Suab system |
Greek sustnma, German. Tonsystem
Altitude (interval) lub koom haum ntawm suab paj nruag. suab raws li c.-l. ib txoj cai. Hauv plawv ntawm Z. nrog. yeej ib txwm dag ib tug series ntawm tones nyob rau hauv meej, ntsuas ratios. Lub sij hawm Z. Nrog. " siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam nqi:
1) suab muaj pes tsawg leeg, piv txwv li tag nrho cov suab siv nyob rau hauv ib tug tej lub sij hawm (feem ntau nyob rau hauv ib tug octave, piv txwv li, tsib-suab, kaum ob-suab tshuab);
2) ib tug meej kev npaj ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm lub system (lub suab system raws li ib tug scale; lub suab system raws li ib tug complex ntawm suab pawg, piv txwv li, chords nyob rau hauv lub tonal system ntawm loj thiab me);
3) ib qho system ntawm kev sib raug zoo, semantic kev sib raug zoo, lub zog ntawm lub suab, uas yog tsim los ntawm ib tug tej yam hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm lawv (piv txwv li, lub ntsiab lus ntawm tones nyob rau hauv melodic hom, harmonic tonality);
4) tsim, lej. qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub suab (Pythagorean system, sib npaug temperament system).
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm Z. nrog. txuam nrog lub suab muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab nws cov qauv. Z. s. qhia txog qib ntawm kev loj hlob, kev xav. kev sib raug zoo thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm muses. kev xav thiab keeb kwm hloov pauv nrog nws. Lub evolution ntawm Z. nrog., hauv keeb kwm tiag. Cov txheej txheem, nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug complex txoj kev thiab ntxiv nrog rau sab hauv contradictions, nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws yeej ua rau ib tug refinement ntawm lub suab sib txawv, ib tug nce nyob rau hauv lub tones nyob rau hauv lub system, ntxiv dag zog rau thiab simplifying kev sib txuas ntawm lawv, tsim ib tug complex. branched hierarchy ntawm kev sib txuas raws li suab kinship.
Logic tswvyim ntawm kev loj hlob Z. nrog. tsuas yog kwv yees sib raug mus rau lub pob zeb keeb kwm. txheej txheem ntawm nws tsim. Z. s. nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej kev nkag siab genetically precedes primitive glissanding, tsis muaj kev sib txawv tones, los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv suab tsuas yog pib sawv tawm.
Lub suab nkauj ntawm pawg neeg Kubu (Sumatra) yog zaj nkauj ntawm ib tug tub hluas. Raws li E. Hornbostel.
Daim ntawv qis ntawm Z. s uas hloov nws. sawv cev rau kev hu nkauj ntawm ib lub suab siv, sawv (), nyob ib sab () saum toj lossis hauv qab.
Lavxias teb sab lus dag
Kolyadnaya
Ib lub suab uas nyob ib sab yuav tsis kho qhov siab ntawm qhov siab lossis kwv yees li qhov siab.
Kev loj hlob ntxiv ntawm lub kaw lus txiav txim siab qhov ua tau ntawm stepwise, cantilena txav ntawm lub suab paj nruag (nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm tsib-, xya-kauj ruam system lossis cov qauv sib txawv) thiab ua kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm tag nrho vim kev cia siab rau lub suab uas yog. nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo siab tshaj nrog ib leeg. Yog li ntawd, tom ntej no tseem ceeb tshaj plaws theem nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Z. s. - "lub sij hawm ntawm lub quart", sau qhov sib txawv ntawm lub suab ntawm "thawj consonance" (lub quart hloov mus ua lub suab uas yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws nyob deb ntawm tus thawj siv lub suab thiab yog nyob rau hauv zoo meej consonance nrog nws; Qhov tshwm sim, nws tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo dua li lwm yam, txawm tias zoo meej consonances - ib qho octave, thib tsib). Sau ib lub quart ua ib lub suab tshuab - tsis yog-semitone trichords thiab ob peb tetrachords ntawm ntau yam qauv:
TRICHORD
TETRACHORDS
LOV
EPIC CHAW
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov suab nrov uas nyob ib sab thiab dhau mus tau ruaj khov thiab dhau los ua kev txhawb nqa rau cov nyob ib sab tshiab. Los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm tetrachord, pentachords, hexachords tshwm sim:
MASLENICHNA
ncig seev cev
Los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm trichords thiab tetrachords, nrog rau pentachords (nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev fused los yog sib cais), cov txheej txheem sib xyaw yog tsim uas txawv ntawm cov suab - hexachords, heptachords, octachords, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv ntau complex. , multi-component suab systems. octave thiab non-octave:
PENTATONICA
UKRAINIA VESNIA
PLYASOVAYA
Znamenny chant
RUSSIA FOLK SONG
RAU LUB CHRISTMAS NTAWM LUB NTUJ NTAWM VAJTSWV, LUB SIJ HAWM CHAW
HEXACHORD SYSTEM
Theoretical generalization ntawm kev xyaum qhia lub suab nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe. suab paj nruag ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog lig thiab lub Renaissance ("musica ficta"), thaum tag nrho cov suab lus xaus thiab tag nrho-tone successions tau nce systematically hloov los ntawm halftones (piv txwv li, es tsis txhob cd ed stroke cis-d thiab lwm yam), hais nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm chromatic-enharmonic. Kaum xya-kauj ruam nplai (los ntawm Prosdochimo de Beldemandis, lig 14th - thaum ntxov 15th centuries):
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm polyphony thiab tsim ib tug consonant triad raws li lub ntsiab ntawm lub soundtrack. coj mus rau nws ua tiav internal reorganization - pab pawg ntawm tag nrho cov tones ntawm lub system nyob ib ncig ntawm no yooj yim consonance, uas ua raws li ib tug center, tonic muaj nuj nqi. triads (tonic), thiab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm nws cov animations ntawm tag nrho lwm cov kauj ruam ntawm lub diatonic. gamma:
Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub constructive factor Z. s. maj dhau los ntawm ladomelodich. qauv rau chord-harmonic; raws li qhov no Z. nrog. pib nthuav tawm tsis yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev ("stairs ntawm lub suab" - scala, Tonleiter), tab sis nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm functionally muaj feem xyuam rau lub suab pab pawg neeg. Zoo li nyob rau lwm theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm Z. nrog., tag nrho cov kab loj ntawm cov ntawv ua ntej Z. nrog. kuj tseem muaj nyob rau hauv ntau qhov kev tsim kho Z. s. melodic zog. linearity, microsystems los ntawm kev siv suab nrov (save) thiab cov uas nyob ib sab, sau qhov plaub (thiab thib tsib), kev sib npaug ntawm tetrachords, thiab lwm yam. Complexes teej tug mus rau ib qho centralization. tag nrho pawg suab-chords ntawm txhua qib-ua ke nrog qee qhov ntsuas, lawv dhau los ua hom suab tshiab s-harmonics. tonality (saib daim ntawv saum toj no), thiab lawv cov kev txiav txim sib xyaw ua ke yog "system of systems" ntawm cov yuam sij loj thiab me ntawm txhua qhov chromatic cov kauj ruam. nplai. Tag nrho sonic ntim ntawm lub kaw lus theoretically txuas mus rau infinity, tab sis yog txwv los ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm lub suab pom thiab yog chromatically muaj ntau yam xws li kwv yees li A2 txog c5. Kev tsim ntawm lub loj-me tonal system nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th. yuav tsum tau hloov lub Pythagorean system nyob rau hauv lub thib tsib ntshiab (piv txwv li, f - c - g - d - a - e - h) nrog ib tug thib tsib-tertian (lub thiaj li hu ua ntshiab, los yog ntuj, Fogliani - Zarlino system), siv ob ua. ntu ntu - thib tsib 2: 3 thiab qhov loj thib peb 4: 5 (piv txwv li, F - a - C - e - G - h - D; cov tsiaj ntawv loj qhia txog prima thiab thib tsib ntawm triads, cov ntawv me qhia peb, raws li M. Hauptmann). Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub tonal system (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev xyaum siv cov yuam sij sib txawv) yuav tsum tau ib tug zoo temperament system.
Tiv tauj cov ntsiab lus decomp. tonality coj mus rau kev tsim ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm lawv, mus rau lawv convergence thiab ntxiv - kev sib koom ua ke. Ua ke nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm intratonal chromaticity (hloov), kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov tonal sib txawv ua rau lub fact tias nyob rau hauv tib lub tonality ib ntus, ib qho chord thiab ib qho nplai ntawm txhua kauj ruam yog qhov tsim nyog. Cov txheej txheem no tau npaj ib qho kev hloov tshiab ntawm Z. tus qauv nrog. nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm composers ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th: tag nrho cov theem ntawm chromatic. lawv cov nplai yog emancipated, lub kaw lus hloov mus rau hauv 12-kauj ruam system, qhov twg txhua lub sij hawm yog to taub ncaj qha (thiab tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub thib tsib los yog thib tsib-tertz kev sib raug zoo); thiab thawj chav tsev Z. s. ua ib tug semitone (los yog ib tug loj xya) - raws li ib tug derivative ntawm ib tug thib tsib thiab ib tug loj thib peb. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim symmetrical (piv txwv li, terzochromatic) hom thiab cov tshuab, qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tonal kaum ob kauj ruam, lub thiaj li hu ua. “dawb atonality” (saib Atonal music), serial lub koom haum (tshwj xeeb, dodecaphony), thiab lwm yam.
Tsis yog-European Z. nrog. (piv txwv li, lub teb chaws ntawm Asia, Africa) qee zaum tsim ntau yam uas nyob deb ntawm cov European. Yog li, ntau dua lossis tsawg dua li niaj zaus diatonic ntawm Indian suab paj nruag yog embellished nrog intonation. ntxoov ntxoo, theoretically piav raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev faib cov octave rau hauv 22 qhov chaw (lub shruti system, kuj txhais raws li tag nrho ntawm tag nrho cov qhov siab).
Hauv Javanese suab paj nruag, 5- thiab 7-kauj ruam "sib npaug" faib ntawm octave (slendro thiab pelog) tsis coincide nrog ob qho tib si anhemitonic pentatonic scale los yog thib tsib los yog thib tsib-tertz diatonic nplai.
References: Serov AH, Lavxias teb sab pej xeem song raws li ib tug kev kawm ntawm science (3 tsab xov xwm), "Lub Caij Nyoog", 1869-70, Tsis muaj 18, 1870-71, Tsis muaj 6 thiab 13, reprinted. nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv: Xaiv Cov Ntawv, vol. 1, M.-L., 1950; Sokalsky PP, Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag?, Har., 1888, Peter VI, Nyob rau hauv lub compositions, qauv thiab hom nyob rau hauv ancient Greek suab paj nruag, K., 1901 Yavorsky B., Tus qauv ntawm suab paj nruas hais lus, vol. 1-3, M., 1908, Tyulin Yu. H., Qhia txog kev sib haum xeeb, L., 1937, M, 1966; Kuznetsov KA, Arabic suab paj nruag, hauv: Essays ntawm keeb kwm thiab kev xav ntawm suab paj nruag, vol. 2, XLIV, 1940; Ogolevets AS, Introduction to modern music xav, M.-L., 1946; Suab paj nruag acoustics. Tot. Ed. HA Garbuzova, M, 1954; Jami A., Treatise on Music. Ed. thiab cov lus los ntawm VM Belyaev, Tash., 1960; Pereverzev NK, Teeb meem ntawm suab paj nruag intonation, M., 1966; Meshchaninov P., Evolution of the pitch fabric (structural-acoustic substantiation …), M., 1970 (manuscript); Kotlyarevsky I., Diatonics thiab chromatics raws li qeb ntawm kev xav suab paj nruag, Kipv, 1971; Fortlage K., Das musikalische System der Griechen in seiner Urgestalt, Lpz., 1847, Riemann H., Katechismus der Musikgeschichte, Tl 1, Lpz., 1888, Rus. rau. – Catechism of the history of music, part 1, M., 1896), nws tus kheej, Das chromatische Tonsystem, hauv nws phau ntawv: Preludien und Studien, Bd I, Lpz., 1895.
Yu. H. Kholopov
