Tug |

Greek armonia, lat. modulatio, modus, Fabkis thiab lus Askiv. mode, ib. modo, qog. Tongeschlecht; koob meej. kev sib haum xeeb - kev sib haum xeeb, kev thaj yeeb, kev sib haum xeeb, kev txiav txim

txheem:

I. Txhais hom II. Etymology III. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm hom IV. Lub intonation xwm ntawm lub suab khoom ntawm hom V. Lub ntsiab pawg thiab hom ntawm lub modal system, lawv genesis VI. Organism thiab dialectics VII. Fret formation mechanism VIII. Fret classification IX. Fret keeb kwm X. Keeb Kwm ntawm Cov Lus Qhia ntawm Hom

I. Kev txhais hom. 1) L. in aesthetic. kev nkag siab - pom zoo rau pob ntseg sib xws ntawm lub suab ntawm lub suab (piv txwv li, hauv cov ntsiab lus, tib yam li kev sib haum xeeb hauv suab paj nruag-zoo nkauj); 2) L. nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag-theoretical kev nkag siab - lub systemic xwm ntawm high-altitude sib txuas, koom ua ke los ntawm lub hauv paus suab los yog consonance, raws li zoo raws li ib tug tshwj xeeb suab system embodying nws (feem ntau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug scale). Yog li, nws muaj peev xwm hais txog L. raws li ib qho kev txiav txim siab intonational system, thiab txog hom kev sib cais. tej tshuab. Lo lus "L." Nws kuj yog siv los qhia qhov loj lossis me (ntau yog, qhov xav tau), los qhia txog qhov ntsuas zoo li lub suab (ntau dua, qhov ntsuas). Aesthetic thiab suab paj nruag-theoretical. yam yog ob sab ntawm ib lub tswv yim ntawm L., thiab zoo nkauj. lub caij no yog thawj coj hauv kev sib koom ua ke. Hauv kev nkag siab dav ntawm lub tswvyim "L." thiab "kev sib haum xeeb" yog ze heev. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, kev sib raug zoo yog feem ntau txuam nrog consonances thiab lawv cov successions (feem ntau nrog cov ntsug nam ntawm lub suab system), thiab linearity nrog interdependence thiab semantic sib txawv ntawm lub suab ntawm lub system (ie, feem ntau nrog rau kab rov tav nam). Lavxias teb sab Cheebtsam. lub tswvyim ntawm "L." teb cov lus Greek, Lat., Fabkis, Lus Askiv, Italian, German. cov ntsiab lus, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus xws li "tonality", "scale" thiab lwm yam.

II. Lub etymology ntawm lub sij hawm "L." tsis meej kiag li. Czech tus me nyuam - kev txiav txim; Polish me nyuam - kev sib haum xeeb, kev txiav txim; Ukrainian L. - tso cai, xaj. Hais txog Lavxias. "tau nrog", "okay", "okay", lwm Lavxias teb sab. "laditi" - kom sib haum; "Lada" - tus txiv (tus poj niam), thiab tus hlub (tus hlub). Tej zaum lub sij hawm yog txuam nrog cov lus "lagoda" (kev thaj yeeb, kev txiav txim, kev npaj, kev yoog raws), Czech. lahoda (pleasantness, ntxim nyiam), lwm yam Lavxias teb sab. lagoditi (kom ua tej yam zoo). Lub ntsiab lus complex ntawm lo lus "L." nyob ze rau Greek armonia (kaw, kev sib txuas; kev sib haum xeeb, kev thaj yeeb, kev txiav txim; kev txiav txim, kev sib haum xeeb; kev sib haum xeeb; kev sib haum xeeb, kev sib haum xeeb); Raws li, ob peb yog tsim los ntawm "kev sib haum xeeb" (kho, haum, muab tso rau hauv kev txiav txim, teeb tsa lub suab paj nruag; nyob ntsiag to, pom zoo) thiab armozo, armotto (fitting, fastening, adjusting, tuning, haum tightly, marrying). Rus. lub tswvyim ntawm "L." kuj suav nrog Greek. qeb "genus" (genos), piv txwv li. diatonic, chromatic, "enharmonic" genera (thiab lawv cov pab pawg sib raug zoo, cov qauv zoo).

III. Lub ntsiab ntawm kev sib haum xeeb. L. raws li kev pom zoo ntawm lub suab belongs rau lub hauv paus ntawm kev zoo nkauj. pawg suab paj nruag, coinciding nyob rau hauv no kev nkag siab nrog lub tswvyim ntawm "kev sib raug zoo" (German: Harmonie; in contrast to Harmonik and Harmonielehre). Tej suab paj nruag. ib txoj hauj lwm, tsis hais nws cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb, yuav tsum ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov suab paj nruag, piv txwv li kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub suab; tib aesthetic. lub ntsiab lus ntawm qeb L. (thiab kev sib haum xeeb) suav nrog qhov tseem ceeb hauv lub tswv yim ntawm lub suab paj nruag zoo nkauj (suab paj nruag tsis yog lub suab tsim, tab sis raws li ib hom kev sib koom ua ke uas muab kev zoo siab rau pob ntseg). L. as aesthetic. qeb ("coherence") yog lub hauv paus rau kev tshwm sim thiab kev sib koom ua ke hauv zej zog. kev nco qab txhais. systemic kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub suab. Qhov "radiance ntawm kev txiav txim" (lub logic sab ntawm L.) qhia los ntawm lub suab ntawm L. yog hais txog lub ntsiab txhais ntawm nws aesthetic. cuam ​​tshuam. Yog li ntawd, L. nyob rau hauv ib yam khoom. ib txwm sawv cev rau lub hom phiaj ntawm lub suab paj nruag. Lub zog ntawm lexicon (feem ntau, nws qhov kev zoo nkauj cuam tshuam) txuas nrog nws lub peev xwm ua kom zoo nkauj los npaj "raws" cov khoom siv suab, vim tias nws hloov mus rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv sib haum xeeb ntawm "cov suab lus". Raws li tag nrho, L. tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tag nrho ntawm cov qauv, npog tag nrho cov complex ntawm nws cov Cheebtsam - los ntawm suab ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov logic. kev txiav txim ntawm cov ntsiab lus rau crystallization tshwj xeeb aesthetic. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ntsuas, proportionality, kev sib txuas lus (nyob rau hauv lub dav dav - symmetry). Tsis tas li ntawd tseem ceeb yog tus neeg concretization ntawm ib tug tej yam L. nyob rau hauv ib tug muab muaj pes tsawg leeg, nthuav tawm cov nplua nuj ntawm nws cov possibilities thiab lawm unfolding mus rau hauv ib tug dav modal tsim. Los ntawm cov ntsiab lus zoo nkauj ntawm L. ua raws lub voj voog ntawm cov teeb meem theoretical yooj yim: lub embodiment ntawm L. nyob rau hauv ib lub suab tsim; fret qauv thiab nws hom; logical thiab keeb kwm lawv kev sib txuas nrog ib leeg; qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib sau ntawm modal evolution; kev ua haujlwm ntawm L. raws li cov khoom siv thiab lub hauv paus suab ntawm muses. sau ntawv. Thawj daim ntawv ntawm embodiment ntawm modal kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv lub suab concreteness ntawm suab paj nruag yog melodic. motive (nyob rau hauv lub suab hais - ib tug kab rov tav scale formula) - ib txwm tseem yog qhov yooj yim tshaj (thiab yog li tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, qhov tseem ceeb) kev nthuav qhia ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm L. Li no lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "L." txuam nrog melodic. nplai, uas feem ntau hu ua frets.

IV. Lub intonation xwm ntawm lub suab khoom ntawm hom. Cov khoom siv suab nrov los ntawm lub teeb teeb yog qhov tseem ceeb rau ib qho ntawm nws cov qauv thiab rau txhua hom teeb. d1-c1, d1-e1, f1-e1, thiab lwm yam) thiab consonance (feem ntau c1-e1-g1 li central), embody nws tus cwj pwm ("ethos"), qhia, xim, thiab lwm yam zoo nkauj zoo nkauj.

Nyob rau hauv lem, lub suab khoom yog txiav txim los ntawm cov pob zeb keeb kwm. cov xwm txheej rau lub neej ntawm suab paj nruag, nws cov ntsiab lus, kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag. Ib hom "yug" ntawm L. (uas yog, lub sijhawm ntawm kev hloov suab paj nruag raws li kev xav hauv nws lub suab) yog them los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm intonation (tseem intonation) qhia los ntawm BV Asafiev. Ua "borderline" hauv cov ntsiab lus (sawv ntawm qhov chaw ntawm kev sib cuag ncaj qha ntawm lub neej thiab kev ua yeeb yam thiab suab paj nruag), lub tswv yim ntawm "intonation" yog li ntes cov cawv ntawm socio-keeb kwm. yam ntawm cov evolution ntawm cov ntaub ntawv suab - intonation. complexes thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm modal lub koom haum uas nyob ntawm lawv. Yog li kev txhais cov qauv qauv raws li qhov kev xav ntawm keeb kwm kev txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag: "lub genesis thiab muaj nyob ntawm ... intonational complexes yog vim li cas rau lawv kev sib raug zoo functions," yog li ntawd, lub intonational (thiab modal) system ntawm ib yam keeb kwm. era yog txiav txim los ntawm "cov qauv ntawm no social formation" (BV Asafiev). Yog li, muaj intonation nyob rau hauv lub embryo. tus kheej ntawm nws era, tus qauv ntawm L. yog intonation. ib tug complex txuam nrog lub ntiaj teb no saib ntawm nws lub sij hawm (piv txwv li, lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. frets nyob rau hauv lub kawg - ib tug xav txog ntawm lub nco qab ntawm lub feudal era nrog nws kev cais, nruj; lub dur-moll system yog ib qho kev qhia ntawm lub dynamism ntawm lub suab paj nruas nco ntsoov ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua European niaj hnub lub sij hawm thiab lwm yam). Hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, cov qauv qauv yog ib qho qauv zoo heev ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv kev sawv cev ntawm nws lub sijhawm, ib yam ntawm "genetic code of music". Raws li Asafiev, L. yog "lub koom haum ntawm cov suab paj nruag uas tsim los ntawm cov suab paj nruag muab los ntawm ib lub sijhawm hauv lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam," thiab "qhov system no yeej tsis tiav kiag li," tab sis "ib txwm nyob hauv lub xeev ntawm kev tsim thiab kev hloov pauv. ”; L. kho thiab nthuav dav "cov ntawv txhais lus ntawm lub sijhawm" tus yam ntxwv ntawm txhua qhov keeb kwm, lub sijhawm ("cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag uas tau ruaj khov rau hauv pej xeem kev nco qab" - Asafiev). Qhov no kuj piav qhia txog "intonation crises", uas ntau dua los yog tsawg dua radically txuas ob lub suab intonation. cov ntaub ntawv, yog li ntawd, raws li qhov no, thiab cov qauv ntawm cov toj roob hauv pes (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau lub verges ntawm loj epochs, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm lub 16th-17th los yog 19th-20th centuries). Piv txwv li, qhov kev nyiam romantic hais txog kev tsis sib haum xeeb zoo li kev sib haum xeeb (L. cov khoom siv suab) hauv Scriabin cov haujlwm tom qab tau muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshiab thiab ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm tag nrho L. system hauv nws lub suab paj nruag. Qhov tseeb keeb kwm - kev hloov pauv ntawm cov qauv qauv - yog, yog li ntawd, ib qho sab nraud (tso nyob rau hauv theoretical schemes) qhia txog cov txheej txheem sib sib zog nqus ntawm cov evolution ntawm linguistics raws li ib tug nyob thiab nruam tsim ntawm intonation. qauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.

V. Cov pawg tseem ceeb thiab cov hom kev hloov kho, lawv cov keeb kwm. Cov pawg tseem ceeb thiab hom suab paj nruag yog tsim los ntawm kev tsim kho suab paj nruag. kev nco qab (ib feem ntawm cov txheej txheem dav dav ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev nco qab, thaum kawg nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm tib neeg hauv kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb). Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub suab nrov yog qhov kev txiav txim "kev pom zoo" ntawm lub suab (ib hom kev ua suab nrov tas li) nrog kev nce qib (tag nrho) ntau ntxiv hauv qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom siv suab thiab cov ciam teb ntawm nws. Qhov no ua rau nws tsim nyog kom phim. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob ntawm L. thiab tsim kom muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov qauv tshiab ntawm cov qauv qauv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, raws li lub ntsiab lus ntawm L. nyob rau hauv peb lub ntsiab tseem ceeb - suab (intonation), logical (kev sib txuas) thiab kev zoo nkauj (coherence, kev zoo nkauj) - muaj ib sab hauv. perestroika (nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, qhov trinity no yog ib qho thiab tib yam indivisible essence: kev tso cai, L., tab sis tsuas yog xam nyob rau hauv ntau yam). Lub sijhawm tsav tsheb yog qhov rov ua dua tshiab ntawm intonation. system (txog "kev kub ntxhov ntawm intonations" hauv qab L.), uas ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntxiv. Tshwj xeeb, cov hom thiab hom phonics tau pom tau tias yog cov kab ke ntawm cov ntu thiab cov kab kab rov tav thiab ntsug pawg (chords) ua los ntawm lawv (saib Suab system). "Hom yog ib qho kev tshwm sim ntawm tag nrho cov kev tshwm sim ntawm intonations ntawm lub era, txo mus rau ib tug system ntawm intervals thiab teev" (Asafiev). L. raws li qee lub suab kaw lus yog tsim los ntawm kev siv lub cev. (acoustic) cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv suab, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub suab kinship inherent nyob rau hauv nws, qhia los ntawm lub sij hawm. Txawm li cas los xij, lub sijhawm luv, melodic-scale, thiab lwm yam kev sib raug zoo tsis ua haujlwm li lej nkaus xwb. los yog lub cev. muab, tab sis raws li "quintessence" ntawm "suab lus" ntawm ib tug neeg generalized los ntawm lawv (Asafiev). (Yog li qhov tseem ceeb tsis raug nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau L. qhov thiaj li hu ua qhov tseeb, piv txwv li, kev ntsuas ntau, txoj hauv kev, "kev ntsuas-kev ntsuas".)

Thawj ntawm cov theem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm pawg ntawm linear - tsim cov hauv paus hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov txheej txheem "ecmelic" (piv txwv li, tsis muaj qee qhov suab) gliding. Kev mob siab rau raws li ib pawg ntawm kev xav ntawm kev xav yog caj ces yog thawj qhov kev tsim ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm linearity nyob rau hauv qhov siab (lub suab nrov ua lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv lub hauv paus) thiab nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm (tus kheej ntawm kev persistence rau nws tus kheej, khaws cia txawm lub fluidity ntawm lub sij hawm los ntawm. rov qab mus rau tib lub suab uas nyob hauv lub cim xeeb); nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm qeb ntawm lub hauv paus, lub tswvyim ntawm L. raws li ib hom suab qauv tshwm sim. Keeb Kwm L. hom - hu nkauj lub suab (xws li "theem ntawm kev ruaj ntseg" nyob rau hauv evolution ntawm L.) muaj nyob rau hauv haiv neeg. pab pawg nyob rau theem qis ntawm kev txhim kho. Tom ntej no (logically thiab keeb kwm) hom lyricism yog monodic lyricism nrog ib tug tsim thiab meej melodic style. suab kab (modal type, modal system) yog ib qho zoo rau cov nkauj European qub. haiv neeg, incl. thiab Lavxias teb sab, Nrab Hnub nyoog. European chorale, lwm yam Lavxias teb sab. chanter foob; kuj pom nyob rau hauv cov lus dab neeg ntawm ntau yam tsis yog-Europeans. haiv neeg. Hom "hu nkauj lub suab", pom meej, yog nyob ib sab ntawm lub modal (vim nws kuj yog monodic). Ib hom modal tshwj xeeb yog qhov hu ua. accordion h ua. tonality Europe. nkauj ntawm lub sij hawm tshiab. Cov npe ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse tshaj plaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb suab paj nruag yog txuam nrog nws. harmonic lub tonality txawv sharply ntawm lub polyphony ntawm lub bagpipe los yog heterophonic warehouse (ntawm cov neeg thaum ub, nyob rau hauv pej xeem, extra-European suab paj nruag). Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm European kab lis kev cai) hom high-altitude lug uas txawv los ntawm tag nrho cov yav dhau los sawv daws yuav (nyob rau hauv serial, sonorous, hluav taws xob music) tau dhau los ua dav. Qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev faib lawv li L. yog qhov kev sib cav sib ceg; qhov teeb meem no tseem nyob deb ntawm kev daws. Ntxiv rau cov hom tseem ceeb ntawm L., muaj ntau hom nruab nrab, kuj ruaj khov thiab ywj siab (piv txwv li, kev sib haum xeeb ntawm European Renaissance, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog 15th-16th centuries).

VI. Organism thiab dialectics ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm hom evolution. Cov txheej txheem ntawm evolution ntawm qhov tshwm sim thiab lub tswvyim ntawm "L." organic thiab, ntxiv rau, muaj ib tug dialectic. cim. Cov organic xwm ntawm cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv kev khaws cia thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tib yam thawj pawg ntawm linearity, qhov tshwm sim ntawm lwm pawg ntawm lawv lub hauv paus. pawg thiab lawv txoj kev loj hlob raws li kev ywj pheej, raug tag nrho cov evolution mus rau tib lub ntsiab cai. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog kev loj hlob (tus naj npawb. nce, np. kev loj hlob ntawm qhov ntsuas los ntawm tetrachord mus rau hexachord), qhov teeb meem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev pom zoo, kev hloov ntawm qhov ntau. hloov nyob rau hauv qualitative, ib-pointedness ntawm tag nrho cov evolution. Yog li ntawd, kev hu nkauj ntawm ib qho kev txhais zoo, tsis tu ncua lub suab nrov, kis mus rau lwm pab pawg. tones (kev loj hlob), yuav tsum muaj cov ntaub ntawv tshiab ntawm kev sib koom ua ke - kev sib cais ntawm cov suab uas nyob ib sab thiab xaiv cov suab paj nruag ze tshaj plaws raws li lub hauv paus thib ob. consonances (qhov teeb meem ntawm daim ntawv pom zoo; saib. Consonance); nyob rau hauv lub resulting siab dua hom L. twb tag nrho cov tones (tus qub zoo) tig tawm kom zoo txhais thiab ncua sij hawm; Txawm li cas los xij, kev ywj pheej ntawm lawv feem ntau yog txwv rau kev tswj hwm ntawm ib qho, qee zaum ob lossis peb (qhov zoo tshiab). Lub zog ntawm quart los yog quint, raws li ib leeg-functional tones ntawm fret qws, ripening nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm modality, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tig cov kab rov tav consonances mus rau hauv ntsug sawv daws yuav. Keeb kwm, qhov no sib haum mus rau Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Yog, hauv V. Oddington (ca. 1300) qhov sib npaug ntawm kab rov tav thiab ntsug consonances raws li pawg L. tsau nyob rau hauv lawv txhais los ntawm tib lo lus "kev sib haum xeeb" (harmonia simplex thiab harmonia multiplex). Lub tswv yim ntawm consonance raws li ib qho kev qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kheej txuas ntxiv mus rau lub sijhawm nyuaj tom ntej - thib peb (kev loj hlob); li no lub reorganization ntawm tag nrho cov system ntawm L. (muaj teeb meem ntawm daim ntawv cog lus). Hauv 20 in. cov kauj ruam tshiab yog coj mus rau tib qho kev taw qhia: cov pab pawg hauv qab no yog nkag mus rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm qhov zoo nkauj zoo nkauj lub sijhawm - vib nas this, xya thiab tritones (loj hlob), thiab kev siv lub suab tshiab kuj tseem cuam tshuam nrog qhov no (sonorally txhais consonances. , series ntawm ib los yog lwm lub caij nyoog muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab lwm yam) thiab sib hloov pauv hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm lub suab nrog ib leeg. Lub dialectic ntawm evolution L. muaj nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias cov caj ces tom qab, ntau dua ntawm modal lub koom haum, nyob rau hauv qhov kev ntsuam xyuas zaum kawg, tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis yav dhau los, tsim nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tshiab. Yog li, kev hloov pauv yog, zoo li nws yog, "kev hu nkauj" ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab dua: lub suab nrov-nyob twj ywm yog adorned nrog kev txav mus los ntawm lwm qhov. tones, to-rye, nyob rau hauv lem, yuav txhais raws li lub hauv paus; nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo. Ob peb lub tshuab ua lub luag haujlwm zoo sib xws hauv tonality (ntawm ntau theem ntawm cov qauv qauv): qhov siv chord suab nrov thiab cov suab uas nyob ib sab (auxiliary), tonic thiab non-tonic chords, hauv zos chords. tonality thiab deviations, general ch. tonality thiab subordinate tonalities. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv ntau dua cov qauv txuas ntxiv yog cov qauv kev hloov kho ntawm ib leeg, suab paj nruag hauv cov qauv thawj - intonation ("lub ntsiab lus ntawm intonation yog melodic" - Asafiev). Lub chord kuj yog intonational (consonance, tsim raws li ib tug verticalization ntawm ib ntus chav tsev, khaws nws zoo qub nyob rau hauv ib tug "folded" daim ntawv - melodic. txav), thiab ib qho kev sib tw timbre-sonor complex (tsis yog "deployed" zoo li chord, tab sis txhais raws li ib tug chord nyob rau hauv nws cov tshiab zoo). Tib yam muaj tseeb rau lwm yam khoom ntawm L. Li no lub ntsiab dialectical metamorphosis. qeb L.

RESISTANCE: - lub ntsiab. yooj yim suab. lub ntsiab interval conson. lub ntsiab chord. diss. chord series – finalis tonic chaw. suab los yog consonance – suab (= hom) tonality tej intonation. sphere – lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntsiab intonation. kheej kheej

Yog li lub dialectic ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm "L." (nws absorbs thiab muaj nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej, raws li ntau yam semantic txheej, tag nrho cov keeb kwm ntawm nws centuries-laus tsim-xa mus):

1) qhov piv ntawm kev ruaj ntseg thiab tsis ruaj khov (los ntawm theem ntawm "sing the tone"; li no cov kev lig kev cai los sawv cev L. ch. suab, piv txwv li, "IV pawg ntseeg suab", piv txwv li suab Mi),

2) lub suab nrov ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo tonal (los ntawm theem ntawm kev hloov pauv; yog li kev lig kev cai los sawv cev rau phonation feem ntau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev lus teev, kom paub qhov txawv ntawm ob lub suab nrog ib lub suab nrov, piv txwv li tonality kom zoo thiab tonality) ,

3) assignment rau qeb L. ntawm systems thiab harmonic-chord hom, tsis tas yuav txawv nyob rau hauv relation mus rau lub meej ntawm lub teev thiab lub unambiguity ntawm lub ntsiab. tones (piv txwv li, tom qab ua hauj lwm ntawm Scriabin; ua qauv ntawm harmonic tonality). Cov qauv suab uas sawv cev L. kuj hloov zuj zus dialectically. Tus qauv (ntau dhau lawm) yog lub hauv paus suab nrov-sawv, ncig los ntawm melismatic. ntaub ("variation" ntawm lub suab). Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag thaum ub (nyob rau hauv ntau haiv neeg: nom, raga, poppies, pathet, thiab lwm yam .; Lavxias teb sab suab hu nkauj) yuav tsum raug xam tias yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm L.. hom (Is Nrias teb, Soviet East, Middle East cheeb tsam). Nyob rau hauv harmonic. tonality - scale txav, adjustable center. triad (qhia tawm hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm G. Schenker). Lub dodecaphone series, uas txiav txim siab lub intonation, tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog ib qho analogue. tus qauv thiab suab qauv ntawm ib tug serial muaj pes tsawg leeg (saib Dodecaphony, Series).

VII. Mechanism ntawm fret formation. Lub mechanism ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm cov yam ntxwv tsim L. tsis zoo ib yam nyob rau hauv decomp. tshuab. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim fret tuaj yeem sawv cev raws li kev siv ntawm kev muaj tswv yim. ua los ntawm high-rise txhais tau tias, siv cov possibilities ntawm ordering muaj nyob rau hauv no suab, intonation. khoom. Los ntawm tech. Ntawm qhov tod tes, lub hom phiaj yog kom ua tiav lub ntsiab lus sib koom ua ke ntawm lub suab, uas tau hnov ​​​​zoo li ib yam dab tsi suab paj nruag sib haum xeeb, piv txwv li L. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus qub tshaj plaws ntawm L. yog raws li cov khoom ntawm thawj consonance - unison (1 : 1; kev tsim ntawm abutment thiab nws cov nkauj melismatic). Nyob rau hauv lub qub melodic L. lub ntsiab tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov qauv, raws li ib tug txoj cai, kuj yog cov nram qab no yooj yim intervals. Ntawm cov neeg uas muab lub suab sib txawv, cov no yog thib tsib (3: 2) thiab plaub (4: 3); ua tsaug rau kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov linear melodic. tsis tu ncua lawv hloov chaw; yog li ntawd, qhov thib plaub ua qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov thib tsib. Quarte (nrog rau thib tsib) kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub suab teeb tsa lub nplai; nws kuj tswj kev tsim thiab kho ntawm lwm cov suab nrov ntawm L. (zoo rau ntau cov nkauj pej xeem). Li no cov qauv diatonic zoo ib yam li L. Cov suab siv tau tas li, tab sis kuj hloov pauv (modal variability), uas yog ib feem vim yog hom suab paj nruag. Lub xub ntiag ntawm lub suab siv thiab nws qhov kev rov ua dua yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm L.; plaub-quint diatonic yog ib qho kev qhia ntawm qhov yooj yim modal kev twb kev txuas ntawm tag nrho cov qauv.

Cov ntawv sau "Opekalovskaya" (17th caug xyoo?). “Cia li los, cia peb ua raws li Yauxej.”

Sawv - suab g1; a1 - nyob ib sab ntawm g1 thiab ze ze rau nws los ntawm d1 (g: d = d: a). Tsis tas li ntawd, a1 thiab g1 tsim ib lub tetrachord a1-g1-f1-e1 thiab ib qho thib ob, qis suab nrov f1 (kev txhawb nqa hauv zos). Kev txuas ntxiv ntawm gamma kab muab tetrachord f1-e1-d1-c1 nrog lub zos nres d1. Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub hauv paus g1-d1 yog lub moj khaum ntawm L. Thaum kawg ntawm qhov piv txwv yog lub tswv yim dav dav ntawm L. ntawm tag nrho cov stichera (ntawm uas tsuas yog 1/50 ntawm nws feem tau muab ntawm no). Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov qauv qauv yog nyob rau hauv tus cwj pwm "floating", qhov tsis muaj lub zog ntawm kev txav thiab lub ntiajteb txawj nqus (qhov tsis muaj lub ntiajteb txawj nqus tsis cuam tshuam qhov linearity, vim tias qhov muaj kev ruaj ntseg thiab lub ntiajteb txawj nqus yog lub ntsiab ntawm cov khoom tsis yog txhua yam. linearity).

L. ntawm hom loj-me yog raws li kev sib raug zoo tsis yog ntawm "troika" (3: 2, 4: 3), tab sis ntawm "tsib" (5: 4, 6: 5). Ib kauj ruam ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub suab (tom qab lub quarter-quint, lub tert yog qhov ze tshaj plaws) txhais tau tias, txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib txawv loj heev hauv cov qauv thiab kev qhia ntawm L., kev hloov hauv suab paj nruag-keeb kwm. lub sijhawm. Ib yam li txhua lub suab ntawm cov laus L. tau tswj hwm los ntawm kev sib raug zoo consonant, ntawm no nws yog tswj hwm los ntawm kev sib raug zoo tsis zoo (saib cov piv txwv hauv qab no; n yog qhov dhau mus, c yog lub suab pab).

Nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm Viennese classics, cov kev sib raug zoo no kuj tau hais txog qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm cov suab paj nruag. Hloov thiab sib luag ntawm cov suab nrov (bar 2 thiab nws qhov sib haum xeeb D - lub sijhawm nyuaj, 4th - nws T - ob npaug nyuaj).

(T|D|D|T) |1+1| |1 1|

Tiag tiag modal proportions yog li ntawd hais txog predominance ntawm tonic. kev sib haum xeeb tshaj qhov tseem ceeb. (Hauv qhov no, tsis muaj S; rau Viennese classics, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tsis txhob sab cov kauj ruam uas txhawb L., tab sis tib lub sij hawm deprive nws ntawm kev txav mus los.) Qhov peculiarity ntawm L. - tshem tawm. centralization, dynamics, efficiency; heev txhais thiab muaj zog gravitational; lub multilayered xwm ntawm lub system (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib txheej ib tug muab chord yog ruaj khov nyob rau hauv relation mus rau lub suab gravitating rau hauv nws; nyob rau hauv lwm yam, nws yog tsis ruaj tsis khov, nws tus kheej gravitating rau lub zos tonic, thiab lwm yam).

WA Mozart. Lub Magic Flute, Papageno's aria.

Hauv cov suab paj nruag niaj hnub no, muaj kev nyiam rau tus kheej ntawm L., piv txwv li los txheeb xyuas nws nrog ib tus neeg tshwj xeeb ntawm intonations (melodic, chordal, timbre-coloristic, thiab lwm yam) yam ntxwv ntawm ib qho khoom lossis lub ntsiab lus. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov qauv modal raug (melody-qauv nyob rau hauv ancient L., typified melodic los yog chord sequences nyob rau hauv nruab nrab hnub nyoog L., nyob rau hauv lub classical loj-me modal system), ib tug complex-qauv yog coj raws li lub hauv paus, tej zaum tag nrho. hloov cov kev cai. cov ntsiab lus ntawm L., txawm tias ntawm cov kws sau nkauj uas feem ntau ua raws li lub ntsiab lus tonal. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, cov qauv tsim tau tsim uas sib txuas cov ntsiab lus hauv ib qho kev faib ua feem (piv txwv li, hom loj + tag nrho cov suab teev + softly dissonant chord progressions sab nraum lub loj-me system). Xws li cov qauv tag nrho tuaj yeem muab faib ua polymodal (tsis yog nyob rau hauv ib txhij, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv succession thiab nyob rau hauv ua ke ntawm lawv cov constituent ntsiab).

Tus neeg ua cim ntawm qhov tawg yog muab tsis yog los ntawm triad T C-dur, tab sis los ntawm chord cgh-(d)-f (piv nrog 1 chord ntawm lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: chdfgc, naj npawb 3). Kev xaiv ntawm kev sib haum xeeb tsuas yog nrog lub hauv paus loj thiab nrog kev tsis sib haum xeeb, nrog rau cov xim sonorant (timbre-coloristic) xim ntawm cov consonances duplicating lub suab paj nruag, ua rau muaj qee yam cuam tshuam, txawm li cas los xij peculiar tsuas yog rau qhov tawg no - qhov khaus heev thiab sharpened. loj, qhov twg lub teeb ntxoov ntxoo ntawm lub suab nyob rau hauv lub loj yog coj mus rau ib tug dazzling brightness.

WA Mozart. Lub Magic Flute, Papageno's aria.

VIII. Kev faib tawm ntawm cov qauv yog qhov nyuaj heev. Nws qhov kev txiav txim siab yog: theem caj ces ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev xav modal; interval complexity ntawm cov qauv; haiv neeg, keeb kwm, kab lis kev cai, style nta. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho thiab nyob rau hauv qhov kawg tsom xam ua txoj kab ntawm evolution ntawm L. tig tawm mus rau unidirectional. Ntau qhov piv txwv ntawm yuav ua li cas hloov mus rau qhov siab dua hauv cov caj ces. cov kauj ruam nyob rau tib lub sij hawm txhais tau tias qhov poob ntawm ib feem ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm yav dhau los thiab, nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, ib qho kev txav rov qab. Yog li, lub conquest ntawm lub polyphony ntawm Western European. kev vam meej yog cov kauj ruam loj tshaj plaws rau pem hauv ntej, tab sis nws tau nrog (rau 1000-1500 xyoo) los ntawm kev poob ntawm kev nplua nuj chromatic. thiab "enarmonic." genera ntawm monodic antique. fret system. Lub complexity ntawm txoj hauj lwm kuj yog vim lub fact tias ntau pawg tig tawm mus rau ze ze, tsis amenable kom tiav kev sib cais: L., tonality (tonal system), suab system, scale, thiab lwm yam. Nws yog advisable kom txwv peb tus kheej mus. taw qhia qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm modal systems raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm concentration ntawm lub ntsiab. cov qauv ntawm fret tsim: ecmelica; anhemitonics; diatonic; chromaticity; microchromatic; hom tshwj xeeb; kev sib xyaw ua ke (kev faib ua cov hom no yeej coincides nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm genera, Greek genn).

Ekmelika (los ntawm Greek exmelns - ntxiv-melodic; lub kaw lus uas lub suab tsis muaj lub suab meej) raws li qhov system hauv kev nkag siab zoo ntawm lo lus yuav luag tsis pom. Nws tsuas yog siv los ua cov txheej txheem hauv kev tsim kho ntau dua (sliding intonation, cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev hais lus intonation, kev ua yeeb yam tshwj xeeb). Ekmelik kuj muaj xws li melismatic (qhov siab tsis muaj qhov kawg) hu nkauj ntawm lub suab nrov ruaj khov - upstoi (raws li Yu. N. Tyulin, hauv kev hu nkauj ntawm Armenian Kurds "ib lub suab nrov ... ”).

Anhemitonics (ntau dua precisely, anhemitonic pentatonics), yam ntxwv ntawm ntau. rau cov kab lis kev cai qub ntawm Asia, Africa thiab Europe, pom meej, ua ib theem dav dav hauv kev loj hlob ntawm kev xav. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv tshuaj anhemitonics yog kev sib txuas lus los ntawm kev sib txuas lus yooj yim tshaj plaws. Cov txheej txheem txwv yog ib qho semitone (li qhov txwv ntawm tsib kauj ruam hauv octave). Ib tug raug intonation yog trichord (xws li ega). Anhemitonics tuaj yeem ua tsis tiav (3-4, qee zaum txawm tias 2 kauj ruam), ua tiav (5 kauj ruam), sib txawv (xws li, hloov ntawm cdega mus rau cdfga). Semitone pentatonic (piv txwv li, hom hcefg) faib cov ntawv hloov pauv mus rau diatonic. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm anhemitonics yog zaj nkauj "Lub Vaj Kaj Siab, Lub Vaj Kaj Siab" ("50 zaj nkauj ntawm cov neeg Lavxias" los ntawm AK Lyadov).

Diatonic (nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab - 7-kauj ruam system, qhov twg tones yuav teem nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub thib tsib) - qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau system ntawm L. Cov qauv txwv yog chromatism (2 semitones nyob rau hauv ib tug kab). Cov qauv tsim yog txawv; Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhov thib tsib (Pythagorean) diatonic (ib yam khoom siv yog ib qho dawb huv thib tsib lossis quart) thiab triadic (ib lub ntsiab lus yog lub cim thib peb chord), piv txwv yog hom Greek qub, hom medieval, European hom. nar. suab paj nruag (tseem ntau lwm cov neeg tsis yog nyob sab Europe); pawg ntseeg polyphonic L. europ. suab paj nruag ntawm Renaissance, L. loj-me system (tsis muaj chromatization). Hom intonations yog tetrachord, pentachord, hexachord, sau qhov khoob ntawm lub tones ntawm tertian chords, thiab lwm yam. Diatonic muaj ntau hom. Nws tuaj yeem ua tsis tiav (3-6 kauj ruam; saib, piv txwv li, guidon hexachords, pej xeem thiab Greek tetrachords; piv txwv ntawm 6-kauj ruam diatonic yog zaj nkauj "Ut queant laxis"), ua tiav (7-kauj ruam hcdefga hom lossis octave cdefgahc; piv txwv yog suav tsis txheeb), sib txawv (xws li kev hloov pauv ntawm ahcd thiab dcba hauv 1 lub tsev teev ntuj lub suab), kev sib xyaw (xws li Lavxias niaj hnub L.: GAHcdefgab-c1-d1), xwm yeem (xws li "hemiol" frets nrog nce thib ob - kev sib haum xeeb me. thiab loj, "Hungarian" nplai, thiab lwm yam.; "Podgalian nplai": gah-cis-defg; melodic me thiab loj, thiab lwm yam), polydiatonic (piv txwv li, ib daim los ntawm B. Bartok "Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab style" nyob rau hauv lub sau “Microcosmos”, No 90). Cov teeb meem ntxiv ua rau chromatics.

Chromatics. Cov cim tshwj xeeb - qhov sib lawv liag ntawm ob lossis ntau dua semitones hauv kab. Cov txheej txheem txwv yog microchromatics. Cov qauv tsim yog txawv; qhov tseem ceeb tshaj - melodic. chromatic (xws li, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj monody), chord-harmonic (hloov, sab D thiab S, chords nrog chromatic linear tones nyob rau hauv European loj-me system), enharmonic. Chromatics nyob rau hauv European (thiab ntxiv nyob rau hauv tsis yog-European) suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. raws li kev sib npaug. Chromatics tuaj yeem ua tsis tiav (Greek chromatic; kev hloov pauv hauv European kev sib haum xeeb; L. symmetrical qauv, piv txwv li faib 12 semitones ntawm ib qho octave rau hauv qhov sib npaug) thiab ua tiav (ua tiav polydiatonic, qee hom chromatic tonality, dodecaphonic, microserial thiab serial qauv).

Microchromatic (microinterval, ultrachromatic). Kos npe - siv lub sijhawm tsawg dua li ib lub suab. Nws yog feem ntau siv los ua ib feem ntawm L. ntawm peb lub tshuab dhau los; tuaj yeem ua ke nrog ecmelica. Hom microchromatic - Greek. enharmonic genus (piv txwv li, hauv tones - 2, 1/4, 1/4), Indian shruti. Hauv cov suab paj nruag niaj hnub no yog siv los ntawm ntau lub hauv paus (tshwj xeeb yog A. Khaba; kuj yog V. Lutoslavsky, SM Slonimsky, thiab lwm yam).

Piv txwv li, East Esxias slindro thiab pylog (feem ntau - 5- thiab 7-kauj ruam, sib npaug sib faib ntawm lub octave) tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau tshwj xeeb L. , ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv ib txhij thiab nyob rau hauv succession (nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev tsim kho).

IX. Keeb kwm ntawm cov qauv yog qhov kawg ntawm kev nthuav tawm ua tiav ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm "kev pom zoo" ("L.") ntawm cov suab; qhov tseeb keeb kwm tsis yog kev hloov pauv ntawm decomp xwb. systems ntawm L., thiab maj mam muab kev pab cuam ntawm ntau thiab ntau nyob deb thiab complex suab kev sib raug zoo. Twb tau nyob rau hauv Dr. ntiaj teb no sawv (thiab rau ib tug tej yam kev cia siab) lub modal systems ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm sab hnub tuaj: Tuam Tshoj, Is Nrias teb, Persia, tim lyiv teb chaws, Babylonia, thiab lwm yam. (saib cov khoom sib xws). Non-semitone pentatonic nplai (Tuam Tshoj, Nyiv, lwm lub teb chaws ntawm Far East, ib nrab Is Nrias teb), 7-kauj ruam (diatonic thiab non-diatonic) phonics tau dhau los ua dav; rau ntau kab lis kev cai tshwj xeeb rau L. nrog nce. thib ob (Arabic music), microchromatic (India, Arab lub teb chaws ntawm sab hnub tuaj). Kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov qauv tau lees paub tias yog lub zog ntuj tsim (qhov sib npaug ntawm cov npe ntawm cov suab nrov thiab lub cev ntuj ceeb tsheej, cov ntsiab lus ntuj, lub caij nyoog, lub cev ntawm tib neeg lub cev, kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm tus ntsuj plig, thiab lwm yam); qhov tam sim no ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm L. ntawm tib neeg tus ntsuj plig tau hais txog, txhua tus L. tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog qee qhov kev qhia. lub ntsiab lus (raws li nyob rau hauv niaj hnub music - loj thiab me). A. Jami (2nd ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th) tau sau tias: “Txhua tus ntawm kaum ob (maqams), txhua qhov avaze thiab shu'be muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb (ntawm cov neeg mloog), ntxiv rau cov khoom vaj khoom tsev uas muaj rau lawv txhua tus. muab kev zoo siab.” Cov theem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm European linguistics yog cov txheej txheem qub qub (tsis ntau European li Mediterranean; txog rau thaum nruab nrab xyoo pua 1st) thiab "tsim European" modal system ntawm 9th-20th centuries, hauv keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai. cov ntsiab lus typological. kev nkag siab - "Western" system, German. abendländische, muab faib ua cov Nrab Hnub nyoog thaum ntxov. modal system (keeb kwm ciam teb yog indefinite: nws originated nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj thaum ntxov Christian, entrenched nyob rau hauv lub 7th-9th centuries, ces maj mam loj hlob mus rau hauv lub modal kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub Renaissance; typologically, lwm yam Lavxias teb sab modal system kuj belongs rau ntawm no), cf. lub modal system ntawm lub 9th-13th centuries, lub Renaissance system (xws li 14th-16th centuries), lub tonal (loj-me) system (17th-19th centuries; nyob rau hauv ib tug hloov daim ntawv nws kuj siv nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th), lub tshiab qhov siab system ntawm 20th. (Saib cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, hom ntuj tsim, hom symmetrical).

Antich. lub modal system yog ua raws li tetrachords, los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ib leeg octave Ls yog tsim. Nruab nrab ntawm lub suab ntawm ib lub quart, qhov sib txawv nruab nrab ntawm qhov siab yog ua tau (peb hom tetrachords: diatone, chromium, "enarmony"). Nyob rau hauv L., lawv qhov ncaj-sensory cawv muaj nuj nqis (raws li qhov no lossis "ethos"), kev sib txawv, kev sib txawv ntawm txhua yam ua tau ntawm L. (piv txwv: Skoliya Seikila).

L. thaum ntxov western-European. Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog vim keeb kwm ntawm lub sijhawm tau los rau peb Ch. arr. nrog rau pawg ntseeg. suab paj nruag. Raws li kev xav ntawm ib qho kev sib txawv intonation system, lawv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov hnyav (txog asceticism) diatonicism thiab zoo li tsis muaj xim thiab kev xav ib sab hauv kev sib piv nrog qhov kev xav ntawm cov neeg qub. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. L. yog qhov txawv los ntawm kev ua kom pom tseeb ntau dua rau lub sijhawm sab hauv (thaum pib, txawm tias mus rau qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov duab kos duab tiag tiag, raws li cov lus qhia ntawm pawg ntseeg). Peb-xyoo pua. L. qhia ib qho teeb meem ntxiv ntawm cov qauv ntawm diatonic. L. (guidonian hexachord es tsis txhob ntawm lub ancient tetrachord; West-European harmonic polyphony qhia ib tug fundamentally sib txawv nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog ancient heterophony). Cov suab paj nruag pej xeem thiab secular ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, pom meej, tau txawv los ntawm cov qauv sib txawv thiab kev nthuav qhia ntawm L.

Zoo sib xws app. Peb-xyoo pua. choral culture lwm-rus. chanter art-va kuj suav nrog ntau cov qauv qub qub (quart ntxiv-octave ntawm "txhua hnub teev"; muaj zog dua ntawm txoj cai qub ntawm cov suab paj nruag- qauv yog nyob rau hauv chants, suab).

Nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog (9th-13th centuries), ib tug tshiab (piv rau lub ancient) polyphony tshwm sim thiab vam meej, uas cuam tshuam rau lub modal system thiab nws pawg, thiab npaj cov keeb kwm. hom sib txawv. L. (L. as a polyphonic structure).

Lub modal system ntawm Renaissance, thaum khaws ntau los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, yog qhov txawv ntawm lub siab lub ntsws tag nrho cov ntshav uas tau tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus tshiab, kev sov siab ntawm tib neeg, thiab kev nplua nuj kev loj hlob ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm L. (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov yam ntxwv: lush polyphony, introductory tone, dominance ntawm triads).

Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm lub thiaj li hu. lub sij hawm tshiab (17-19 centuries), qhov loj-me modal system, uas originated nyob rau hauv lub Renaissance, mus txog dominance. Aesthetically, tus nplua nuj nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau tag nrho cov ua ntej (txawm hais tias qhov kev txwv los ntawm qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tus naj npawb ntawm phonics) loj-me system yog ib tug txawv hom ntawm lyric, qhov twg polyphony, chord tsis yog ib daim ntawv ntawm kev nthuav qhia, tab sis ib tug tseem ceeb feem ntawm li. . lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov kab ke loj-me, zoo li L., yog qhov txawv txav hauv "micro-homes," lossis chords. Qhov tseeb, "kev sib haum xeeb tonality" hloov mus ua ib qho kev hloov kho tshwj xeeb ntawm qeb L., "ib hom" (Asafiev) nrog ob lub siab (loj thiab me).

Nyob rau hauv parallel nrog kev loj hlob tsis tu ncua ntawm harmonic tonality nyob rau hauv lub 19th thiab 20th centuries. muaj kev txhawb siab ua ib qho kev ywj pheej. qeb thiab L. melodic. hom. Los ntawm kev nthuav dav thiab hloov kho qhov loj-me me tonal system, tshwj xeeb diatonic L. (twb tau hais los ntawm Mozart thiab Beethoven, dav siv nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th thiab thaum ntxov 20th los ntawm romantics thiab composers ntawm lub teb chaws tshiab tsev kawm ntawv - F. Chopin, E. Grieg, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, AK Lyadov, IF Stravinsky thiab lwm tus), raws li zoo raws li anhemitone pentatonic scale (los ntawm F. Liszt, R. Wagner, Grieg, AP Borodin, nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua hauj lwm ntawm Stravinsky, thiab lwm yam). Qhov nce chromatization ntawm L. txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm symmetrical L., qhov ntsuas uas faib cov 12 semitones ntawm octave rau hauv qhov sib npaug; Qhov no muab tag nrho cov tonic, sib npaug-thermal thiab tritone systems (hauv Chopin, Liszt, Wagner, K. Debussy, O. Messiaen, MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, PI Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, AN Scriabin, Stravinsky, AN Cherepnin thiab lwm yam. ).

Nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag nyob sab Europe ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th txhua hom L. thiab cov kab ke sib txuas thiab sib xyaw ua ke mus txog microchromatic (A. Haba), kev siv cov tsis-European. modality (Messian, J. Cage).

X. Keeb kwm ntawm cov lus qhia txog hom. Txoj kev xav ntawm L., xav txog lawv cov keeb kwm, yog qhov kev tshawb fawb tshaj plaws hauv cov suab paj nruag. kev tshawb fawb. Qhov teeb meem ntawm L. nkag mus rau hauv txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib haum xeeb thiab ib feem coincides nrog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib haum xeeb. Yog li ntawd, kev kawm txog qhov teeb meem ntawm L. Ameslikas nqa tawm raws li kev kawm txog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib haum xeeb (armonia, harmonie). Thawj qhov kev piav qhia L. (kev sib haum xeeb) hauv Europe. musicology belongs rau lub tsev kawm ntawv Pythagorean (6-4 centuries BC). BC.). Piav kev sib haum xeeb thiab L. Raws li txoj kev xav ntawm tus lej, Pythagoreans tau hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub suab yooj yim (hauv qhov hu ua. tetrad) raws li qhov tseem ceeb tswj kev tsim dej khov (kev xav hauv txoj kev xav ntawm L. phenomena ntawm tetrachords thiab "ruaj khov" suab ntawm plaub consonance). Pythagorean science tau txhais los ntawm L. thiab nkauj. kev sib haum xeeb raws li kev xav ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev sib haum xeeb, tsis muaj lub ntiaj teb yuav poob sib nrug (ie tiag ntsia L. raws li tus qauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb - microcosm). Los ntawm no tsim tom qab (hauv Boethius, Kepler) cosmological. идеи worldly music thiab human music. Lub cosmos nws tus kheej (raws li cov Pythagoreans thiab Plato) tau kho nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev (xelestial lub cev tau zoo li lub tones ntawm Greek. Dorian hom: e1-d1-c1-hagfe). Greek science (Pythagoreans, Aristoxen, Euclid, Bacchius, Cleonides, thiab lwm yam) tsim thiab tsim suab paj nruag. txoj kev xav L. thiab hom tshwj xeeb. Nws tsim cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm L. - tetrachord, octave kab (armonia), lub hauv paus (nstotes), nruab nrab (middle) tone (mesn), dynamis (dunamis), ecmelika (thaj tsam ntawm kev sib tshuam nrog kev sib raug zoo, nrog rau lub suab tsis muaj suab), thiab lwm yam. Qhov tseeb, tag nrho cov Greek txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib haum xeeb yog txoj kev xav ntawm L. thiab frets li monophonic high-pitched qauv. Nkauj Nkauj. cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov Nrab Hnub nyoog thaum ntxov reworked antique rau lub hauv paus tshiab. (Pythagorean, Platonic, Neoplatonic) tswv yim txog kev sib haum xeeb thiab L. raws li ib tug aesthetic pawg. Kev txhais tshiab yog txuas nrog cov ntseeg-theological. txhais kev sib haum xeeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab tau tsim cov lus qhuab qhia tshiab ntawm frets. Tau tshwm sim thawj zaug hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Alcuin, Aurelian ntawm Reome thiab Regino ntawm Prüm, lawv tau raug kaw thawj zaug hauv cov suab paj nruag los ntawm tus neeg sau npe tsis qhia npe ntawm kev kho mob "Alia musica" (c. 9 xyoo pua). Qiv los ntawm Greek txoj kev xav ntawm lub npe L. (Dorian, Phrygian, thiab lwm yam), nruab nrab-xyoo pua. kev tshawb fawb ntaus nqi rau lawv rau lwm qhov ntsuas (ib qho kev sib tw; txawm li cas los xij, qhov txawv ntawm qhov pom kuj tau hais; saib. txoj haujlwm ntawm M. Dabo-Peranycha, 1959). Nrog cov qauv ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab. L. lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus "finalis", "repercussion" (tenor, tuba; los ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th los kuj "dominant"), "ambitus", uas khaws lawv qhov tseem ceeb rau tom qab monophonic L. Nyob rau hauv parallel nrog txoj kev xav ntawm octaves L. los ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th (los ntawm Guido d'Arezzo) tsim cov tswv yim. ib tug solmization system raws li loj hexachord raws li ib tug structural unit nyob rau hauv lub modal system (saib. Solmization, Hexachord). Kev coj ua ntawm solmization (muaj mus txog rau thaum 18th c. thiab sab laug ib qho kev ceeb toom nyob rau hauv lub terminology ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm L.) npaj ib co pawg ntawm keeb kwm raws li cov qauv ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab lub Renaissance ntawm lub loj-me modal system. Hauv Glarean's treatise "Dodecachord" (1547), ob L. - Ionian thiab Aeolian (nrog lawv cov plagal ntau yam). Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th dominated los ntawm L. loj-me me tonal-functional system. Thawj ntau yam txheej txheem piav qhia txog cov qauv ntawm cov loj thiab me xws li (qhov sib txawv thiab ib nrab ntawm kev tawm tsam rau lawv cov thawj coj - Ionian thiab Aeolian pawg ntseeg. tones) yog muab nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm J. F. Rameau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv "Treatise on Harmony" (1722). Tshiab L. Teb chaws Europe.

hcdefga suab tseem ceeb GCCFCF tones. | – || – |

Hom (hom) yog ob qho tib si txoj cai ntawm cov kab ke ntawm lub suab, thiab qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lawv cov kab ke.

Raws li ib feem ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev sib haum xeeb 18-19 centuries. Txoj kev xav ntawm tonality tsim los ua ib txoj kev xav ntawm tonality nrog cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws (lub sij hawm "tonality" yog thawj zaug siv los ntawm FAJ Castile-Blaz hauv 1821).

Tshiab modal systems (ob leeg tsis yog-diatonic thiab diatonic) nyob rau hauv Western Europe. Cov kev xav tau tshwm sim hauv cov haujlwm ntawm F. Busoni ("113 qhov sib txawv", microchromatics), A. Schoenberg, J. Setaccioli, O. Messiaen, E. Lendvai, J. Vincent, A. Danielu, A. Khaba thiab lwm tus.

Cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog L. tsim nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb Nar. music V. F. Odoevsky A. N. Serova, P. AP Sokalsky UA C. Famintsyna, A. D. Kastalsky, B. M Belyaeva X. C. Kushnareva, K. AT. Daim pib, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv Russia, ib tug ntawm cov thawj tej hauj lwm uas npog lub phenomena ntawm L. yog “Musician Ideagrammar…” los ntawm N. AP Diletsky (2nd ib nrab. 17 xyoo pua). Tus kws sau ntawv lees paub txog peb qhov kev faib suab paj nruag ("raws li lub ntsiab lus"): mus rau "zoo siab" (ib qho kev sib piv nrog cov npe ntawm qhov loj qhia los ntawm Zarlino - harmonie "allegra"), "tu siab" (sib raug rau me; hauv Tsarlino - "mesta"; nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag piv txwv, Diletsky harmonic me) thiab "sib xyaw" (qhov twg ob hom sib hloov). Lub hauv paus ntawm "kev lom zem suab paj nruag" yog "tone ut-mi-sol", "tu siab" - "tone re-fa-la". Hauv 1st poj niam txiv neej. 19 nyob rau hauv. M D. Frisky (leej twg, raws li Odoevsky, "tsim thawj zaug peb cov lus suab paj nruag") ruaj ntseg hauv fatherlands. ice terminology nws tus kheej lub sij hawm "L." Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub modal system nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog lub Lavxias teb sab. pawg ntseeg. suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv 19th thiab 20th centuries. ua D. AT. Razumovsky, ib. THIAB. Voznesensky, V. M Metalov, M. AT. Brazhnikov, N. D. Uspensky. Razumovsky systematized lub keeb kwm evolving systems ntawm L. pawg ntseeg. suab paj nruag, tsim txoj kev xav ntawm Lavxias teb sab. kev pom zoo nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau cov pawg ntawm "tej chaw", "dominant" thiab "kawg" suab (analogy ntawm zap. "ambitus", "reperkusse" thiab "finalis"). Metallov hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho cov chants nyob rau hauv lub characterization ntawm lub suab. N. A. Lvov (1790) tau mloog mus rau qhov tshwj xeeb honors aka L. los ntawm European system. Odoevsky (1863, 1869) tau kawm txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ntxhov siab hauv Lavxias. Nar (thiab pawg ntseeg) suab paj nruag thiab cov khoom uas paub qhov txawv ntawm lub app. melodics (kev zam ntawm qee yam dhia, qhov tsis muaj kev taw qhia suab nrov gravitation, nruj diatonicism), qhia siv lo lus "glamour" (diatonic. heptachord) tsis yog western "tone". Rau kev sib haum xeeb nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm Lavxias teb sab. Frets Odoevsky suav hais tias tsim nyog cov triads ntshiab, tsis muaj xya chords. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov planks. kev ua tau zoo thiab "ugly tempered scale" fp. coj nws mus rau lub tswv yim ntawm "kev npaj ib tug untempered piano" (Odoevsky lub instrument twb khaws cia). Serov, kawm lub modal sab ntawm Rus. Nar nkauj "hauv nws qhov kev tawm tsam rau Western European suab paj nruag" (1869-71), tawm tsam "kev ntxub ntxaug" ntawm sab hnub poob. Cov kws tshawb fawb xav txog tag nrho cov suab paj nruag tsuas yog "los ntawm qhov pom ntawm ob tus yuam sij (piv txwv li hom) - loj thiab me. Nws lees paub qhov sib npaug ntawm ob hom "pab pawg" (cov qauv) ntawm qhov ntsuas - octave thiab plaub (nrog rau kev siv rau txoj kev xav ntawm Greek. L.). Rus. qhov zoo ntawm L. nws (zoo li Odoevsky) suav hais tias nruj diatonicism - as opposed to zap. loj thiab me (nrog rau nws cov lus pom zoo), tsis muaj kev hloov kho ("Lavxias teb sab song tsis paub qhov loj lossis me, thiab tsis hloov pauv"). Tus qauv ntawm L. nws txhais raws li ib tug clutch ("bunches") ntawm tetrachords; es tsis txhob hloov kho, nws ntseeg tias "dawb pov tseg ntawm tetrachords." Nyob rau hauv harmonizing nkauj rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev soj ntsuam Lavxias teb sab. tus cwj pwm, nws txwv tsis pub siv tonic, tseem ceeb thiab subdominant chords (ie I, V thiab IV cov kauj ruam), pom zoo sab ("me") triads (hauv loj - II, III, VI kauj ruam). Famintsyn (1889) tau kawm txog qhov seem ntawm cov txheej txheem qub tshaj plaws (tseem pagan) hauv Nar. suab paj nruag thiab hom tsim (ib feem xav tau ntawm no qee cov tswv yim ntawm B. Bartoka thiab Z. Kodaya). Nws muab tso rau pem hauv ntej txoj kev xav ntawm peb "txheej txheem" ​​nyob rau hauv keeb kwm kev loj hlob system ntawm fret tsim - "laus tshaj" - pentatonic, "tshiab" - 7-kauj ruam diatonic, thiab "tshiab" - loj thiab me. Kastalsky (1923) tau qhia tias "qhov tseem ceeb thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm Lavxias teb sab system. Nar polyphony los ntawm cov cai thiab dogmas ntawm cov teb chaws Europe. tshuab.

BL Yavorskii tau muab kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb ntawm lub tswv yim thiab kev xav ntawm linearity. Nws qhov txiaj ntsig yog kev xaiv ntawm qeb L. ua ib qho kev ywj pheej. Muses. Ib txoj hauj lwm, raws li Yavorsky, tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li qhov nthuav tawm ntawm kev sib dhos hauv lub sijhawm (lub npe ntawm Yavorsky lub tswv yim yog "Kev xav ntawm Modal Rhythm"; saib Modal Rhythm). Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov tsoos dual fret ntawm European Nyob rau hauv lub loj-me system, Yavorsky substantiated lub multiplicity ntawm L. (nce, saw, sib txawv, ploj, ob loj, ob tug me, ob augmented, X-hom, thiab lwm yam). Los ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm modal atherosclerosis los ntawm kev lig kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab. suab paj nruag yuav tsum tsis txhob ntaus nqi lub suab uas tau dhau mus dhau qhov loj thiab me rau qee yam kev tsis sib haum xeeb "atonalism", tab sis piav qhia lawv ua hom tshwj xeeb. Yavorsky tau faib cov ntsiab lus ntawm linearity thiab tonality (ib lub koom haum siab siab thiab nws txoj hauj lwm ntawm qee qhov siab-siab). BV Asafiev tau nthuav tawm ntau lub tswv yim zoo txog L. hauv nws cov ntawv sau. Txuas tus qauv L. nrog intonation. xwm ntawm suab paj nruag, nws yeej tseem ceeb tsim lub hauv paus ntawm cov thawj thiab fruitful lub tswv yim ntawm L. (saib thawj ntu ntawm kab lus no).

Asafiev kuj tau tsim cov teeb meem ntawm kev qhia tonalities hauv Europe. L., nws evolution; muaj nuj nqis nyob rau hauv txoj kev xav. Nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau nws nthuav tawm ntawm modal ntau haiv neeg ntawm Glinka's Ruslan thiab Lyudmila, Asafiev txoj kev txhais ntawm 12-kauj ruam L., kev nkag siab ntawm L. raws li ib tug complex ntawm intonations. txhais tau tias. qhov kev pab cuam rau kev kawm txog cov teeb meem ntawm L. yog ua los ntawm kev ua hauj lwm ntawm lwm cov owls. theoreticians - Belyaev (lub tswv yim ntawm 12-kauj ruam atherosclerosis, systematization ntawm cov hom ntawm oriental music), Yu. vib nas this; txoj kev xav ntawm modal variable functions, thiab lwm yam),

AS Ogolevets (kev ywj pheej - "diatonicity" - 12 lub suab ntawm lub tonal system; semantics ntawm cov kauj ruam; txoj kev xav ntawm modal genesis), IV Sposobina (kev kawm ntawm lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub luag hauj lwm ntawm modal tonal functionality, systematic kev sib raug zoo ntawm hom ntxiv rau cov loj thiab me, Kev txhais ntawm atherosclerosis thiab 'meter' raws li yam tseem ceeb ntawm cov dej khov tsim), VO Berkova (systematics ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm phenomena ntawm dej khov tsim). Qhov teeb meem ntawm L. mob siab rau. ua haujlwm (thiab ntu ntawm cov haujlwm) los ntawm AN Dolzhansky, MM Skorik, SM Slonimsky, ME Tarakanov, HF Tiftikidi thiab lwm yam.

References: Odoevsky V. F., tsab ntawv rau V. F. Odoevsky rau tus tshaj tawm txog thawj zaug Great Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag, nyob rau hauv Sat: Hla Kaliki. Hnub Saturday paj huam thiab kev tshawb fawb los ntawm P. Bessonova, ib. 2, tsis muaj. 5, Moscow, 1863; Nws tus kheej, Mirskaya nkauj, sau nyob rau hauv yim lub suab nrog hooks nrog cinnabar cim, nyob rau hauv lub sau: Cov txheej txheem ntawm thawj archaeological congress nyob rau hauv Moscow, 1869, vol. 2, M., 1871; ib. nws tus kheej, ("Russian commoner"). Fragment, 1860s, hauv phau ntawv: B. F. Odoevsky. Cov cuab yeej cuab tam suab paj nruag thiab kev sau ntawv, M., 1956 (xws li rov luam tawm ntawm cov lus hais saum toj no); Razumovsky D. V., Lub Koom Txoos hu nkauj nyob rau hauv Russia, vol. 1–3, M., 1867–69; Serov A. N., Lavxias teb sab pej xeem zaj nkauj raws li ib qho kev kawm ntawm kev tshawb fawb, "Musical Season", 1869-71, tib yam, Izbr. cov khoom, thiab lwm yam. 1, M., 1950; ib. Sokalsky P. P., Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag…, Har., 1888; Famintsyn A. S., Ancient Indochinese gamma hauv Asia thiab Europe ..., St. Petersburg, 1889; Metalov V. M., Osmoglasie znamenny chant, M., 1899; Yavorsky B. L., Cov qauv ntawm kev hais lus suab paj nruag. Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv, tsis muaj. 1–3, M., 1908; Kastalskiy A. D., Nta ntawm pej xeem-Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruas system, M.-P., 1923, M., 1961; Rimsky-Korsakov G. M., Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm lub quarter-tone suab paj nruag, hauv phau ntawv: De Musica, vol. 1, L., 1925; ib. Nikolsky A., Suab paj nruag pej xeem, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: Sau ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm lub ethnographic seem ntawm HYMN, vol. 1, M., 1926; ib. Asafiev B. V., Musical form as a process, book. 1-2, M., 1930-47, L., 1971; nws tus kheej, Preface. rau Russian per. phau ntawv: Kurt E., Fundamentals of linear counterpoint, M., 1931; nws tus kheej, Glinka, M., 1947, M., 1950; Mazel L. A., Ryzhkin I. Ya., Essays ntawm keeb kwm ntawm theoretical musicology, vol. 1–2, M.-L., 1934–39; Tyulin Yu. N., Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, vol. 1, L., 1937, M., 1966; nws tus kheej, Natural and alteration modes, M., 1971; Gruber R. I., Keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai, vol. 1 ,hnu. 1, M., 1941; ib. Ogolevets A. S., Introduction to modern music xav, M.-L., 1946; Dolzhansky A. N., Nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub modal ntawm Shostakovich lub compositions, "SM", 1947, No 4; Kushnarev X. S., Cov lus nug txog keeb kwm thiab kev xav ntawm Armenian monodic music, L., 1958; Belyaev V. M., Cov lus pom, hauv phau ntawv: Jami Abdurakhman, Treatise on Music, trans. los ntawm Persian, ed. thiab nrog cov lus pom. AT. M Belyaeva, Tash., 1960; nws, Essays ntawm keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub USSR, vol. 1-2, Moscow, 1962-63; Berkov V. O., Kev sib haum xeeb, h. 1-3, M., 1962-1966, M., 1970; Slonimsky S. M., Prokofiev's Symphonies, M.-L., 1964; Kholopov Yu. N., Hais txog peb qhov txawv teb chaws ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, hauv: Suab paj nruag thiab Modernity, vol. 4, M., 1966; Tiftikidi H. F., Chromatic system, hauv: Musicology, vol. 3, A.-A., 1967; Skoryk M. M., Ladovaya system S. Prokofieva, K., 1969; Sposobin I. V., Lectures on the course of harmony, M., 1969; Alekseev E., On the dynamic xwm of the mode, “SM”, 1969, No 11; Teeb meem ntawm fret, Sat. Art., M., 1972; Tarakanov M. E., Tshiab tonality nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX, nyob rau hauv: Teeb meem ntawm Suab paj nruag Science, vol. 1, M., 1972; Daim pib K. V., Esq. ua, ie 1–2, M., 1971–73; Harlap M. G., Folk-Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruas system thiab qhov teeb meem: keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag, nyob rau hauv sau: Early cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kos duab, M., 1972; Silenok L., Lavxias teb sab tshuab raj-theorist M. D. Rezvoy, “Soviet musician”, 1974, Plaub Hlis Ntuj 30; cm.

Yu. N. Kholopov