Stretta |

Stretta, ua

ital. stretta, stretto, los ntawm stringere - rau compress, txo, luv; German eng, gedrängt – concise, ze, Engfuhrung – concise tuav

1) Simulation tuav (1) polyphonic. cov ntsiab lus, tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev taw qhia ntawm lub suab los yog lub suab ua ntej qhov kawg ntawm lub ntsiab lus hauv lub suab pib; nyob rau hauv ib qho kev nkag siab ntau dua, qhov kev coj ua piv txwv ntawm lub ntsiab lus nrog lub ntsiab lus luv luv dua li hauv thawj simulation. S. tuaj yeem ua tau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib qho yooj yim imitation, qhov twg lub ntsiab muaj kev hloov nyob rau hauv melodic. kev kos duab lossis ua tiav tsis tiav (saib a, b hauv qhov piv txwv hauv qab no), nrog rau hauv daim ntawv canonical. imitation, canon (saib c, d hauv tib qho piv txwv). Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm S. yog lub brevity ntawm qhov kev ncua deb ntawm nkag, uas yog pom tseeb rau pob ntseg, uas txiav txim siab qhov kev siv ntawm imitation, acceleration ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm layering polyphonic. pov npav.

JS Bach. Prelude and Fugue in f minor for organ, BWV 534.

PI Tchaikovsky. Suite No 1 for orchestra. Fugue.

P. Hindemith. Ludus tonalis. Fuga secunda hauv G.

IB Bax. Qhov Zoo-Tempered Clavier, Volume 2. Fugue D-dur.

S. yog contrapuntal purely. txhais tau tias ntawm thickening thiab compacting lub suab, zoo heev thematic txais tos. concentration; qhov no predetermines nws tshwj xeeb semantic nplua nuj - nws yuav qhia lub ntsiab. zoo C. Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv decomp. polyphonic cov ntaub ntawv (raws li nyob rau hauv lub polyphonized seem ntawm homophonic cov ntaub ntawv), feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub fugue, ricercare. Nyob rau hauv lub fugue S., firstly, ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab. constituting "tsev" cov ntsiab lus nrog rau lub ntsiab, kev tawm tsam, interlude. Qhov thib ob, S. yog cov txheej txheem uas ua haujlwm los nthuav tawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntsiab lus raws li tus coj muses. kev xav nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm xa mus thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm cim lub sij hawm tseem ceeb ntawm ntau lawm, piv txwv li, yog ib tug tsav tsheb thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm kho qhov tseem ceeb polyphonic. daim ntawv (raws li kev sib koom ua ke ntawm "ua" thiab "ua"). Hauv fugue, S. yog xaiv tau. Hauv Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier (tom qab no hu ua "HTK"), nws tshwm sim hauv kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm cov fugues. S. feem ntau tsis tuaj nyob qhov twg muaj creatures. Lub luag haujlwm yog ua los ntawm tonal (piv txwv li, hauv e-moll fugue los ntawm 1st ntim ntawm "HTK" - tsuas yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm S. hauv kev ntsuas 39-40), lossis contrapuntal. txoj kev loj hlob tau ua ntxiv rau S. (piv txwv li, hauv c-moll fugue los ntawm 1st ntim, qhov twg cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom sib txuas ua ke yog tsim nyob rau hauv interludes thiab conductions ntawm lub ntsiab lus nrog tuav counterpositions). Nyob rau hauv fugues, qhov twg lub sij hawm ntawm tonal txoj kev loj hlob yog accentuated, lub segue, yog hais tias muaj, feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv lub tonal ruaj khov reprise seem thiab feem ntau ua ke nrog lub climax, hais txog nws. Yog li, hauv f-moll fugue los ntawm 2nd ntim (peb feem nrog sonata kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov yuam sij), S. suab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov xaus. qhov chaw; nyob rau hauv kev tsim ib feem ntawm lub fugue nyob rau hauv g-moll los ntawm 1st ntim (bar 17), lub S. yog kuj unobtrusive, thaum lub reprise 3-lub hom phiaj. S. ( ntsuas 28) tsim qhov tseeb qhov kawg; nyob rau hauv peb feem fugue hauv C-dur op. 87 No 1 los ntawm Shostakovich nrog nws peculiar kev sib raug zoo. S. txoj kev loj hlob tau qhia tsuas yog nyob rau hauv reprise: lub 1st nrog lub thib ob counterposition tuav, lub thib 2 nrog ib tug kab rov tav txav (saib Movable counterpoint). Kev loj hlob Tonal tsis suav nrog kev siv S., txawm li cas los xij, contrapuntal. qhov xwm txheej ntawm S. txiav txim siab nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov fugues uas tus kws sau ntawv lub hom phiaj cuam tshuam nrog kev nyuaj siab. kev loj hlob ntawm cov khoom (piv txwv li, hauv fugues C-dur thiab dis-moll los ntawm 1st ntim ntawm "HTK", c-moll, Cis-dur, D-dur los ntawm 2nd ntim). Hauv lawv, S. tuaj yeem nyob hauv txhua ntu ntawm daim ntawv, tsis suav nrog kev nthuav tawm (E-dur fugue los ntawm 1st ntim, Tsis muaj 7 los ntawm Bach's Art of Fugue - S. enlarged thiab nyob rau hauv kev ncig). Fugues, expositions to-rykh yog ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm S., hu ua stretta. Cov lus qhia ua ke nyob rau hauv lub stretta fugue los ntawm Bach's 2nd motet (BWV 226) yog nco txog kev coj ua ntawm austere masters uas tau siv ntau yam kev nthuav qhia (piv txwv li, Kyrie los ntawm Palestrina "Ut Re Mi Fa Sol La" pawg).

JS Bach. Motet.

Heev feem ntau nyob rau hauv ib tug fugue ob peb S. yog tsim, tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam. system (fugues dis-moll thiab b-moll los ntawm 1st ntim ntawm "HTK"; fugue c-moll Mozart, K.-V. 426; fugue los ntawm kev taw qhia rau lub Opera "Ivan Susanin" los ntawm Glinka). Cov qauv yog gradual enrichment, qhov teeb meem ntawm stretta conducts. Piv txwv li, hauv fugue hauv b-moll los ntawm 2nd ntim ntawm "HTK", 1st (bar 27) thiab 2nd (bar 33) S. tau sau rau ntawm lub ntsiab lus hauv kev txav ncaj qha, qhov thib 3 (bar 67) thiab 4- Kuv (bar 73) - nyob rau hauv tag nrho reversible counterpoint, 5th (bar 80) thiab 6th (bar 89) - nyob rau hauv tsis tiav reversible counterpoint, zaum kawg 7th (bar 96) - nyob rau hauv tsis tiav reversible nrog ob lub suab; S. ntawm no fugue tau zoo sib xws nrog dispersed polyphonic. variational cycle (thiab yog li lub ntsiab lus ntawm "daim ntawv ntawm qhov kev txiav txim thib 2"). Nyob rau hauv fugues uas muaj ntau tshaj ib S., nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los xav txog cov S. raws li cov thawj thiab derivative tebchaw (saib Complex counterpoint). Hauv qee qhov kev tsim khoom. qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws S. yog qhov tseeb qhov qub ua ke, thiab cov S. yog, raws li nws yog, simplified derivatives, "extractions" los ntawm thawj. Piv txwv li, hauv fugue C-dur los ntawm 1st ntim ntawm "HTK", tus thawj yog 4-lub hom phiaj. S. nyob rau hauv bars 16-19 (kub seem cheeb tsam), derivatives – 2-, 3-lub hom phiaj. S. (saib cov kab 7, 10, 14, 19, 21, 24) nrog rau txoj kab ntsug thiab kab rov tav permutations; Nws tuaj yeem xav tias tus kws sau paj huam pib sau cov fugue no meej nrog cov qauv tsim ntawm cov fugue nyuaj tshaj plaws. Txoj hauj lwm ntawm fugue, nws cov dej num hauv fugue muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab qhov tseem ceeb thoob ntiaj teb; Ntxiv nrog rau cov xwm txheej tau hais, ib tus tuaj yeem taw tes rau S., uas txiav txim siab tag nrho daim ntawv (qhov ob feem fugue hauv c-moll los ntawm 2nd ntim, qhov twg hauv pob tshab, yuav luag 3-lub taub hau. 1st feem ntawm S. . nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm viscous plaub ntu, nws muaj tag nrho ntawm S.), nrog rau hauv S., ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev txhim kho (fugue los ntawm Tchaikovsky's 2st orchestral suite) thiab active predicate (Kyrie hauv Mozart's Requiem, tuav 14- 1). Cov suab hauv S. tuaj yeem nkag mus rau txhua lub sijhawm (saib cov piv txwv hauv qab no), txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib piv yooj yim - nkag mus rau hauv ib qho octave, ib qho thib tsib thiab thib plaub - feem ntau, vim nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej no lub suab ntawm lub ntsiab lus tau khaws cia.

Yog Stravinsky. Concerto rau ob pianos, 4th txav.

S. txoj haujlwm yog nyob ntawm ntau qhov xwm txheej - ntawm qhov nrawm, dynamic. theem, tus naj npawb ntawm cov lus qhia, tab sis mus rau qhov loj tshaj plaws - los ntawm contrapuntal. qhov nyuaj ntawm S. thiab qhov kev ncua deb ntawm kev nkag ntawm lub suab (qhov me me, qhov ua tau zoo dua S., txhua yam sib npaug). Ob lub taub hau canon ntawm lub ntsiab lus ncaj qha - feem ntau hom C. Hauv 3-lub hom phiaj. S. Lub suab thib 3 feem ntau nkag mus tom qab qhov kawg ntawm lub ntsiab lus hauv lub suab pib, thiab xws li S. raug tsim los ua ib txoj hlua ntawm canons:

JS Bach. Qhov Zoo-Tempered Clavier, Volume 1. Fugue F-dur.

S. muaj tsawg tsawg, nyob rau hauv uas lub ntsiab yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv tag nrho nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov suab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug canon (lub xeem risposta nkag mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub proposta); S. ntawm no yog hu ua lub ntsiab (stretto maestrale), uas yog, masterfully ua (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv fugues C-dur thiab b-moll los ntawm 1st ntim, D-dur los ntawm 2nd ntim ntawm "HTK"). Composers kam siv S. nrog decomp. polyphonic transformations. Cov ntsiab lus; kev hloov dua siab tshiab yog siv ntau zaus (piv txwv li, fugues hauv d-moll los ntawm 1st ntim, Cis-dur los ntawm 2nd ntim; inversion hauv S. yog ib qho zoo rau fugues ntawm WA Mozart, piv txwv li, g-moll, K .-V. 401, c-moll, K.-V. 426) thiab nce, qee zaus txo qis (E-dur fugue los ntawm 2nd ntim ntawm "HTK"), thiab feem ntau yog ob peb ua ke. txoj kev ntawm kev hloov pauv (fugue c-moll los ntawm 2nd ntim, tuav 14-15 - nyob rau hauv ncaj qha txav, nyob rau hauv kev ncig thiab nce; dis-moll los ntawm 1st ntim, nyob rau hauv tuav 77-83 - ib hom stretto maestrale: nyob rau hauv ncaj qha txav. , nyob rau hauv ib qho kev nce thiab nrog kev hloov ntawm cov suab paj nruag). Lub suab ntawm S. yog ntxiv nrog counterpoints (piv txwv li, C-dur fugue los ntawm 1st ntim hauv ntsuas 7-8); Qee zaum cov counter-ntxiv lossis nws cov khoom tawg yog khaws cia hauv S. (bar 28 hauv g-moll fugue los ntawm 1st ntim). S. yog qhov hnyav tshwj xeeb, qhov twg lub ntsiab lus thiab cov kev tawm tsam uas tau khaws cia los yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov fugue nyuaj ib txhij ua ke (bar 94 thiab ntxiv rau hauv cis-moll fugue los ntawm 1st ntim ntawm CTC; rov tsim dua - tus lej 35 - fugue los ntawm quintet op. 57 los ntawm Shostakovich). Hauv S., nws yuav ntxiv ob lub ntsiab lus. pov npav xaiv tsa (saib col. 325).

A. Berg. "Wozzek", 3rd act, 1st duab (fugue).

Raws li ib qho kev tshwm sim tshwj xeeb ntawm cov qauv dav dav hauv kev txhim kho polyphony tshiab, muaj kev cuam tshuam ntxiv ntawm cov txheej txheem stretto (nrog rau kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev ua tsis tiav rov qab thiab ob npaug txav txav tau). Cov piv txwv zoo siab yog S. nyob rau hauv triple fugue No. 3 los ntawm cantata "Tom qab nyeem Ntawv Nkauj" los ntawm Taneyev, nyob rau hauv lub fugue los ntawm suite "Lub ntxa ntawm Couperin" los ntawm Ravel, nyob rau hauv ob chav fugue nyob rau hauv A (bars 58-68. ) los ntawm Hindemith's Ludus tonalis voj voog, nyob rau hauv ob chav fugue e -moll op. 87 Tsis muaj 4 los ntawm Shostakovich (ib tug system ntawm reprise S. nrog ib tug ob chav canon nyob rau hauv kev ntsuas 111), nyob rau hauv ib tug fugue los ntawm ib tug concerto rau 2 fp. Stravinsky. Nyob rau hauv ntau lawm Shostakovich S., raws li ib tug txoj cai, yog concentrated nyob rau hauv reprises, uas distinguishes lawv playwright. luag hauj lwm. Qib siab kev txawj ntse nce mus txog S. nyob rau hauv cov khoom raws li serial technology. Piv txwv li, lub reprise S. fugue los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm K. Karaev lub 3rd symphony muaj cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv ib tug rakish zog; lub climactic chant nyob rau hauv lub Prologue los ntawm Lutosławski lub ntees tuag Music yog ib tug imitation ntawm kaum thiab kaum ib lub suab nrog magnification thiab reversal; lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug polyphonic stretta yog coj mus rau nws lub ntsiab lus xaus nyob rau hauv ntau niaj hnub compositions, thaum lub suab nrov yog "compressed" rau hauv ib qho tseem ceeb pawg (piv txwv li, plaub-lub suab tsis kawg canon ntawm 2nd qeb thaum pib ntawm lub 3rd ib feem ntawm K. Khachaturian txoj hlua quartet).

Feem ntau lees txais kev faib tawm ntawm S. tsis muaj nyob. S., uas tsuas yog pib ntawm lub ncauj lus lossis lub ntsiab lus nrog txhais tau tias yog siv. melodic hloov qee zaum hu ua tsis tiav lossis ib nrab. Txij li thaum lub hauv paus ntawm S. yog canonical. cov ntaub ntawv, rau S. tus yam ntxwv daim ntawv thov ntawm osn yog justified. txhais cov ntaub ntawv no. S. ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus tuaj yeem hu ua ob npaug; mus rau qeb ntawm "exceptional" cov ntaub ntawv (raws li lub terminology ntawm SI Taneev) yog S., cov txheej txheem ntawm uas mus dhau qhov ntau ntawm phenomena ntawm mobile counterpoint, piv txwv li S., qhov twg nce, txo, raked zog yog siv; los ntawm kev sib piv nrog cov canons, S. yog qhov txawv ntawm kev txav ncaj qha, hauv kev ncig, ua ke, 1st thiab 2nd pawg, thiab lwm yam.

Nyob rau hauv homophonic cov ntaub ntawv, muaj polyphonic tsim, uas tsis yog S. nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev nkag siab (vim lub chordal ntsiab lus, keeb kwm los ntawm homophonic lub sij hawm, txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv, thiab lwm yam), tab sis nyob rau hauv lub suab lawv zoo li nws; piv txwv ntawm xws li stretta introductions lossis stretta-zoo li kev tsim kho tuaj yeem ua qhov tseem ceeb. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm 2nd txav ntawm 1st symphony, pib ntawm lub trio ntawm lub 3rd txav ntawm lub 5th symphony los ntawm Beethoven, ib tug minuet fragment los ntawm lub symphony C-dur ("Jupiter") los ntawm Mozart (bar 44 onwards), fugato nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm 1 lub zog (saib naj npawb 19) ntawm Shostakovich lub 5th symphony. Hauv homophonic thiab sib xyaw homophonic-polyphonic. ua ib qho piv txwv ntawm S. yog contrapunally complex xaus. kev tsim kho (lub canon nyob rau hauv lub rerise ntawm Gorislava cavatina los ntawm lub opera Ruslan thiab Lyudmila los ntawm Glinka) thiab complex ua ke ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas yav tas los sounded cais (thaum pib ntawm lub rerise ntawm lub overture los ntawm lub opera The Mastersingers ntawm Nuremberg los ntawm Wagner, xaus ib feem ntawm coda nyob rau hauv lub bargaining scene los ntawm lub 4th scene ntawm lub opera- epic "Sadko" los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov, lub coda ntawm lub finale ntawm Taneyev lub symphony nyob rau hauv c-moll).

2) Kev nrawm nrawm ntawm kev txav mus los, kev nce siab hauv Ch. arr. hauv qhov xaus. ntu ntawm cov suab paj nruag loj. prod. (nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawv nws yog qhia piъ stretto; qee zaum tsuas yog ib qho kev hloov hauv tempo yog qhia: piъ mosso, prestissimo, thiab lwm yam). S. - yooj yim thiab hauv kev kos duab. Kev sib raug zoo yog cov cuab yeej siv tau zoo heev uas siv los tsim kom muaj kev sib tw. culmination ntawm cov khoom, feem ntau nrog rau kev ua kom lub suab nrov. pib. Thaum ntxov ntawm tag nrho cov, lawv tau dhau los ua neeg thoob plaws thiab dhau los ua ib hom ntawv yuav luag yuav luag hauv Italian. opera (tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug cantata, oratorio) ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm G. Paisiello thiab D. Cimarosa raws li lub xeem seem ntawm lub ensemble (los yog nrog kev koom tes ntawm lub choir) finale (piv txwv li, lub zaum kawg ensemble tom qab Paolino's aria nyob rau hauv Cimarosa's Kev sib yuav Secret). Cov piv txwv zoo muaj nyob rau WA Mozart (piv txwv li, prestissimo nyob rau hauv qhov kawg ntawm 2nd ua yeeb yam ntawm lub opera Le nozze di Figaro raws li lub culminating rov nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug comedic teeb meem; nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm lub 1st act ntawm lub opera Don Giovanni, piъ stretto yog txhim kho los ntawm stretta imitation ). S. nyob rau hauv qhov kawg kuj tseem raug rau cov khoom. ital. composers ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th - G. Rossini, B. Bellini, G. Verdi (piv txwv li, piъ mosso nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm lub thib ob ua yeeb yam "Aida"; nyob rau hauv lub tshwj xeeb seem, tus composer singles tawm C. Kev taw qhia txog kev ua yeeb yam "La Traviata"). S. kuj tau siv feem ntau hauv comedic arias thiab duets (piv txwv li, accelerando hauv Basilio lub npe nrov aria txog kev hais lus phem los ntawm kev ua yeeb yaj kiab The Barber of Seville los ntawm Rossini), nrog rau kev mob siab rau (piv txwv li, vivacissimo hauv duet ntawm Gilda thiab lub Duke nyob rau hauv lub thib ob scene opera "Rigoletto" los ntawm Verdi) los yog ua yeeb yam. tus cwj pwm (piv txwv li, hauv kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Amneris thiab Radames los ntawm 2th ua yeeb yam ntawm Aida los ntawm Verdi). Ib tug me me aria los yog duet ntawm zaj nkauj cim nrog rov ua suab paj nruag-rhythmic. tig, qhov twg S. yog siv, hu ua cabaletta. S. raws li ib tug tshwj xeeb txhais tau tias ntawm kev qhia tau siv tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm Italian. composers, tab sis kuj masters ntawm lwm lub teb chaws nyob sab Europe. Hauv particular, S. in Op. MI Glinka (saib, piv txwv li, prestissimo thiab piъ stretto hauv Kev Taw Qhia, piъ mosso hauv Farlaf's rondo los ntawm opera Ruslan thiab Lyudmila).

Tsawg zaus S. hu acceleration hauv qhov xaus. instr. cov khoom sau nyob rau hauv ceev ceev. Vivid piv txwv muaj nyob hauv Op. L. Beethoven (piv txwv li, presto nyuaj los ntawm canon hauv coda ntawm qhov kawg ntawm 5th symphony, "multi-stage" S. in the coda of the finale of the 9th symphony), fp. suab paj nruag los ntawm R. Schumann (piv txwv li, hais lus schneller, noch schneller ua ntej lub coda thiab nyob rau hauv lub coda ntawm 1 feem ntawm lub piano sonata g-moll op. 22 los yog prestissimo thiab immers schneller und schneller nyob rau hauv lub finale ntawm tib sonata; nyob rau hauv 1st thiab kawg qhov chaw ntawm Carnival, kev taw qhia ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshiab yog nrog los ntawm kev nrawm ntawm kev txav mus txog qhov kawg piъ stretto), Op. P. Liszt (symphonic paj huam "Hungary"), thiab lwm yam. Cov kev xav dav hais tias nyob rau hauv lub era tom qab G. Verdi S. disappears los ntawm composer xyaum tsis muaj tseeb kiag li; hauv music con. 19th caug xyoo thiab nyob rau hauv ntau lawm 20th caug xyoo Nplooj ntawv yog siv tsis tshua muaj ntau yam; Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem tau hloov kho kom ntseeg tau tias cov kws sau nkauj, ua rau kev siv ntau ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm S., yuav luag tsis siv lub sij hawm nws tus kheej. Ntawm cov piv txwv ntau tuaj yeem taw qhia rau qhov kawg ntawm qhov thib 1 thiab thib 2 ntawm qhov ua yeeb yam "Oresteia" los ntawm Taneyev, qhov twg tus kws sau nkauj tau qhia meej meej los ntawm classical. kev lig kev cai. Ib qho piv txwv tiag tiag ntawm kev siv S. hauv suab paj nruag yog kev puas siab puas ntsws. txoj kev npaj - qhov chaw ntawm Inol thiab Golo (kawg ntawm txoj cai thib 3) hauv opera Pelléas thiab Mélisande los ntawm Debussy; lub sij hawm "S." tshwm sim hauv qhov qhab nia ntawm Berg's Wozzeck (2nd act, interlude, tus lej 160). Nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th S., los ntawm kev lig kev cai, feem ntau ua hauj lwm raws li ib txoj hauv kev los qhia comic. Cov xwm txheej (piv txwv li No 14 "Hauv taberna guando sumus" ("Thaum peb zaum hauv tavern") los ntawm Orff's "Carmina burana", qhov twg acceleration, ua ke nrog unrelenting crescendo, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam uas yuav luag dhau los ntawm nws cov spontaneity). Nrog kev zoo siab irony, nws siv cov classic. Kev txais tos los ntawm SS Prokofiev hauv Chelia's monologue los ntawm qhov pib ntawm 2nd ua yeeb yam "Hlub rau Peb Txiv Kab ntxwv" (ntawm ib lo lus "Farfarello"), hauv "Champagne Scene" los ntawm Don Jerome thiab Mendoza (kawg ntawm 2nd act. opera "Betrothal nyob rau hauv ib lub Monastery"). Raws li ib qho kev tshwm sim ntawm neoclassical style yuav tsum raug suav hais tias yog quasi stretto ( ntsuas 512) hauv kev ntaus pob tesniv "Agon", Anne's cabaletta thaum kawg ntawm 1 txoj cai ntawm opera "Rake's Progress" los ntawm Stravinsky.

3) Imitation hauv kev txo qis (Italian: Imitazione alla stretta); lo lus no tsis yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab no.

References: Zolotarev VA Fugue. Phau ntawv qhia txog kev kawm, M., 1932, 1965; Skrebkov SS, Polyphonic tsom xam, M.-L., 1940; nws tus kheej, Phau ntawv ntawm polyphony, M.-L., 1951, M., 1965; Mazel LA, Structure of suab paj nruas tej hauj lwm, M., 1960; Dmitriev AN, Polyphony as a factor of shaping, L., 1962; Protopopov VV, keeb kwm ntawm polyphony nyob rau hauv nws cov phenomena tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Lavxias teb sab classical thiab Soviet suab paj nruag, M., 1962; nws, keeb kwm ntawm polyphony nyob rau hauv nws cov phenomena tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Western European classics ntawm 18th-19th centuries, M., 1965; Dolzhansky AN, 24 preludes thiab fugues los ntawm D. Shostakovich, L., 1963, 1970; Yuzhak K., Ib co nta ntawm cov qauv ntawm fugue los ntawm JS Bach, M., 1965; Chugaev AG, Nta ntawm cov qauv ntawm Bach's clavier fugues, M., 1975; Richter E., Lehrbuch der Fuge, Lpz., 1859, 1921 (Russian translation – Richter E., Fugue Textbook, St. Petersburg, 1873); Buss1er L., Kontrapunkt und Fuge im freien Tonsatz…, V., 1878, 1912 (Lus txhais lus – Bussler L., Strict style. Textbook of counterpoint and fugue, M., 1885); Prout E., Fugue, L., 1891 (Russian translation – Prout E., Fugue, M., 1922); saib lit. ntawm Art. Polyphony.

VP Frayonov