Hanns Eisler |

Hanns Eisler

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 20s, cov nkauj tub rog loj ntawm Hans Eisler, tus kws sau ntawv hauv tebchaws uas tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev tawm suab nkauj ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX, tau pib nthuav tawm hauv cov cheeb tsam ua haujlwm hauv Berlin, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv. thoob plaws lub voj voog ntawm German proletariat. Hauv kev koom tes nrog cov kws sau paj huam Bertolt Brecht, Erich Weinert, tus neeg hu nkauj Ernst Busch, Eisler qhia ib hom nkauj tshiab rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub - zaj nkauj slogan, zaj nkauj tshaj tawm hu rau kev tawm tsam ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam. Qhov no yog li cas ib hom nkauj tshwm sim, uas tau txais lub npe "Kampflieder" - "cov nkauj ntawm kev tawm tsam." Eisler tuaj rau hom ntawv no hauv txoj kev nyuaj.

Hans Eisler yug hauv Leipzig, tab sis tsis nyob ntawm no ntev, tsuas yog plaub xyoos xwb. Nws siv nws thaum yau thiab hluas hauv Vienna. Kev kawm suab paj nruag pib thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntxov, thaum muaj hnub nyoog 12 xyoos nws sim sau. Yog tsis muaj kev pab los ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv, tsuas yog kawm los ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm cov suab paj nruag paub rau nws, Eisler sau nws thawj compositions, cim los ntawm lub stamp ntawm dilettantism. Raws li ib tug tub hluas, Eisler koom nrog lub koom haum cov tub ntxhais hluas kev hloov pauv, thiab thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib XNUMX tau pib, nws koom tes nrog kev tsim thiab kev faib tawm cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm tawm tsam kev ua tsov ua rog.

Nws muaj 18 xyoo thaum nws mus rau pem hauv ntej ua tub rog. Ntawm no, thawj zaug, suab paj nruag thiab cov tswv yim hloov pauv tau hla hauv nws lub siab, thiab thawj zaj nkauj tau tshwm sim - cov lus teb rau qhov tseeb nyob ib puag ncig nws.

Tom qab ua tsov ua rog, rov qab mus rau Vienna, Eisler nkag mus rau hauv lub tsev khaws puav pheej thiab tau los ua ib tug tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Arnold Schoenberg, tus tsim ntawm dodecaphonic system, tsim los rhuav tshem ntau pua xyoo cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm suab paj nruag logic thiab materialistic suab paj nruag zoo nkauj. Nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov xyoo ntawd, Schoenberg tau hloov tshwj xeeb rau cov suab paj nruag classic, coj nws cov tub ntxhais kawm los ua raws li cov cai nruj nruj uas muaj kev coj noj coj ua sib sib zog nqus.

Cov xyoo siv hauv Schoenberg cov chav kawm (1918-1923) tau muab sijhawm rau Eisler los kawm txog cov hauv paus ntawm kev sau cov txheej txheem. Hauv nws lub piano sonatas, Quintet rau cov twj paj nruag cua, hu nkauj ntawm Heine cov nqe lus, zoo nkauj me me rau lub suab, suab paj nruag, clarinet, viola thiab cello, ob qho tib si kev ntseeg siab ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntau yam yog pom tseeb, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ib txwm muaj, lub hwj chim. ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv, Schoenberg.

Eisler koom nrog cov thawj coj ntawm kev ua yeeb yam choral, uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv Austria, thiab tsis ntev los no tau dhau los ua ib tus neeg nyiam tshaj plaws ntawm ntau hom kev kawm suab paj nruag hauv chaw ua haujlwm. Thesis "Suab paj nruag thiab kiv puag ncig" yuav txiav txim siab thiab indestructible rau tag nrho nws lub neej. Tias yog vim li cas nws xav tias muaj kev xav tau sab hauv los kho cov haujlwm zoo nkauj uas tau tsim los ntawm Schoenberg thiab nws cov neeg koom nrog. Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1924, Eisler tau tsiv mus rau Berlin, qhov chaw ntawm lub neej ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv German ua haujlwm hnyav heev, qhov twg lub zog ntawm Pawg Neeg Communist tau loj hlob txhua hnub, qhov chaw hais lus ntawm Ernst Thalmann perspicaciously qhia rau cov neeg ua haujlwm. Dab tsi txaus ntshai yog fraught nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntau dua, mus rau fascism.

Eisler thawj qhov kev ua yeeb yam ua tus kws sau nkauj ua rau muaj kev txaj muag tiag tiag hauv Berlin. Yog vim li cas rau nws yog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm lub suab voj voog ntawm cov ntawv qiv los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm tshaj tawm. Lub luag haujlwm uas Eisler tau teeb tsa rau nws tus kheej yog qhov tseeb: los ntawm kev txhob txwm tshaj tawm, los ntawm kev ua txhua hnub, ua rau "nplua rau ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm pej xeem nyiam", lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv nroog, cov neeg philistines, raws li Lavxias teb sab futurists tau xyaum nyob rau hauv lawv cov lus sau thiab hais lus. Cov neeg thuam tau hnov ​​​​qab tsim nyog rau qhov ua tau zoo ntawm "Xov Xwm Tshaj Tawm", tsis yog stinting hauv kev xaiv cov lus cog lus thiab thuam cov lus thuam.

Eisler nws tus kheej tau kho qhov ntu nrog "Cov Ntawv Tshaj Tawm" tsis txaus ntseeg, paub tias qhov kev zoo siab ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab kev txaj muag hauv philistine swamp yuav tsum tsis yog qhov xwm txheej loj. Txuas ntxiv kev phooj ywg nws tau pib hauv Vienna nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm nyiam ua haujlwm, Eisler tau txais ntau txoj hauv kev hauv Berlin, txuas nws cov haujlwm nrog Marxist cov neeg ua haujlwm lub tsev kawm ntawv, yog ib lub chaw haujlwm ntawm kev xav tau tsim los ntawm Central Committee ntawm Pawg Neeg Sab Laj ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Nws nyob ntawm no tias nws muaj tswv yim kev phooj ywg nrog kws sau paj lug Bertolt Brecht thiab Erich Weinert, nrog composers Karl Rankl, Vladimir Vogl, Ernst Meyer yog tsim.

Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov kawg ntawm lub 20s yog lub sij hawm ntawm tag nrho cov kev vam meej ntawm jazz, ib tug novelty uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees tom qab tsov rog ntawm 1914-18. Eisler tau ntxim nyiam rau lub jazz ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tsis yog los ntawm kev xav siab ntsws, tsis yog los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm qhov qeeb foxtrot, thiab tsis yog los ntawm lub bustle ntawm lub ces fashionable shimmy seev cev - nws txaus siab rau lub meej meej ntawm lub jerky atherosclerosis, indestructible canvas. daim phiaj marching, uas tus qauv melodic stands kom meej meej. Qhov no yog li cas Eisler cov nkauj thiab cov suab paj nruag tshwm sim, nce mus rau hauv lawv cov suab paj nruag hauv qee kis rau kev hais lus intonations, hauv lwm tus - rau cov nkauj German, tab sis ib txwm ua raws li kev ua tiav ntawm tus neeg ua yeeb yam rau cov hlau tread ntawm atherosclerosis (feem ntau marching) , ntawm pathetic, oratorical dynamics. Kev muaj koob meej loj yog yeej los ntawm cov nkauj xws li "Comintern" ("Factories, sawv!"), "Song of Solidarity" rau cov ntawv ntawm Bertolt Brecht:

Cia cov neeg hauv ntiaj teb sawv los, sib sau ua ke lawv lub zog, ua ib thaj av dawb Cia lub ntiaj teb pub rau peb!

Los yog cov nkauj xws li "Cov Nkauj ntawm Cov Paj Rwb", "Swamp Tub Rog", "Red Wedding", "Song of Stale Bread", uas tau koob meej nyob rau ntau lub teb chaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb no thiab tau ntsib txoj hmoo ntawm kev hloov pauv tiag tiag: kev hlub thiab kev hlub ntawm tej pawg neeg thiab kev ntxub ntxaug ntawm lawv cov antagonists.

Eisler kuj tig mus rau daim ntawv txuas ntxiv, mus rau lub suab paj nruag, tab sis ntawm no nws tsis ua rau lub suab nyuaj rau tus neeg ua yeeb yam - tessitura, tempo. Txhua yam yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev mob siab rau, pathos ntawm kev txhais lus, ntawm chav kawm, nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm cov khoom siv suab tsim nyog. Qhov kev ua yeeb yam no feem ntau cuam tshuam rau Ernst Busch, tus txiv neej zoo li Eisler uas tau mob siab rau nws tus kheej rau suab paj nruag thiab kiv puag ncig. Ib tug ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam nrog ntau yam duab embodied los ntawm nws: Iago, Mephistopheles, Galileo, heroes ntawm plays los ntawm Friedrich Hma, Bertolt Brecht, tsov txaij Feuchtwanger, Georg Buchner - nws muaj ib tug peculiar hu nkauj lub suab, ib tug baritone ntawm ib tug high metallic timbre. Kev nkag siab zoo ntawm kev sib dhos, kev hais lus zoo meej, ua ke nrog kev ua yeeb yam ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, pab nws tsim tag nrho cov duab ntawm kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv ntau hom - los ntawm ib zaj nkauj yooj yim mus rau dithyramb, phau ntawv, oratorical propaganda hais lus. Nws yog qhov nyuaj rau kev xav txog qhov sib tw ntau dua ntawm tus neeg sau lub tswv yim thiab kev ua yeeb yam tshaj li Eisler-Bush pawg. Lawv qhov kev ua yeeb yam sib koom ua ke ntawm ballad "Secret Campaign Against the Soviet Union" (Lub ballad no hu ua "Ntxhais Lub Peb Hlis") thiab "Ballads of the Disabled War" ua rau muaj kev xav tsis thoob.

Kev mus ntsib Eisler thiab Bush mus rau Soviet Union nyob rau hauv lub 30s, lawv cov rooj sib tham nrog Soviet composers, sau ntawv, sib tham nrog AM Gorky tshuav ib tug sib sib zog nqus kev xav tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv memoirs, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv tiag tiag muaj tswv yim xyaum, txij li thaum muaj ntau tus neeg ua yeeb yam tau txais cov style nta Bush tus txhais lus. , thiab composers - Eisler qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sau ntawv. Xws li cov nkauj sib txawv xws li "Polyushko-field" los ntawm L. Knipper, "Ntawm no cov tub rog tab tom tuaj" los ntawm K. Molchanov, "Buchenwald tswb" los ntawm V. Muradeli, "Yog tias cov tub hluas ntawm lub ntiaj teb" los ntawm V. Solovyov-Sedoy , nrog tag nrho lawv cov originality, tau txais Eisler's harmonic, rhythmic, thiab melodic qauv.

Kev los ntawm Nazis mus rau lub hwj chim tau kos ib kab ntawm demarcation nyob rau hauv biography Hans Eisler. Ntawm ib sab yog ib feem ntawm nws uas cuam tshuam nrog Berlin, nrog kaum xyoo ntawm kev sib tw khaus khaus thiab kev ua yeeb yam, ntawm lwm qhov - xyoo ntawm kev mus ncig, kaum tsib xyoos ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw, thawj zaug hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab tom qab ntawd hauv Tebchaws Meskas.

Thaum xyoo 1937 Spanish Republicans tau tsa tus chij ntawm kev tawm tsam tawm tsam cov neeg phem fascist ntawm Mussolini, Hitler thiab lawv tus kheej tawm tsam, Hans Eisler thiab Ernst Busch pom lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv qib ntawm Republican detachments xub pwg nyom nrog cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb uas tau khiav los ntawm ntau lub tebchaws. los pab cov kwvtij Spanish. Ntawm no, nyob rau hauv lub trenches ntawm Guadalajara, Campus, Toledo, cov nkauj nyuam qhuav tsim los ntawm Eisler tau hnov. Nws "Lub Peb Hlis Ntuj ntawm Lub Tsib Hlis" thiab "Lub Ib Hlis 7" tau hu los ntawm txhua tus Republican Spain. Eisler cov nkauj tau zoo ib yam li kev tsis txaus ntseeg raws li Dolores Ibarruri cov lus hais: "Zoo dua tuag sawv dua li nyob ntawm koj lub hauv caug."

Thiab thaum lub zog sib koom ua ke ntawm fascism strangled Republican Spain, thaum kev hem thawj ntawm kev ua tsov rog hauv ntiaj teb los ua tiag, Eisler tau tsiv mus rau Asmeskas. Ntawm no nws muab nws lub zog rau pedagogy, concerts, composing zaj duab xis suab paj nruag. Hauv hom ntawv no, Eisler pib ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab tsiv mus rau qhov chaw loj ntawm Asmeskas xinesmas - Los Angeles.

Thiab, txawm hais tias nws cov suab paj nruag tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yaj kiab thiab txawm tias tau txais khoom plig, txawm hais tias Eisler nyiam kev txhawb nqa tus phooj ywg ntawm Charlie Chaplin, nws lub neej hauv Tebchaws Meskas tsis qab zib. Tus kws sau ntawv Communist tsis ua rau muaj kev khuv leej ntawm cov thawj coj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg ua haujlwm, yuav tsum "ua raws li kev xav."

Longing rau lub teb chaws Yelemees yog xav txog nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm Eisler cov hauj lwm. Tej zaum qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws yog nyob rau hauv zaj nkauj me me "Lub Tebchaws Yelemees" rau nqe ntawm Brecht.

Kawg ntawm kuv txoj kev tu siab Koj nyob deb tam sim no twilight shrouded Saum ntuj ceeb tsheej yog koj li. Ib hnub tshiab yuav los Koj puas nco qab tshaj ib zaug Cov nkauj uas tus exile hu nyob rau hauv lub iab teev no

Lub suab nkauj ntawm zaj nkauj yog nyob ze rau German lus dab neeg thiab tib lub sijhawm rau cov nkauj uas loj hlob ntawm cov kab lig kev cai ntawm Weber, Schubert, Mendelssohn. Lub crystal clearness ntawm lub suab paj nruag tawm tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg los ntawm dab tsi ntawm sab ntsuj plig qhov tob no cov kwj deg ntws.

Xyoo 1948, Hans Eisler tau suav nrog hauv cov npe ntawm "cov neeg txawv teb chaws tsis xav tau," yog qhov kev liam. Raws li ib tug kws tshawb fawb taw qhia, "Ib tug neeg ua haujlwm McCarthyist hu nws Karl Marx ntawm suab paj nruag. Tus kws sau nkauj raug kaw. " Thiab tom qab lub sijhawm luv luv, txawm tias muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab kev siv zog ntawm Charlie Chaplin, Pablo Picasso thiab ntau lwm tus kws kos duab loj, "lub teb chaws ntawm kev ywj pheej thiab kev ywj pheej" tau xa Hans Eisler mus rau Tebchaws Europe.

Cov tub ceev xwm Askiv tau sim ua kom nrog lawv cov npoj yaig txawv teb chaws thiab tsis kam txais Eisler tos txais. Rau qee lub sijhawm Eisler nyob hauv Vienna. Nws tau tsiv mus rau Berlin xyoo 1949. Cov rooj sib tham nrog Bertolt Brecht thiab Ernst Busch tau zoo siab heev, tab sis qhov zoo siab tshaj plaws yog lub rooj sib tham nrog cov neeg uas hu ob Eisler cov nkauj qub ua ntej ua tsov ua rog thiab nws cov nkauj tshiab. Ntawm no hauv Berlin, Eisler tau sau ib zaj nkauj rau cov nkauj ntawm Johannes Becher "Peb yuav sawv ntawm qhov puas tsuaj thiab tsim lub neej yav tom ntej", uas yog National Anthem ntawm German Democratic Republic.

Eisler lub hnub yug xyoo 1958 tau ua kev zoo siab rau xyoo 60. Nws txuas ntxiv sau nkauj ntau rau kev ua yeeb yam thiab xinesmas. Thiab dua, Ernst Busch, uas ua txuj ci tseem ceeb tau khiav tawm ntawm lub qhov taub ntawm Nazi concentration camps, hu nkauj ntawm nws tus phooj ywg thiab cov npoj yaig. Lub sijhawm no "Sab laug Lub Peb Hlis" rau nqe lus ntawm Mayakovsky.

Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 7, 1962, Hans Eisler tuag. Nws lub npe tau muab rau Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab ntawm Suab paj nruag hauv Berlin.

Tsis yog txhua yam haujlwm muaj npe nyob rau hauv daim ntawv luv luv no. Qhov tseem ceeb yog muab rau zaj nkauj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Eisler's chamber thiab symphonic suab paj nruag, nws cov suab paj nruag witty rau Bertolt Brecht qhov kev ua yeeb yam, thiab suab paj nruag rau kaum ob ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab nkag tsis tau tsuas yog Eisler's biography, tab sis kuj yog keeb kwm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov hom no. Lub pathos ntawm kev ua pej xeem, kev ncaj ncees rau lub hom phiaj ntawm lub kiv puag ncig, lub siab nyiam thiab txuj ci ntawm tus kws sau nkauj, uas paub nws cov neeg thiab hu nkauj nrog lawv - tag nrho cov no tau muab irresistibility rau nws cov nkauj, tus kws sau ntawv lub riam phom muaj zog.