Jacques Offenbach |

Jacques Offenbach: XNUMX Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk!

"Offenbach yog - txawm hais tias nws suab nrov npaum li cas - yog ib tus kws sau ntawv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua 6," sau I. Sollertinsky. "Tsuas yog nws ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv sib txawv kiag li Schumann lossis Mendelssohn, Wagner lossis Brahms. Nws yog ib tug zoo nkauj suab paj nruag feuilletonist, buff satirist, improviser ..." Nws tsim 100 operas, ib tug xov tooj ntawm romances thiab suab ensembles, tab sis lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj hauj lwm yog operetta (txog XNUMX). Ntawm Offenbach's operettas, Orpheus hauv ntuj raug txim, La Belle Helena, Lub Neej hauv Paris, Duchess ntawm Gerolstein, Pericola, thiab lwm tus sawv tawm ntawm lawv qhov tseem ceeb. mus rau hauv operetta ntawm kev sib raug zoo witticism, feem ntau tig nws mus rau hauv ib tug parody ntawm lub neej ntawm lub contemporary Second Empire, denouncing lub cynicism thiab depravity ntawm tib neeg, "feverishly dancing ntawm lub roob hluav taws", thaum lub sij hawm ntawm ib tug uncontrollably ceev txav mus rau lub Sedan kev puas tsuaj. . "… Ua tsaug rau lub ntiaj teb satirical Scope, qhov dav ntawm grotesque thiab accusatory generalizations," I. Sollertinsky sau tseg, "Offenbach tawm ntawm cov qeb ntawm operetta composers - Herve, Lecoq, Johann Strauss, Lehar - thiab mus rau lub phalanx ntawm cov neeg zoo satirists - Aristophanes , Rabelais, Swift , Voltaire, Daumier, thiab lwm yam Offenbach lub suab paj nruag, inexhaustible nyob rau hauv melodic generosity thiab rhythmic ingenuity, cim los ntawm ib tug neeg zoo originality, feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv Fabkis cov pej xeem hauv nroog, kev xyaum ntawm Parisian chansonniers, thiab seev cev nrov thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog gallop. thiab quadrille. Nws nqus cov kev coj noj coj ua zoo nkauj: kev txawj ntse thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm G. Rossini, lub siab kub hnyiab ntawm KM Weber, cov nkauj ntawm A. Boildieu thiab F. Herold, cov suab paj nruag zoo nkauj ntawm F. Aubert. Tus kws sau ntawv ncaj qha tsim cov kev ua tiav ntawm nws cov neeg nyob sib ze thiab niaj hnub - ib tus tsim ntawm Fabkis classical operetta F. Hervé. Tab sis feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lightness thiab kev tshav ntuj, Offenbach echoes WA ​​Mozart; Nws tsis yog vim li cas nws tau hu ua "Mozart ntawm Champs Elysees".

J. Offenbach yug hauv tsev neeg ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj cantor. Muaj lub peev xwm ua suab paj nruag tshwj xeeb, thaum muaj hnub nyoog 7 xyoo nws tau paub lub suab nkauj nrog kev pab los ntawm nws txiv, thaum muaj hnub nyoog 10 xyoo nws tus kheej kawm ua si cello, thiab thaum muaj hnub nyoog 12 xyoos nws pib ua yeeb yam hauv kev ua yeeb yam raws li tus kws tshaj lij cellist. thiab composer. Xyoo 1833, tau tsiv mus rau Paris - lub nroog uas tau los ua nws lub tsev thib ob, qhov chaw nws nyob yuav luag tag nrho nws lub neej - tus tub ntxhais hluas tshuab raj nkag mus rau hauv chav saib xyuas hauv chav kawm F. Halevi. Nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo tom qab kawm tiav los ntawm lub conservatory, nws ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug cellist nyob rau hauv lub orchestra ntawm lub Opera Comique theatre, ua nyob rau hauv kev lom zem chaw thiab salons, thiab sau ua yeeb yam thiab pop music. Lub zog muab concerts hauv Paris, nws kuj tau mus ncig ntev hauv London (1844) thiab Cologne (1840 thiab 1843), qhov twg hauv ib qho ntawm concerts F. Liszt nrog nws paub txog cov txuj ci ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas ua yeeb yam. Los ntawm 1850 txog 1855 Offenbach ua haujlwm ua tus neeg ua haujlwm sau ntawv thiab tus neeg saib xyuas ntawm Theatre Francais, sau suab paj nruag rau qhov xwm txheej ntawm P. Corneille thiab J. Racine.

Nyob rau hauv 1855, Offenbach qhib nws tus kheej ua yeeb yam, Bouffes Parisiens, qhov chaw uas nws ua hauj lwm tsis tsuas yog raws li ib tug composer, tab sis kuj raws li ib tug ua lag luam, theem thawj coj, neeg xyuas pib, co-sau ntawm librettists. Zoo li nws niaj hnub no, tus naas ej Fabkis cartoonists O. Daumier thiab P. Gavarni, tus neeg hu nkauj E. Labiche, Offenbach saturates nws ua yeeb yam nrog maj mam thiab caustic wit, thiab tej zaum nrog sarcasm. Tus kws sau nkauj nyiam cov neeg sau ntawv-librettists A. Melyak thiab L. Halevi, tus kws sau ntawv tiag tiag ntawm nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam. Thiab qhov chaw ua yeeb yam me me ntawm Champs Elysees maj mam dhau los ua qhov chaw sib tham nyiam rau cov pej xeem Parisian. Thawj qhov kev vam meej tau yeej los ntawm operetta "Orpheus nyob rau hauv ntuj raug txim", staged nyob rau hauv 1858 thiab tiv thaiv 288 ua yeeb yam ua ke. Qhov kev sib cav sib ceg ntawm kev kawm qub qub, uas cov vajtswv nqis los ntawm Mount Olympus thiab seev cev frenzied cancan, muaj ib qho kev qhia meej rau cov qauv ntawm lub neej niaj hnub thiab niaj hnub no. Ntxiv suab paj nruag thiab theem ua hauj lwm - tsis muaj teeb meem dab tsi lawv tau sau rau (kev qub qub thiab cov duab ntawm cov dab neeg nrov, Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab Peruvian exoticism, cov xwm txheej ntawm Fabkis keeb kwm ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX thiab lub neej ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub) - invariably qhia txog niaj hnub ntau. nyob rau hauv ib tug parodic, comic los yog lyrical key.

Ua raws li "Orpheus" yog muab "Genevieve of Brabant" (1859), "Fortunio's Song" (1861), "Beautiful Elena" (1864), "Bluebeard" (1866), "Paris Life" (1866), "Duchess of Gerolstein". "(1867), "Perichole" (1868), "tub sab" (1869). Offenbach lub koob meej nthuav tawm sab nraum Fabkis. Nws operettas yog staged txawv teb chaws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Vienna thiab St. Nyob rau hauv 1861, nws tshem tawm nws tus kheej los ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm lub ua yeeb yam nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav muaj peev xwm mus tas li mus ncig xyuas. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws lub koob meej yog Paris World Exhibition ntawm 1867, qhov twg "Parisian Life" yog ua, uas tau coj los ua ke cov vaj ntxwv ntawm Portugal, Sweden, Norway, Viceroy ntawm Egypt, Prince of Wales thiab Lavxias teb sab Tsar Alexander II nyob rau hauv lub Cov khw muag khoom ntawm Bouffes Parisiens theatre. Kev Tsov Rog Franco-Prussian cuam tshuam Offenbach txoj haujlwm ci ntsa iab. Nws operettas tawm ntawm theem. Xyoo 1875, nws raug yuam kom tshaj tawm nws tus kheej poob nyiaj. Xyoo 1876, txhawm rau pab nyiaj txiag rau nws tsev neeg, nws tau mus ncig xyuas Tebchaws Meskas, qhov chaw nws ua kev ua yeeb yam hauv vaj. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm lub Ntiaj Teb thib ob Exhibition (1878), Offenbach yuav luag tsis nco qab lawm. Kev vam meej ntawm nws ob tug tom qab operettas Madame Favard (1878) thiab Tus Ntxhais ntawm Tambour Major (1879) me ntsis brightens li qhov xwm txheej, tab sis Offenbach lub yeeb koob yog thaum kawg overshadowed los ntawm operettas ntawm cov hluas Fabkis composer Ch. Lecoq. Tawm tsam los ntawm kab mob plawv, Offenbach tab tom ua haujlwm rau nws txoj haujlwm uas nws xav txog nws lub neej txoj haujlwm - lyric-comic opera The Tales of Hoffmann. Nws qhia txog lub ntsiab lus romantic ntawm qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm qhov zoo tagnrho, qhov tsis pom kev ntawm lub ntiaj teb muaj nyob. Tab sis tus composer tsis nyob mus saib nws premiere; nws tau ua tiav thiab ua tiav los ntawm E. Guiraud xyoo 1881.

I. Nemirovskaya

Ib yam li Meyerbeer tau ua tus thawj coj hauv lub suab paj nruag lub neej ntawm Paris thaum lub sijhawm bourgeois huab tais ntawm Louis Philippe, yog li Offenbach tau ua tiav qhov kev lees paub dav tshaj plaws nyob rau lub sijhawm thib ob. Nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug heev tus kheej tsos ntawm ob qho tib si loj artists, cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev muaj tiag tau xav txog; lawv tau los ua lub qhov ncauj ntawm lawv lub sijhawm, ob qho tib si nws qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo. Thiab yog tias Meyerbeer raug suav hais tias yog tus tsim ntawm hom ntawv Fabkis "grand" opera, ces Offenbach yog ib qho classic ntawm Fabkis, los yog es, Parisian operetta.

Dab tsi yog nws cov yam ntxwv nta?

Lub Parisian operetta yog ib yam khoom ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman thib ob. Qhov no yog daim iav ntawm nws lub neej kev sib raug zoo, uas feem ntau muab cov duab ncaj ncees ntawm cov kab mob niaj hnub thiab kev phem. Lub operetta loj hlob tawm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam cuam tshuam los yog kev tshuaj xyuas hom uas tau teb rau cov teeb meem ntawm lub hnub. Kev coj ua ntawm kev sib sau ua ke, ci ntsa iab thiab witty improvisations ntawm goguettes, nrog rau kev coj noj coj ua ntawm chansonniers, cov neeg txawj ntse ntawm cov lus dab neeg hauv nroog, tau muab lub neej pub rau hauv cov yeeb yam no. Yuav ua li cas lub comic opera ua tsis tau tejyam, uas yog, saturate cov kev ua tau zoo nrog niaj hnub cov ntsiab lus thiab cov niaj hnub system ntawm suab paj nruas intonations, yog ua los ntawm lub operetta.

Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav yog qhov tsis ncaj ncees rau overestimate nws socially nthuav qhia qhov tseem ceeb. Tsis mob siab rau hauv tus cwj pwm, thuam hauv cov suab nrov thiab frivolous hauv cov ntsiab lus - qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj no. Cov kws sau ntawv ntawm kev ua yeeb yam operetta siv cov lus piav qhia, feem ntau khaws cia los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm keeb kwm yav dhau los, thiab ua haujlwm, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, los tsim cov xwm txheej txaus ntshai, cov ntawv nyeem tsis zoo. Suab paj nruag tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb (qhov no yog qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm Parisian operetta thiab Viennese): kev ua kom muaj zog, kev sib xyaw ua ke sib xyaw ua ke thiab kev ua las voos divertissements, uas tau "txheej" nrog kev sib tham dav dav. Tag nrho cov no txo ​​qis lub tswv yim, kos duab thiab ua suab paj nruag tus nqi ntawm kev ua yeeb yam operetta.

Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv txhais tes ntawm ib tug neeg ua yeeb yam loj (thiab xws li, tsis ntseeg, yog Offenbach!) lub operetta tau saturated nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm satire, mob topicality, thiab nws cov suab paj nruag tau txais ib qho tseem ceeb heev tseem ceeb, raug imbued, tsis zoo li ib tug comic los yog "grand" opera, nrog rau feem ntau siv tau txhua hnub intonations. Nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas Bizet thiab Delibes, uas yog, cov neeg ua yeeb yam ywj pheej tshaj plaws ntawm cov tiam tom ntej, uas tau paub txog lub tsev khaws khoom. niaj hnub suab paj nruag hais lus, ua lawv debut nyob rau hauv lub operetta ib hom ntawv nyeem. Thiab yog tias Gounod yog thawj zaug nrhiav pom cov intonations tshiab no ("Faust" tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm "Orpheus nyob rau hauv ntuj raug txim"), ces Offenbach feem ntau tag nrho embodied lawv nyob rau hauv nws ua hauj lwm.

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Jacques Offenbach (nws lub npe tiag tiag yog Ebersht) yug rau lub Rau Hli 20, 1819 hauv Cologne (Lub Tebchaws Yelemees) hauv tsev neeg ntawm ib tug devout rabbi; txij thaum me nyuam yaus, nws tau pom kev txaus siab hauv suab paj nruag, tshwj xeeb hauv cellist. Nyob rau hauv 1833 Offenbach tsiv mus rau Paris. Txij no mus, ib yam li Meyerbeer, Fabkis dhau los ua nws lub tsev thib ob. Tom qab kawm tiav los ntawm lub conservatory, nws nkag mus rau lub theatre orchestra raws li ib tug cellist. Offenbach muaj hnub nyoog nees nkaum xyoo thaum nws ua nws debut raws li ib tug composer, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tau ua tsis tiav. Tom qab ntawd nws rov tig mus rau lub cello - nws tau muab concerts hauv Paris, hauv lub nroog ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, hauv London, yam tsis tau tso tseg ib qho kev ua yeeb yam ntawm txoj kev. Txawm li cas los xij, yuav luag txhua yam uas nws tau sau ua ntej 50s tau ploj lawm.

Thaum lub sij hawm xyoo 1850-1855, Offenbach yog tus thawj coj ntawm kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj "Comedie Frangaise", nws tau sau ntau lub suab paj nruag rau kev ua yeeb yam thiab nyiam cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag thiab cov neeg tshiab los koom tes (ntawm thawj - Meyerbeer, ntawm qhov thib ob. - Gounod). Nws rov sim ua kom tau ib txoj haujlwm los sau ib qho opera ua tsis tiav. Offenbach tig mus rau lwm yam kev ua ub no.

Txij li thaum pib ntawm lub 50s, tus composer Florimond Herve, ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm lub hom ntawv operetta, tau txais koob meej nrog nws witty ib tug miniatures. Nws nyiam Delibes thiab Offenbach rau lawv cov creation. Lub tom kawg tsis ntev ua tiav hauv eclipsing lub yeeb koob ntawm Hervé. (Raws li cov lus piv txwv ntawm ib tus kws sau ntawv Fab Kis, Aubert tau sawv ntawm lub qhov rooj ntawm lub operetta. Herve qhib lawv me ntsis, thiab Offenbach nkag mus ... Florimond Herve (lub npe tiag tiag - Ronge, 1825-1892) - tus sau txog ib puas operettas, qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog "Mademoiselle Nitouche" (1883).

Nyob rau hauv 1855, Offenbach qhib nws tus kheej ua yeeb yam, hu ua "Paris Buffs": ntawm no, nyob rau hauv ib tug nruj chav tsev, nws staged zoo siab buffoonades thiab idyllic pastorals nrog nws suab paj nruag, uas yog ua los ntawm ob los yog peb lam. Niaj hnub no ntawm tus naas ej Fabkis cartoonists Honore Daumier thiab Paul Gavarni, comedian Eugene Labiche, Offenbach saturated ua yeeb yam nrog hloov maj mam thiab caustic wit, thuam thuam. Nws nyiam cov neeg sau ntawv zoo li lub siab, thiab yog tias tus kws sau ntawv ua yeeb yaj kiab Scribe hauv kev nkag siab tag nrho ntawm lo lus yog tus kws sau ntawv ntawm Meyerbeer's operas, tom qab ntawd hauv tus neeg ntawm Henri Meilhac thiab Ludovic Halévy - yav tom ntej tus sau phau ntawv libretto "Carmen" - Offenbach tau txais nws cov neeg sau ntawv sib koom ua ke.

1858 - Offenbach twb muaj plaub caug xyoo - yog ib qho kev txiav txim siab hloov pauv hauv nws txoj hmoo. Qhov no yog lub xyoo ntawm lub premiere ntawm Offenbach thawj operetta zoo, Orpheus nyob rau hauv ntuj raug txim, uas tau khiav rau ob puas thiab yim caum-yim ua yeeb yam ua ke. (Hauv xyoo 1878, 900th kev ua yeeb yam tau tshwm sim hauv Paris!). Qhov no yog ua raws li, yog tias peb muab cov npe nto moo tshaj plaws, "Geneviève of Brabant" (1859), "Zoo nkauj Helena" (1864), "Bluebeard" (1866), "Paris Life" (1866), "The Duchess of Gerolstein" (1867), "Pericola" (1868), "tub sab" (1869). Lub tsib xyoos dhau los ntawm Lub Tebchaws Thib Ob yog xyoo ntawm Offenbach lub yeeb koob tsis muaj kev sib cais, thiab nws qhov kawg yog xyoo 1857: nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm kev ua koob tsheej zoo kawg nkaus rau kev qhib lub Ntiaj Teb Exhibition, muaj kev ua yeeb yam ntawm "Paris Life".

Offenbach nrog lub zog muaj tswv yim zoo tshaj plaws. Nws tsis yog tsuas yog tus sau nkauj rau nws operettas, tab sis kuj yog tus kws sau ntawv ntawm cov ntawv sau, tus thawj coj theem, tus thawj coj, thiab ua lag luam rau pawg. Ua tib zoo xav txog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, nws ua tiav cov qhab nia ntawm kev rov ua dua: luv qhov zoo li tau kos tawm, nthuav dav, rov kho cov lej. Qhov kev ua haujlwm hnyav no yog qhov nyuaj los ntawm kev mus ncig ntau lub tebchaws, qhov twg Offenbach nyob txhua qhov chaw nrog lub koob meej nrov.

Lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Lub Tebchaws Thib Ob tam sim ntawd xaus Offenbach txoj haujlwm ci ntsa iab. Nws operettas tawm ntawm theem. Xyoo 1875, nws raug yuam kom tshaj tawm nws tus kheej poob nyiaj. Lub xeev poob, theatrical entreprise yog yaj, tus sau cov nyiaj tau los yog siv los them cov nuj nqis. Txhawm rau pub nws tsev neeg, Offenbach tau mus ncig xyuas Tebchaws Meskas, qhov twg xyoo 1876 nws tau ua kev ua yeeb yam hauv vaj. Thiab txawm hais tias nws tsim ib qho tshiab, peb tsab ntawv ntawm Pericola (1874), Madame Favard (1878), Daughter of Tambour loj (1879) - tej hauj lwm uas tsis yog tsuas yog tsis inferior nyob rau hauv lawv cov artistic qualities rau yav dhau los sawv daws yuav, tab sis txawm surpass. lawv, qhib qhov tshiab, lyrical yam ntawm tus kws sau ntawv lub peev xwm zoo - nws tsuas yog ua tiav kev vam meej. (Lub sijhawm no, Offenbach lub koob meej raug cuam tshuam los ntawm Charles Lecoq (1832-1918), nyob rau hauv uas nws ua hauj lwm ib tug lyrical pib yog muab tso rau pem hauv ntej mus rau lub detriment ntawm parody thiab lom zem lom zem es tsis txhob ntawm unrestrained cancan. Nws nto moo tshaj plaws tej hauj lwm yog Madame Ango tus ntxhais ( 1872) thiab Girofle-Girofle (1874) Robert Plunkett's operetta Lub Tswb ntawm Corneville (1877) kuj nrov heev.)

Offenbach raug mob nrog mob plawv loj. Tab sis nyob rau hauv kev cia siab ntawm nws txoj kev tuag yuav tshwm sim, nws kub siab ua hauj lwm rau nws txoj hauj lwm tshiab - lub suab paj nruag-comedy opera Tales (hauv kev txhais lus tseeb dua, "cov dab neeg") ntawm Hoffmann. Nws tsis tas yuav mus koom lub premiere: tsis tau ua tiav cov qhab nia, nws tuag thaum Lub Kaum Hli 4, 1880.

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Offenbach yog tus sau ntau tshaj li ib puas suab paj nruag thiab ua yeeb yam. Ib qho chaw loj hauv nws cov keeb kwm yog nyob ntawm interludes, farces, kev ua yeeb yam me me-kev tshuaj xyuas. Txawm li cas los xij, tus naj npawb ntawm ob- lossis peb-txoj cai operettas kuj tseem nyob hauv kaum.

Cov phiaj xwm ntawm nws cov operettas muaj ntau haiv neeg: ntawm no yog cov qub txeeg qub teg ("Orpheus nyob rau hauv ntuj raug txim", "Zoo nkauj Elena"), thiab dluab ntawm nrov fairy tales ("Bluebeard"), thiab cov Nrab Hnub nyoog ("Genevieve of Brabant"), thiab Peruvian exoticism ("Pericola"), thiab cov xwm txheej tiag tiag los ntawm Fabkis keeb kwm ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMXth ("Madame Favard"), thiab lub neej ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub ("Parisian lub neej"), thiab lwm yam. Tab sis tag nrho cov kev sib txawv ntawm sab nraud yog koom ua ke los ntawm lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. - duab ntawm niaj hnub mores.

Txawm hais tias nws yog qhov qub, cov phiaj xwm qub lossis cov tshiab, hais txog cov teb chaws tsis tseeb thiab cov xwm txheej, lossis hais txog qhov tseeb, Offenbach lub sijhawm ua txhua qhov chaw thiab txhua qhov chaw, ntaus los ntawm ib qho kev mob tshwm sim - kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees, kev noj nyiaj txiag. Txhawm rau piav qhia txog kev noj nyiaj txiag zoo li no, Offenbach tsis muaj xim xim thiab qee zaum ua tiav cov lus thuam, qhia txog cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob bourgeois. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog qhov tshwm sim hauv txhua yam ntawm Offenbach txoj haujlwm. Ntau ntawm lawv tau mob siab rau kev lom zem, hais ncaj ncees erotic, "cancan" lub sijhawm, thiab kev thuam siab phem feem ntau yog hloov los ntawm kev npliag siab. Xws li kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev sib raug zoo nrog lub boulevard-anecdotal, lub satirical nrog frivolous yog qhov tsis sib haum xeeb tseem ceeb ntawm Offenbach's theatrical ua yeeb yam.

Tias yog vim li cas, ntawm cov keeb kwm zoo ntawm Offenbach, tsuas yog ob peb txoj haujlwm tau muaj sia nyob hauv kev ua yeeb yam repertoire. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv cov ntawv sau, txawm hais tias lawv qhov kev txawj ntse thiab kev xav tsis zoo, tau ploj mus ntau heev, vim tias cov lus hais txog cov lus tseeb thiab cov xwm txheej uas muaj nyob hauv lawv tau dhau los. (Vim tias qhov no, hauv tsev ua yeeb yaj kiab hauv tsev, cov ntawv ntawm Offenbach's operettas tau txais qhov tseem ceeb, qee zaum radical ua.). Tab sis cov suab paj nruag tsis muaj hnub nyoog. Offenbach cov txuj ci zoo ua rau nws nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm tus tswv ntawm cov nkauj yooj yim thiab siv tau thiab seev cev ib hom ntawv.

Offenbach lub hauv paus ntawm cov suab paj nruag yog Fabkis cov lus dab neeg hauv nroog. Thiab txawm hais tias muaj ntau tus kws sau nkauj ua yeeb yaj kiab ntawm xyoo pua XNUMX tau tig mus rau qhov chaw no, tsis muaj leej twg ua ntej nws tuaj yeem nthuav tawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub teb chaws txhua hnub nkauj thiab seev cev nrog kev ua tiav thiab kev ua yeeb yam zoo.

Qhov no, txawm li cas los xij, tsis txwv rau nws cov txiaj ntsig. Offenbach tsis tsuas yog rov tsim kho cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg hauv nroog - thiab saum toj no tag nrho cov kev coj ua ntawm Parisian chansonniers - tab sis kuj txhawb lawv nrog kev paub txog kev ua yeeb yam classics. Mozart txoj kev kaj thiab kev tshav ntuj, Rossini lub wit thiab ci ntsa iab, Weber lub siab kub hnyiab, lyricism ntawm Boildieu thiab Herold, fascinating, piquant rhythms ntawm Aubert - tag nrho cov no thiab ntau ntxiv yog embodied nyob rau hauv Offenbach lub suab paj nruag. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog cim los ntawm tus kheej zoo originality.

Suab paj nruag thiab suab paj nruag yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm Offenbach lub suab paj nruag. Nws lub suab paj nruag zoo siab yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, thiab nws txoj kev ua kom zoo nkauj sib txawv tshwj xeeb. Lub cus ciav txawm ntau thiab tsawg ntawm peppy couplet nkauj yog hloov los ntawm graceful seev cev motifs ntawm 6/8, lub marching dotted kab - los ntawm kev ntsuas swaying ntawm barcarolles, temperamental Spanish boleros thiab fandangos - los ntawm tus du, yooj yim txav ntawm waltz, thiab lwm yam. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev seev cev nrov thaum lub sijhawm ntawd - quadrilles thiab gallop (saib piv txwv 173 ib BCDE ). Nyob rau hauv lawv lub hauv paus, Offenbach tsim refrains ntawm nqe - choral refrains, lub zog ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm uas yog ib tug vortex xwm. Cov kev sib tw zaum kawg no qhia tau hais tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li cas Offenbach tau siv qhov kev paub ntawm kev ua yeeb yam comic.

Lightness, wit, kev tshav ntuj thiab impetuous impulse - cov qualities ntawm Offenbach lub suab paj nruag yog reflected nyob rau hauv nws instrumentation. Nws muab cov kev yooj yim thiab pob tshab ntawm lub suab paj nruag nrog cov yam ntxwv ci ntsa iab thiab cov xim hloov maj mam kov uas ntxiv rau lub suab duab.

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Txawm hais tias muaj qhov sib xws, muaj qee qhov sib txawv hauv Offenbach's operettas. Peb ntau yam ntawm lawv tuaj yeem piav qhia (peb tso tseg tag nrho lwm yam ntawm cov cim me me): cov no yog operetta-parodies, comedies ntawm tus cwj pwm thiab lyric-comedy operettas. Piv txwv ntawm cov hom no tuaj yeem ua haujlwm raws li: "Zoo nkauj Helena", "Parisian Life" thiab "Perichole".

Xa mus rau cov phiaj xwm qub txeeg qub teg, Offenbach sarcastically parodied lawv: piv txwv li, tus neeg hu nkauj mythological Orpheus tau tshwm sim los ua tus kws qhia suab paj nruag, tus neeg dawb huv Eurydice ua tus poj niam tsis nyiam ntawm dab, thaum Olympus vajtswv omnipotent tau hloov mus ua cov txwj laus tsis muaj kev vam meej thiab voluptuous. Nrog rau qhov yooj yim tib yam, Offenbach "rov ua dua" zaj dab neeg ntawm zaj dab neeg thiab cov motifs nrov ntawm romantic novels thiab yeeb yam nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev niaj hnub. Yog li nws tau nthuav tawm qub dab neeg cov cov ntsiab lus, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm parodied ib txwm theatrical cov tswv yim thiab style ntawm opera productions, thuam lawv ossified conventionality.

Cov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm kev coj cwj pwm tau siv cov phiaj xwm qub, uas niaj hnub kev sib raug zoo ntawm bourgeois tau nthuav tawm ncaj qha thiab nthuav tawm, pom nyob rau hauv ib qho kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo ("Lub Duchess: Gerolsteinskaya"), lossis nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas ("Paris Life").

Thaum kawg, nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm Offenbach tej hauj lwm, pib nrog Fortunio's Song (1861), cov lyrical kwj yog ntau pronounced - lawv tshem tawm cov kab uas cais lub operetta los ntawm lub comic opera. Thiab qhov kev thuam ib txwm tawm ntawm tus kws sau paj huam: hauv kev piav qhia txog kev hlub thiab kev tu siab ntawm Pericola lossis Justine Favard, nws tau hais txog lub siab dawb paug ntawm kev xav, lub siab dawb paug. Cov kwj dej no tau muaj zog thiab muaj zog dua nyob rau xyoo tas los ntawm Offenbach lub neej thiab tau ua tiav hauv The Tales of Hoffmann. Lub ntsiab lus romantic hais txog qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm qhov zoo tagnrho, hais txog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev muaj tiag yog qhia ntawm no hauv daim ntawv dawb-rhapsody - txhua qhov kev ua yeeb yam muaj nws tus kheej zaj dab neeg, tsim ib qho "zoo li daim duab" raws li cov qauv ntawm cov lus piav qhia. kev ua.

Tau ntau xyoo, Offenbach txhawj xeeb txog lub tswv yim no. Rov qab rau xyoo 1851, tsib qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm The Tales of Hoffmann tau tshwm sim hauv Parisian ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam. Nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov dab neeg luv luv los ntawm German romantic sau ntawv, cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm kev ua si, Jules Barbier thiab Michel Carré, ua rau Hoffmann nws tus kheej ua tus hero ntawm peb txoj kev hlub taug txuj kev nyuaj; Lawv cov neeg tuaj koom yog tus menyuam roj hmab uas tsis muaj dab tsi Olympia, tus neeg hu nkauj mob tuag tes tuag taw Antonia, tus neeg saib xyuas tsis txaus ntseeg Juliet. Txhua txoj kev taug txuj kev nyuaj xaus nrog kev puas tsuaj loj: ntawm txoj kev mus rau kev zoo siab, tus kws pab tswv yim tsis meej Lindorf tau sawv, hloov nws lub ntsej muag. Thiab cov duab ntawm tus hlub eluding tus kws sau paj lug yog ib yam li hloov tau ... (Lub hauv paus ntawm cov xwm txheej yog zaj dab neeg luv luv los ntawm ETA Hoffmann "Don Juan", uas tus kws sau ntawv qhia txog nws lub rooj sib tham nrog ib tus neeg hu nkauj nto moo. Cov duab ntxiv yog qiv los ntawm ntau cov dab neeg luv luv ("Golden Pot" , “Sandman”, “Advisor”, thiab lwm yam).)

Offenbach, uas tau sim sau comic opera tag nrho nws lub neej, tau txaus siab los ntawm zaj dab neeg ntawm kev ua si, qhov twg txhua hnub ua yeeb yam thiab kev npau suav tau sib cuam tshuam heev. Tab sis tsuas yog peb caug xyoo tom qab, thaum cov lyrical kwj nyob rau hauv nws txoj hauj lwm tau muaj zog, nws muaj peev xwm paub nws tus npau suav, thiab txawm tom qab ntawd tsis tag: kev tuag tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev ua tiav cov hauj lwm - clavier Ernest Guiraud instrumented. Txij thaum ntawd los - lub premiere tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1881 - Cov Tales ntawm Hoffmann tau nrees nkag mus rau lub ntiaj teb ua yeeb yam repertoire, thiab cov suab paj nruag zoo tshaj plaws (xws li lub npe nrov barcarolle - saib piv txwv 173 в) tau paub dav. (Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej, qhov no tsuas yog comic opera los ntawm Offenbach tau hloov kho ntau yam: cov ntawv sau luv luv, uas tau hloov los ntawm cov ntawv sau, tus naj npawb ntawm tus kheej tau rov kho dua, txawm tias ua haujlwm (lawv tus lej raug txo los ntawm tsib mus rau peb). M. Gregor (1905).

Kev ua yeeb yam zoo ntawm Offenbach lub suab paj nruag tau ua kom nws lub sijhawm ntev, qhov chaw nyob ruaj khov - nws suab ob qho tib si hauv kev ua yeeb yam thiab hauv kev ua yeeb yam.

Ib tug zoo kawg nkaus tus tswv ntawm cov comedy ib hom ntawv nyeem, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ib tug subtle lyricist, Offenbach yog ib tug tseem ceeb Fabkis composers ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX.

M. Druskin

• Daim ntawv teev cov operettas loj los ntawm Offenbach →