Имре Калман (Imre Kálmán) |

Imre Kalmán

Kuv paub tias ib nrab nplooj ntawv ntawm Liszt cov qhab nia yuav ntau dua tag nrho kuv cov operettas, ob qho tib si twb tau sau thiab yav tom ntej… Cov kws sau nkauj zoo yuav ib txwm muaj lawv cov neeg qhuas thiab cov neeg txhawb siab. Tab sis nrog rau lawv, yuav tsum muaj cov neeg ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam uas tsis quav ntsej lub teeb, zoo siab, witty, hnav khaub ncaws zoo nkauj, uas Johann Strauss yog classic. I. Kalman

Nws yug los nyob rau hauv ib lub zos resort nyob rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm Lake Balaton. Lub suab paj nruag thawj zaug thiab tsis pom zoo ntawm Imre me me yog cov lus qhia piano ntawm nws tus muam Wilma, tus nkauj laus ncas ua si los ntawm xibfwb Lilde, uas tau so hauv Siofok, thiab lub operetta "Tuag Fledermaus" los ntawm I. Strauss. Ib lub gymnasium thiab lub tsev kawm suab paj nruag hauv Budapest, X. Kesler cov chav kawm muaj nyob hauv F. Liszt Academy, thiab tib lub sijhawm kawm kev cai lij choj ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv - cov no yog cov theem tseem ceeb hauv kev kawm ntawm tus kws sau ntawv yav tom ntej. Nws pib sau nkauj nyob rau hauv nws cov tub ntxhais kawm xyoo. Cov no yog symphonic tej hauj lwm, nkauj, piano pieces, couplets rau cabaret. Kalman kuj tau sim nws tus kheej hauv kev thuam suab paj nruag, ua haujlwm rau 4 xyoo (1904-08) hauv cov ntawv xov xwm Peshti Naplo. Tus kws sau paj huam thawj zaug ua yeeb yam yog operetta Peresleni's Inheritance (1906). Nws raug kev txom nyem tsis muaj hmoo: tau pom kev tawm tsam kev nom kev tswv hauv ntau lub sijhawm, tsoomfwv cov tub ceev xwm sim ua kom ntseeg tau tias qhov kev ua yeeb yam raug tshem tawm sai sai. Kev lees paub tuaj rau Kalman tom qab lub premiere ntawm operetta Autumn Maneuvers. Ua ntej hauv Budapest (1908), tom qab ntawd hauv Vienna, nws tom qab ntawd mus ncig ntau theem hauv Europe, South Africa thiab America.

Cov suab paj nruag comedies hauv qab no coj lub koob meej thoob ntiaj teb rau tus kws sau paj huam: "Tub rog nyob rau hnub so" (1910), "Gypsy Premier" (1912), "Queen of Czardas" (1915, zoo dua hu ua "Silva"). Kalman tau dhau los ua ib tus kws sau ntawv nrov tshaj plaws ntawm hom ntawv no. Cov neeg thuam tau sau tseg tias nws cov suab paj nruag sawv ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov nkauj pej xeem thiab qhia meej meej txog tib neeg txoj kev xav, nws cov suab paj nruag yog qhov yooj yim, tab sis tib lub sij hawm qub thiab poetic, thiab qhov kawg ntawm operettas yog cov duab symphonic tiag tiag ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, thawj- chav kawm txuj ci thiab ci ntsa iab instrumentation.

Kalman lub tswv yim tau mus txog nws qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv 20s. Lub sijhawm ntawd nws nyob hauv Vienna, qhov chaw ua yeeb yam ntawm nws "La Bayadere" (1921), "Countess Maritza" (1924), "Princess of the Circus" (1926), "Violets of Montmartre" (1930) tau tuav. Lub suab paj nruag zoo siab ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm cov haujlwm no tau tsim kev xav tsis thoob ntawm cov neeg mloog ntawm kev tsis saib xyuas thiab teeb pom kev zoo ntawm Kalman tus sau tus cwj mem. Thiab txawm hais tias nws tsuas yog kev dag ntxias xwb, Kalman, uas muaj kev lom zem zoo nkauj, hauv tsab ntawv rau nws tus viv ncaus tau qhia nws kom tsis txhob poob siab rau cov neeg nyiam nws txoj haujlwm thiab tham txog nws txoj haujlwm zoo li no: "Kuv tus tij laug thiab nws cov neeg sau ntawv sib ntsib txhua hnub. . Lawv haus ob peb litres ntawm kas fes dub, haus luam yeeb thiab luam yeeb, hais lus tso dag… sib cav, luag, sib cav, qw… Qhov no mus rau ntau lub hlis. Thiab mam li nco dheev, ib hnub zoo, lub operetta yog npaj txhij. "

Hauv 30s. Tus kws sau nkauj ua haujlwm ntau hauv hom suab paj nruag, sau keeb kwm operetta Dab Ntxwg Nyoog Rider (1932), nws premiere yog Kalman kawg hauv Vienna. Kev hem thawj ntawm fascism hangs thoob teb chaws Europe. Nyob rau hauv 1938, tom qab lub capture ntawm Austria los ntawm Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees, Kalman thiab nws tsev neeg raug yuam kom emigrate. Nws tau siv sijhawm 2 xyoos hauv Switzerland, xyoo 1940 nws tau tsiv mus rau Tebchaws Meskas, thiab tom qab tsov rog, xyoo 1948, nws rov qab mus rau Tebchaws Europe dua thiab nyob hauv Paris.

Kalman, nrog rau I. Strauss thiab F. Lehar, yog tus sawv cev ntawm lub npe hu ua Viennese operetta. Nws tau sau 20 yam haujlwm hauv hom ntawv no. Qhov nrov loj ntawm nws cov operettas feem ntau yog vim qhov zoo ntawm cov suab paj nruag - ci ntsa iab, zoo nkauj, ci ntsa iab orchestrated. Tus kws sau ntawv nws tus kheej tau lees paub tias cov suab paj nruag ntawm P. Tchaikovsky thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov kos duab orchestral ntawm Lavxias tus tswv tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau nws txoj haujlwm.

Kalman txoj kev ntshaw, hauv nws cov lus, "mus ua suab paj nruag hauv nws tej hauj lwm los ntawm hauv qab ntawm nws lub siab" tso cai rau nws mus rau extraordinarily nthuav lub lyrical sab ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem thiab tawm ntawm lub enchanted vajvoog ntawm operetta clichés rau ntau composers. Thiab txawm hais tias lub hauv paus kev sau ntawv ntawm nws operettas tsis yog ib txwm sib npaug rau cov suab paj nruag, lub zog zoo nkauj ntawm tus kws sau ntawv ua haujlwm tshaj qhov tsis txaus. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws tej hauj lwm ntawm Kalman tseem adorn lub repertoire ntawm ntau lub suab paj nruag theaters nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

I. Vetlitsyna

Imre Kalman yug thaum Lub Kaum Hli 24, 1882 hauv lub nroog me me hauv Hungarian ntawm Siofok ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Lake Balaton. Nws cov txuj ci suab paj nruag yog ntau yam. Nyob rau hauv nws cov hluas, nws npau suav ntawm ib tug hauj lwm raws li ib tug virtuoso pianist, tab sis, zoo li tus mlom ntawm nws cov hluas xyoo, Robert Schumann, nws raug yuam kom tso tseg txoj kev npau suav no los ntawm "sib ntaus" nws txhais tes. Tau ntau xyoo nws xav txog txoj haujlwm ntawm kev thuam suab paj nruag, ua haujlwm ntawm ib qho ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Hungarian, Pesti Naplo. Nws thawj qhov kev paub txog kev sau ntawv tau txais kev lees paub rau pej xeem: hauv xyoo 1904, hauv kev hais kwv txhiaj ntawm cov neeg kawm tiav ntawm Budapest Academy of Music, nws txoj haujlwm diploma, symphonic scherzo Saturnalia, tau ua, thiab nws tau txais txiaj ntsig Budapest City nqi zog rau chav ua haujlwm thiab suab paj nruag. Nyob rau hauv 1908, lub premiere ntawm nws thawj operetta, lub caij nplooj zeeg Maneuvers, tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Budapest, uas sai sai mus nyob ib ncig ntawm cov theem ntawm tag nrho cov European capitals thiab tau staged hla dej hiav txwv (hauv New York). Txij li xyoo 1909, Kalman's biography muaj tswv yim tau cuam tshuam nrog Vienna rau lub sijhawm ntev. Nyob rau hauv 1938 tus composer raug yuam kom emigrate. Nws nyob hauv Zurich, hauv Paris, txij li xyoo 1940 - hauv New York. Kalman rov qab mus rau Tebchaws Europe tsuas yog xyoo 1951. Nws tuag thaum Lub Kaum Hli 30, 1953 hauv Paris.

Peb lub sijhawm tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov muaj tswv yim evolution ntawm Kalman. Thawj, suav nrog xyoo 1908-1915, yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tsim cov qauv ywj pheej. Ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm cov xyoo no ("Cov tub rog nyob rau hnub so", "Tus Me Vaj Ntxwv", thiab lwm yam), "Prime Gypsy" (1912) sawv tawm. Ob leeg zaj dab neeg ntawm no "Hungarian" operetta (kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm "txiv thiab cov me nyuam", ib tug hlub ua yeeb yam ua ke nrog cov artist lub tswv yim ua yeeb yam), thiab nws cov suab paj nruas txiav txim siab hais tias tus hluas composer, raws li nyob rau hauv lub footsteps ntawm Lehar, tsis luam. nws qhov kev tshawb pom, tab sis muaj tswv yim tsim, tsim ib qho qub version ntawm hom ntawv. Nyob rau hauv 1913, tom qab sau ntawv lub Gypsy Premier, nws ua ncaj ncees rau nws txoj hauj lwm raws li nram no: "Nyob rau hauv kuv lub tshiab operetta, kuv sim deviate me ntsis ntawm kuv nyiam seev cev ib hom ntawv nyeem, nyiam ua si suab paj nruag los ntawm hauv qab ntawm kuv lub siab. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, kuv npaj siab yuav muab lub luag haujlwm ntau dua rau pawg hu nkauj, uas nyob rau xyoo tas los no tau koom nrog tsuas yog ua haujlwm pabcuam thiab ua kom tiav rau theem. Raws li tus qauv, kuv siv peb cov operetta classics, uas cov hu nkauj tsis yog tsuas yog tsim nyog los hu nkauj ha-ha-ha thiab ah hauv qhov kawg nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj tau koom nrog hauv kev ua yeeb yam. Nyob rau hauv "Gypsy Premiere" kev loj hlob zoo ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus Hungarian-Gypsy kuj nyiam mloog. Tus kws kho suab paj nruag Austrian tseem ceeb Richard Specht (feem ntau tsis yog tus kiv cua loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub operetta) hu nkauj Kalman hauv qhov no hais tias yog tus kws sau nkauj "zoo tshaj plaws" uas "sawv ntawm cov av zoo nkauj ntawm pej xeem suab paj nruag."

Lub sijhawm thib ob ntawm Kalman txoj haujlwm qhib rau xyoo 1915 nrog "Poj huab tais ntawm Csardas" ("Silva"), thiab ua tiav nws nrog "Empress Josephine" (1936), tsis nyob hauv Vienna, tab sis sab nraum Austria, hauv Zurich. Lub sijhawm xyoo no ntawm kev muaj tswv yim loj hlob tuaj, tus kws sau nkauj tau tsim nws qhov zoo tshaj plaws operettas: La Bayadère (1921), Lub Countess Maritza (1924), Circus Princess (1926), Lub Duchess ntawm Chicago (1928), Lub Violet ntawm Montmartre (1930).

Tshaj nws cov hauj lwm kawg "Marinka" (1945) thiab "Tus Poj Niam ntawm Arizona" (ua tiav los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tus tub thiab ua tiav tom qab nws tuag) - Kalman ua haujlwm raug tshem tawm, hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Hauv nws txoj kev muaj tswv yim, lawv sawv cev rau ib hom lus tom qab thiab tsis qhia cov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv kev txhais cov hom ntawv uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm evolution.

Kalman lub suab paj nruag theem lub tswv yim yog tus kheej. Nws yog tus cwj pwm, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, los ntawm xws li ib theem ntawm ua yeeb yam thiab tsis sib haum xeeb nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntsiab kab ntawm kev txiav txim, uas lub operetta tsis paub ua ntej. Qhov kev nyiam rau cov xwm txheej hauv theem tau ua ke nrog qhov kev siv tsis tau pom dua los ntawm kev qhia: qhov twg Lehar cov lus ntawm cov xim zoo nkauj nyiam nyiam, Kalman txoj kev mob siab rau vibrates. Cov kev sib txawv ntawm ib hom ntawv tau hais ntau dua nyob rau hauv tus sau ntawm La Bayadère, melodramatic pathos tau teeb tsa los ntawm kev ci ntsa iab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev txhais lus comedic interludes. Melos, raws li kev nplua nuj thiab ntau yam xws li Legar's, yog kev xav saturated thiab imbued nrog erotica, nws siv cov rhythms thiab intonations ntawm jazz ntau dav.

Kalman's operatic prototypes ntawm ib hom ntawv qhia meej heev los ntawm - ob qho tib si hauv kev txhais cov phiaj xwm thiab hauv cov suab paj nruag style; Nws tsis yog coincidence uas "Silva" yog hu ua "ib tug operetta paraphrase ntawm "La Traviata", thiab "Lub Violet ntawm Montmartre" yog piv rau Puccini's "La Boheme" (nrog rau tag nrho cov ntau yog vim li cas Murger tus tshiab tau txais kev pab raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus. ntawm ob txoj haujlwm). Lub operatic xwm ntawm Kalman txoj kev xav kuj yog qhia meej meej nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab dramaturgy. Ensembles, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov kawg ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, ua rau nws lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm daim ntawv thiab lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua; Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm pawg hu nkauj thiab orchestra yog qhov zoo heev hauv lawv, lawv nquag txhim kho leitmotifism, thiab saturated nrog kev loj hlob symphonic. Cov kev sib tw kawg tswj hwm tag nrho kev tsim cov suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam thiab muab nws ua kom pom tseeb. Lehar's operettas tsis muaj qhov kev ncaj ncees zoo li no, tab sis lawv qhia qee yam ntawm cov qauv kev xaiv. Hauv Kalman, txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv, tau piav qhia hauv Gypsy Premiere thiab thaum kawg tsim nyob rau hauv Tus Poj huab tais ntawm Czardas, tau tsim dua tshiab nrog qhov sib txawv me me hauv txhua qhov haujlwm tom ntej. Txoj kev nyiam sib koom ua ke ntawm cov qauv, tau kawg, tsim qhov txaus ntshai ntawm kev tsim cov qauv, txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tus kws sau ntawv, qhov kev txaus ntshai no tau kov yeej los ntawm kev ntseeg siab ntawm kev sim thiab sim cov tswv yim, qhov ci ntsa iab. suab paj nruag lus, thiab nyem ntawm cov duab.

N. Degtyareva

• Neo-Viennese operetta →

Cov npe ntawm cov operettas loj:

(hnub tim yog nyob rau hauv kab lus)

"Autumn Maneuvers", libretto los ntawm C. Bakoni (1908) Tub Rog ntawm Vacation, libretto los ntawm C. Bakoni (1910) Gypsy Premier, libretto los ntawm J. Wilhelm thiab F. Grünbaum (1912) Poj huab tais ntawm Czardas (Silva), libretto los ntawm L. Stein thiab B. Jenbach (1915) Dutch Ntxhais, libretto los ntawm L. Stein thiab B. Jenbach (1920) La Bayadère, libretto los ntawm J. Brammer thiab A. Grunwald (1921) "Countess Maritza", libretto los ntawm J. Brammer thiab A. Grunwald (1924) "Princess of the Circus" ("Mr. X"), libretto los ntawm J. Brammer thiab A. Grunwald (1926) Lub Duchess los ntawm Chicago, libretto los ntawm J. Brammer thiab A. Grunwald (1928) Lub Violet ntawm Montmartre, libretto los ntawm J. Brammer thiab A. Grunwald (1930) "Dab Ntxwg Nyoog Rider", libretto los ntawm R. Schanzer thiab E. Welish (1932) "Empress Josephine", libretto los ntawm P. Kneppler thiab G. Hercella ( 1936) Marinka, libretto los ntawm K. Farkas thiab J. Marion (1945) Tus Poj Niam Arizona, libretto los ntawm A. Grunwald thiab G. Behr (1954, ua tiav los ntawm Karl Kalman)