ib qho piv txwv classic ntawm Fabkis lyric opera, nrog rau tag nrho nws cov kev tsim txiaj thiab qee qhov tsis zoo.

M. Druskin

sau ntawv

Operas (tag nrho 12) (hnub tim yog nyob rau hauv kab lus)

Sappho, libretto los ntawm Ogier (1851, cov ntawv tshiab - 1858, 1881) Lub Bloodied Nun, libretto los ntawm Scribe thiab Delavigne (1854) Tus Kws Kho Mob Unwitting, libretto los ntawm Barbier thiab Carré (1858) Faust, libretto los ntawm Barbie1859r thiab Carré ib tsab - 1869) Dove, libretto los ntawm Barbier thiab Carré (1860) Philemon thiab Baucis, libretto los ntawm Barbier thiab Carré (1860, tshiab tsab - 1876) "Tus Empress ntawm Savskaya", libretto los ntawm Barbier thiab Carre (1862) Miretoille, libretto los ntawm Barbier thiab Carré (1864, ib tsab tshiab – 1874) Romeo thiab Juliet, libretto los ntawm Barbier thiab Carré (1867, tshiab tsab – 1888) Saint-Map, libretto los ntawm Barbier thiab Carré (1877) Polyeuct, libretto los ntawm Barbier thiab Carré (1878) ) "Hnub ntawm Zamora", libretto los ntawm Barbier thiab Carré (1881)

Suab paj nruag hauv kev ua yeeb yam Choirs rau Ponsard qhov xwm txheej "Odysseus" (1852) Suab paj nruag rau Legouwe's ua yeeb yam "Ob Poj huab tais ntawm Fabkis" (1872) Suab paj nruag rau Barbier ua si Joan of Arc (1873)

Kev sau sab ntsuj plig 14 pawg, 3 requiems, “Stabat mater”, “Te Deum”, ib tug xov tooj ntawm oratorios (ntawm lawv – “Kev Theej Txhoj”, 1881; “Kev tuag thiab txoj sia”, 1884), 50 zaj nkauj ntawm sab ntsuj plig, tshaj 150 zaj nkauj thiab lwm yam

Suab paj nruag Ntau tshaj 100 romances thiab nkauj (qhov zoo tshaj plaws tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv 4 collections ntawm 20 romances txhua), vocal duets, ntau 4-lub suab txiv neej hu nkauj (rau "orpheonists"), cantata "Gallia" thiab lwm yam

Symphonic ua haujlwm First Symphony in D major (1851) Second Symphony Es-dur (1855) Me Symphony for wind instruments (1888) thiab lwm yam

Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau daim rau piano thiab lwm yam twj paj nruag solo, chamber ensembles

Kev sau ntawv "Memoirs ntawm ib tug Artist" (postthumously luam tawm), ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov khoom