Nototyping |

Sau ntawv - polygraphic luam tawm ntawm cov ntawv. Qhov kev xav tau ntawm kev luam ntawv tau tshwm sim sai tom qab kev tsim cov ntawv luam tawm (c. 1450); ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm thaum ntxov, lub tsev teev ntuj dominated. cov phau ntawv, nyob rau hauv ntau yam uas melody ntawm zaj nkauj raug muab. Thaum pib, qhov chaw khoob tau tso tseg rau lawv, qhov twg cov ntawv sau tau nkag los ntawm tes (saib, piv txwv li, Latin Psalter - Psalterium latinum, luam tawm hauv Mainz hauv 1457). Nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm incunabula (thawj tsab), ntxiv rau cov ntawv nyeem, suab paj nruag neeg ua hauj lwm kuj tau luam tawm, thaum cov ntawv sau tau inscribed los yog kos raws li tshwj xeeb. cov qauv. Cov ntawv tshaj tawm no tsis tas yuav qhia qhov me nyuam mos ntawm N. (raws li ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau sib cav) - qee lub tshuab luam ntawv suab paj nruag kuj tau tso tawm rau hauv con. 15 c ua. (piv txwv - phau ntawv "Musical Art" - "Ars mu-sicorum", luam tawm hauv Valencia xyoo 1495). Yog vim li cas, pom tau hais tias, nyob hauv ntau lub zej zog, tib txoj kev thov Vajtswv tau hu ua ntau hom lus. suab nkauj. Los ntawm kev luam tawm qee cov suab paj nruag, tus tshaj tawm hauv qhov no yuav ua rau lub voj voog ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom ntawm phau ntawv.

Ib txheej ntawm choral sau ntawv. "Roman Mass". Lub tshuab luam ntawv W. Khan. Rome. 1476 ib.

Qhov tseeb N. tshwm sim approx. 1470. Ib qho ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntxov tshaj plaws, Graduale Constantiense, tau pom meej luam tawm tsis pub dhau 1473 (qhov chaw tshaj tawm tsis paub). Txog 1500, lawv tau sim coj cov duab ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm los ze zog rau cov ntawv sau. Cov kev lig kev cai ntawm kev kos duab suab paj nruag nrog tus cwj mem liab, thiab sau cov cim lawv tus kheej nrog cov xim dub, cuam tshuam txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv thawj theem, yuam kom lawv nrhiav tau ob-xim luam ntawv-sib cais staves thiab nyias sau ntawv, thiab rau daws teeb meem technical. qhov teeb meem ntawm lawv cov kev sib raug zoo. Lub sijhawm no, muaj txoj hauv kev N. Teeb. Txhua tsab ntawv tuaj yeem muaj ob qho tib si ib thiab ob peb. (mus txog 4) sau ntawv. Feem ntau cov staves tau luam tawm ua ntej (tus number case liab npog thaj tsam me me thiab qhuav sai), thiab tom qab ntawd ("thib ob") cov ntawv thiab cov ntawv. Qee zaum tsuas yog sau ntawv nrog cov ntawv luam tawm, thiab cov kab tau kos los ntawm tes, piv txwv li. hauv "Collectorium super Magnificat" (Collectorium super Magnificat), ed. nyob rau hauv Esslingen nyob rau hauv 1473. Yog li ntawd tej hauj lwm tau luam tawm, kaw nyob rau hauv choral, thiab tej zaum kuj nyob rau hauv lub notation ntawm lub hlwb. Cov nkauj hu nkauj tau luam tawm thawj zaug los ntawm cov ntawv sau los ntawm Ulrich Hahn hauv "Roman Mass" ("Missale Romanum" Rome 1476). Cov ntawv qub tshaj plaws nrog cov ntawv sau tseg yog P. Niger's "Short Grammar" ("Grammatica brevis") (lub tshuab luam ntawv T. von Würzburg, Venice, 1480).

Cov ntawv sau tseg (tsis muaj tus kav) F. Niger. Cov lus luv luv. Lub tshuab luam ntawv T. von Würzburg, Venice. 1480.

Hauv nws, suab paj nruag piv txwv qhia txog decomp. poetic meters. Txawm hais tias cov ntawv luam tawm tsis muaj tus kav, lawv nyob ntawm qhov siab sib txawv. Nws tuaj yeem xav tias cov thawj coj yuav tsum tau kos los ntawm tes.

Ntoo engraving. "Roman Mass". Lub tshuab luam ntawv O. Scotto. Venice. 1482 ib.

Ntoo engraving (xylography). Cov tshuab luam ntawv suav tias yog cov qauv suab paj nruag hauv cov phau ntawv ua ib hom kev piav qhia thiab ua rau lawv ua cov duab kos. Cov ntawv luam tawm ib txwm tau txais thaum luam tawm los ntawm kev kos duab kos duab, piv txwv li tsab ntawv xov xwm. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim cov engraving zoo li no tau siv sijhawm ntev heev, vim tias. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau txiav tawm feem ntau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm, tsuas yog cov ntawv luam tawm ntawm daim ntawv - cov cim suab paj nruag). Los ntawm woodcuts thaum ntxov. Cov ntawv tshaj tawm sawv tawm "Roman pawg" los ntawm lub tshuab luam ntawv Venetian O. Scotto (1481, 1482), nrog rau "Suab paj nruag paj rau Gregorian tunes" ("Flores musicae omnis cantus Gregoriani", 1488) los ntawm Strasbourg tshuab luam ntawv I. Prius.

Txoj kev txiav ntoo tau siv los ntawm Ch. arr. thaum luam ntawv suab paj nruag-theoretical. phau ntawv, nrog rau cov phau ntawv, uas muaj cov nkauj. Tsis tshua muaj heev, kev sau ntawm pawg ntseeg tau luam tawm siv txoj kev no. suab. Kev kos duab tau ua kom pheej yig thiab yooj yim thaum luam tawm suab paj nruag piv txwv uas tau rov ua ntau hom lus. luam tawm. Cov qauv zoo li no feem ntau tau muab rau hauv cov ntawv. Cov ntawv luam tawm feem ntau dhau ntawm ib lub tshuab luam ntawv mus rau lwm qhov; Nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab seb qhov twg luam tawm cov qauv no tau kos thawj zaug los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm font hauv cov ntawv nyeem ntawm cov qauv thiab hauv phau ntawv nws tus kheej.

Ntoo txiav. N. tau tsim kom txog rau thaum xyoo pua 17th. Los ntawm 1515 cov txheej txheem no kuj tau siv los luam cov suab paj nruag. Hauv pem teb 1. Xyoo pua 16th muaj coob leej tau luam tawm li no. Lutheran cov phau ntawv thov Vajtswv (piv txwv li, “Singing Book” – “Sangbüchlein” los ntawm I. Walther, Wittenberg, 1524). Hauv Rome xyoo 1510, Cov Nkauj Tshiab (Canzone nov) los ntawm A. de Antikis tau luam tawm, uas tib lub sijhawm. yog ib tug ntoo carver thiab composer. Cov qauv zoo heev ntawm kev txiav ntoo yog nws cov ntawv txuas ntxiv (Missae quindecim, 1516, thiab Frottolo intabulatae da suonar organi, 1517). Yav tom ntej, Antikis, nrog rau woodcuts, kuj siv engraving rau hlau. Ib qho ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm suab paj nruag tshaj plaws uas luam tawm los ntawm kev kos rau ntawm cov hlau yog "Canzones, Sonnets, Strambotti thiab Frottola, Phau Ntawv Ib" ("Canzone, Sonetti, Strambotti et Frottole, Libro Primo" los ntawm lub tshuab luam ntawv P. Sambonetus, 1515). Ua ntej pib lub xyoo pua 16th feem ntau cov phau ntawv tshaj tawm tsis muaj lawv tus kheej cov suab paj nruag thiab cov suab paj nruag; suab paj nruag piv txwv nyob rau hauv pl. rooj plaub tau tsim los ntawm itinerant music printers.

Yav tom ntej, ob lub hauv paus tau tsim thiab txhim kho. hom N., tau piav qhia thaum ntxov li xyoo pua 15th - kev sau ntawv thiab kos duab.

Nyob rau hauv 1498, O. dei Petrucci tau txais los ntawm Venice Council txoj cai ntawm kev luam ntawv suab paj nruag siv hom movable (nws txhim kho W. Khan txoj kev thiab siv nws rau luam ntawv mensural sau ntawv). Thawj tsab yog muab los ntawm Petrucci hauv 1501 ("Harmonice Musices Odhecaton A"). Nyob rau hauv 1507-08, thawj zaug nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm N., nws luam tawm ib phau ntawm tej daim rau lub lute. Kev luam ntawv raws li Petrucci txoj kev tau ua nyob rau hauv ob qhov kev khiav - thawj kab, tom qab ntawd rau saum lawv - pob zeb diamond-zoo li cov suab paj nruag. Yog tias cov ntawv sau nrog cov ntawv nyeem, yuav tsum tau ua lwm yam. Txoj kev no tso cai luam tawm ib lub taub hau xwb. suab paj nruag. Kev npaj cov ntawv tshaj tawm yog kim thiab siv sijhawm ntev. Petrucci cov ntawv rau ib lub sij hawm ntev tseem unsurpassed nyob rau hauv kev zoo nkauj ntawm lub suab paj nruag font thiab nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm suab paj nruas cim thiab kav. Thaum, tom qab tas sij hawm ntawm Petrucci txoj cai, J. Giunta tig mus rau nws txoj kev thiab rov luam tawm Motetti della Corona hauv 1526, nws tsis tuaj yeem los ze rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntawv ntawm nws tus thawj coj.

Txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th N. intensively tsim nyob rau hauv ntau lwm tus neeg. lub teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, thawj tsab luam tawm raws li txoj kev Petrucci yog P. Tritonius 'Melopea, luam tawm xyoo 1507 hauv Augsburg los ntawm lub tshuab luam ntawv E. Eglin. Tsis zoo li Petrucci, Eglin cov kab tsis muaj zog, tab sis raug xaiv los ntawm cov khoom me me. Cov ntawv luam ntawm Mainz tshuab luam ntawv P. Schöffer "Organ Tablature" los ntawm A. Schlick (Tabulaturen etlicher, 1512), "Song Book" (Liederbuch, 1513), "Chants" ("Santiones", 1539) tsis yog qis dua li cov Italians. , thiab qee zaum txawm dhau lawv.

Kev txhim kho ntxiv rau txoj kev sau ntawv tau ua nyob rau Fabkis.

Ib daim ntawv luam tawm los ntawm P. Attenyan's set. "Peb caug-plaub nkauj nrog suab paj nruag". Paris. 1528.

Tus kws tshaj tawm Parisian P. Attenyan pib tshaj tawm daim ntawv suab paj nruag los ntawm kev teeb tsa los ntawm kev luam ib zaug. Thawj zaug nws tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv no "Peb caug-plaub zaj nkauj nrog suab paj nruag" ("Trente et quatre chansons musicales", Paris, 1528). Lub invention, thaj, belongs rau lub tshuab luam ntawv thiab ntaus caster P. Oten. Nyob rau hauv cov ntawv tshiab, txhua tsab ntawv muaj ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm ib daim ntawv nrog ib feem me me ntawm stave, uas ua rau nws ua tsis tau tsuas yog ua kom yooj yim ntawm cov txheej txheem luam ntawv (kom nqa tawm hauv ib qho kev khiav), tab sis kuj yuav ntaus ntawv polygonal. suab paj nruag (txog peb lub suab ntawm ib tus neeg ua haujlwm). Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm polyphonic muses. prod. Nws siv sijhawm ntev heev, thiab txoj kev no tau khaws cia tsuas yog rau cov txheej txheem monophonic. Ntawm lwm tus Fabkis. Cov tshuab luam ntawv uas tau ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm ib qho xovxwm los ntawm ib txheej - Le Be, cov ntawv tom qab tau txais los ntawm lub tuam txhab ntawm Ballard thiab Le Roy thiab, tau txais kev tiv thaiv los ntawm huab tais. txoj cai, tau siv mus txog rau xyoo pua 18th.

Cov ntawv suab paj nruag thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis. Cov tshaj tawm txawv ntawm qhov loj ntawm lub taub hau, qhov ntev ntawm cov stems thiab qib ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm kev ua tiav, tab sis lub taub hau nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau ntawm cov suab paj nruag pib tuav lub pob zeb diamond. Lub taub hau puag ncig, uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th, yog thawj zaug cam khwb cia nyob rau hauv 1530 los ntawm E. Briard (nws kuj hloov ligatures nyob rau hauv mensural suab paj nruag nrog lub npe ntawm tag nrho cov sij hawm ntawm sau ntawv). Ntxiv nrog rau cov ntawv luam tawm (piv txwv li, cov hauj lwm ntawm comp. Carpentre), lub taub hau puag ncig (lub npe hu ua musique en copie, piv txwv li "rewritten notes") tsis tshua siv thiab tau dav dav hauv con. 17th caug xyoo (nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, thawj tsab nrog lub taub hau puag ncig tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1695 los ntawm Nuremberg publisher thiab tshuab luam ntawv VM Endter ("Spiritual Concertos" los ntawm G. Wecker).

Muab ob npaug rau luam tawm ntawm lub teeb. A thiab B — font thiab luam los ntawm O. Petrucci, C — font los ntawm E. Briard.

Teeb hauv Breitkopf font. Sonnet los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tsis paub, teeb tsa suab paj nruag los ntawm IF Grefe. Leipzig. 1755.

Main qhov tsis muaj suab paj nruag teem rau ser. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th muaj lub impossibility ntawm reproducing chords, yog li nws tsuas yog siv tau rau muab monophonic muses. prod. Xyoo 1754, IGI Breitkopf (Leipzig) tau tsim lub suab paj nruag "movable thiab collapsible", uas, zoo li mosaic, muaj cais. hais (tag nrho kwv yees li 400 tsab ntawv), piv txwv li txhua yim tau ntaus nrog kev pab los ntawm peb tsab ntawv - lub taub hau, qia thiab tus Tsov tus tw (los yog ib daim ntawm knitting). Cov font no ua rau nws tuaj yeem tsim cov chords, xyaum nrog nws cov kev pab nws muaj peev xwm los npaj cov khoom lag luam nyuaj tshaj plaws rau kev tshaj tawm. Hauv Breitkopf hom, tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag teeb haum zoo (tsis muaj qhov khoob). Cov duab kos duab tau yooj yim nyeem thiab muaj qhov zoo nkauj zoo nkauj. Txoj kev tshiab N. yog thawj zaug siv rau xyoo 1754 nrog kev tshaj tawm ntawm aria Wie mancher kann sich schon entschliessen. Ib tsab ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm sonnet teeb tsa suab paj nruag qhuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Breitkopf qhov kev tsim ua raws li hauv 1755. Thawj qhov kev tshaj tawm loj yog pasturel Triumph of Devotion (Il trionfo della fedelta, 1756), sau los ntawm Saxon Princess Maria Antonia Walpurgis. Nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm luv luv, nrog kev pab los ntawm lub teeb, Breitkopf mus txog unprecedented txoj kev loj hlob. Tsuas yog tam sim no N. tuaj yeem sib tw tau zoo hauv txhua qhov chaw nrog cov ntawv sau, uas txog thaum lub sijhawm ntawd tsis tau poob lawv txoj kev ua lag luam suab paj nruag. Breitkopf luam tawm tej hauj lwm ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov loj German. composers ntawm lub sijhawm no - cov tub ntawm JS Bach, I. Mattheson, J. Benda, GF Telemann thiab lwm tus. Txoj kev Breitkopf pom ntau heev. cov neeg ua yeeb yam thiab cov thwjtim hauv Holland, Belgium thiab Fabkis.

Engraving rau tooj liab. "Spiritual Delight" tshuab luam ntawv. S. Verovio. Rome. 1586 ib.

Rau con. XVIII xyoo pua qhov xwm txheej tau hloov pauv - muz. qhov kev ntxhib los mos ua nyuaj heev uas ntaus ntawv los ua tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Thaum npaj cov ntawv tshiab, ua haujlwm nyuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog orc. cov qhab nia, nws tau dhau los ua qhov tsim nyog los siv txoj kev kos duab, los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau txhim kho.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th cov txheej txheem yog siv qee zaus thaum luam tawm suab paj nruag piv txwv hauv phau ntawv (saib, piv txwv li, phau ntawv los ntawm A. Beyschlag "Ornament in Music" - A. Beyschlag, "Die Ornamentik der Musik", 1908).

Zoo-ua tiav engraving ntawm tooj liab nrog rau txoj kev luam ntawv intaglio yog thawj zaug siv los ntawm Rome. tshuab luam ntawv S. Verovio nyob rau hauv phau ntawv "Spiritual Delight" (“Diletto spirituale”, 1586). Nws siv cov txheej txheem Niederl. engravers, to-rye nyob rau hauv reproductions ntawm paintings los ntawm artists xws li Martin de Vos, reproduced tag nrho cov nplooj ntawv ntawm suab paj nruag. Verovio cov ntawv luam tawm los ntawm Niederl. M. van Buiten.

Txoj kev engraving yog siv sijhawm ntev, tab sis nws ua rau nws muaj peev xwm hloov tau lub suab paj nruag ntawm txhua qhov nyuaj thiab yog li ntawd tau dhau los hauv ntau lub tebchaws. lub teb chaws. Hauv tebchaws Askiv, txoj kev no tau siv thawj zaug hauv kev npaj rau kev tshaj tawm ntawm O. Gibbons 'Fantasy for Viols, 1606-1610 (bd); Ib qho ntawm cov lus Askiv ntxov tshaj plaws Cov engravers yog W. Hole, uas kos Parthenia (1613). Nyob rau hauv Fabkis, qhov kev taw qhia ntawm engraving tau ncua vim muaj cai ntawm Ballard publishing tsev ntawm N. nyob rau hauv hom kev teeb tsa.

Kev kos duab. I. Kunau. New clavier ce. Leipzig. 1689 ib.

Thawj tsab ntawv sau tau tshwm sim hauv Paris xyoo 1667 - Niver's "Organ Book" (engraver Luder). Twb tau nyob rau hauv con. 17th caug pl. Fabkis cov kws sau ntawv nrhiav kev hla Ballard txoj kev monopoly muab lawv cov ntawv sau rau kev kos duab (D. Gauthier, c. 1670; N. Lebesgue, 1677; A. d'Anglebert, 1689).

Kev kos duab. GP Handel. Variations ntawm suite E-dur rau clavier.

Engraved sau ntawv dec. lub teb chaws saib txawv: Fabkis - qub-fashioned, Italian - ntau elegant (reminiscent ntawm ib tug sau), Eng. Lub engraving yog hnyav, ze rau kev ntaus ntawv, German engraving yog nkig thiab meej. Hauv kev tshaj tawm suab paj nruag (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog xyoo pua 17th), lub npe "intavolatura" (intavolatura) raug xa mus rau engraving, "score" (partitura) rau cov ntawv sau.

Thaum pib. Xyoo 18th Fabkis tau txais koob meej tshwj xeeb. suab paj nruag engravers. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, ntau tus kws kos duab-cov kws kos duab tau koom nrog kev kos duab ntawm cov nkauj, ua tib zoo saib xyuas kev tsim ntawm tag nrho cov ntawv tshaj tawm.

Xyoo 1710 hauv Amsterdam, tus tshaj tawm E. Roger pib sau nws cov ntawv tshaj tawm thawj zaug. Thaum lub xyoo pua 18th publishing tsev pl. lub teb chaws ua raws. Txij li thaum xyoo pua 19th nws tau txais thoob ntiaj teb. Cov lej raug muab tso rau ntawm cov laug cam thiab (tsis tas li) ntawm nplooj ntawv npe. Qhov no pab txhawb cov txheej txheem luam ntawv (kev sib tsoo ntawm nplooj ntawv los ntawm lwm cov ntawv tsis suav nrog), nrog rau kev sib tam ntawm cov ntawv qub, lossis tsawg kawg yog kev sib tham ntawm thawj qhov teeb meem ntawm tsab ntawv no (vim cov lej tsis hloov thaum rov luam tawm).

Ib tug radical kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub engraving ntawm suab paj nruag, uas cais nws los ntawm cov kos duab kos duab. engravings, tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub 20s. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th nyob rau hauv UK, J. Kluer pib siv es tsis txhob tooj liab boards ua los ntawm ib tug ntau pliable alloy ntawm tin thiab txhuas. Nyob rau hauv xws li boards nyob rau hauv 1724 yog engraved cov khoom. Handel. J. Walsh thiab J. Eyre (J. Hare) tau qhia steel punches, nrog kev pab los ntawm qhov nws muaj peev xwm los khob tawm tag nrho cov cim tsis tu ncua. Nws txhais tau tias. degree sib koom ua ke cov tsos ntawm cov ntawv, ua rau lawv nyeem tau ntau dua. Txoj kev txhim kho ntawm cov suab paj nruag engraving tau kis mus rau ntau qhov chaw. lub teb chaws. OK. 1750 rau engraving pib siv daim hlau 1 hli tuab ua los ntawm cov zinc ruaj los yog ib qho alloy ntawm tin, txhuas thiab antimony (hu ua garth). Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kos duab kos duab nws tus kheej tsis tau undergone creatures. kev hloov. Ua ntej ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm spec. ib tug raster (ib tug chisel nrog tsib hniav) txiav cov suab paj nruas kab. Tom qab ntawd cov yuam sij, nco lub taub hau, kev sib tsoo, cov ntawv hais lus raug muab khob rau lawv nrog xuas nrig ntaus hauv daim iav daim iav. Tom qab ntawd, qhov tseeb engraving yog nqa tawm - nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug graver, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruas sau yog txiav tawm, uas, vim hais tias ntawm lawv tus kheej zoo, tsis tuaj yeem raug xuas nrig ntaus (ceev, knittings, pab koomtes, diav rawg, thiab lwm yam). .). Txog thaum con. Xyoo pua 18th N. tau ua ncaj qha los ntawm cov laug cam, uas ua rau lawv hnav sai. Nrog rau kev tsim ntawm lithography (1796), cov khoom tshwj xeeb tau tsim los ntawm txhua lub rooj tsavxwm. luam tawm rau kev hloov mus rau lub pob zeb lithographic lossis tom qab - rau hlau. cov ntaub ntawv rau flat printing. Vim lub zog ntawm kev tsim cov laug cam nrog engraved muses. prod. tau suav hais tias yog lub peev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm txhua lub tsev tshaj tawm suab paj nruag.

Step by step engraving txheej txheem.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th suab paj nruag kos duab photomechanical. txoj kev yog pauv mus rau zinc (rau zincographic cliches) los yog rau nyias daim hlau (zinc los yog txhuas), uas yog cov ntaub ntawv rau offset printing. Raws li keeb kwm, es tsis txhob ntawm cov laug cam, cov slides coj los ntawm lawv tau khaws cia.

Hauv tebchaws Russia, thawj qhov kev sim nrog N. hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 17th. Lawv tau txuas nrog qhov xav tau los koom ua pawg ntseeg. hu nkauj. Nyob rau hauv 1652, tus carver Mosk. Los ntawm Lub Tsev Luam Ntawv, F. Ivanov tau raug qhia kom pib "sau npe luam ntawv lag luam", piv txwv li N. nrog kev pab ntawm cov cim suab paj nruag uas tsis yog-linear. Hlau punches raug txiav thiab hom raug cam khwb cia, tab sis tsis yog ib tsab ntawv luam tawm siv hom no, pom tau hais tias muaj feem xyuam nrog lub Koom Txoos. Kev hloov kho ntawm Patriarch Nikon (1653-54). Nyob rau hauv 1655 muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb commission rau kho lub tsev teev ntuj. chanter cov phau ntawv, uas ua hauj lwm kom txog rau thaum 1668. A. Mezenets (nws tus thawj coj) hloov cov cinnabar cim (xws li lub suab) nrog "cov paib" luam nyob rau hauv tib xim ntawm lub ntsiab. cov paib, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm luam tawm ib zaj nkauj. cov phau ntawv uas tsis siv rau kev luam ntawv nyuaj rau ob xim. Nyob rau hauv 1678, lub casting ntawm lub suab paj nruag font tau ua tiav, ua los ntawm I. Andreev ntawm cov lus qhia ntawm Mezenets. Hauv font tshiab, "banners" tau muab tso rau ntawm otp. cov ntawv, uas tso cai rau koj hu rau ntau yam kev sib txuas. N. los ntawm qhov font no kuj tsis siv. Los ntawm lub sijhawm no, cov ntawv sau suab paj nruag tau pib nthuav tawm hauv tebchaws Russia, thiab Mezenz system tau dhau los ua kev tsis sib haum xeeb twb tau pib. Thawj qhov kev paub coj los ua tiav hauv Lavxias. N. tau cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv mus rau cov ntawv sau suab paj nruag - cov no yog qhov sib piv ("ob-kos npe") cov lus sib txuas thiab cov ntawv sau. Kev tshaj tawm tau ua ca. 1679 los ntawm engraved boards. Tus sau thiab ua yeeb yam ntawm tsab ntawv no (cov nplooj ntawv lub npe thiab cov ntawv luam tawm ploj lawm), pom tau tias yog tus kws tshaj lij S. Gutovsky, uas hais txog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Moscow. Lub Armory muaj cov ntaub ntawv sau hnub tim 22 Kaum Ib Hlis 1677 tias nws "ua ib lub tshuab ntoo uas luam Fryazh nplooj ntawv" (xws li tooj liab engravings). Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv con. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th Ob txoj kev engraving, uas tau dav nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawd nyob rau sab hnub poob, tau mastered: typeetting thiab engraving.

Nyob rau hauv 1700, Irmologist tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv Lvov - thawj luam monument ntawm Lavxias teb sab. Znamenny hu nkauj (nrog cov suab paj nruag tawm). Lub font rau nws yog tsim los ntawm lub tshuab luam ntawv I. Gorodetsky.

Xyoo 1766, lub tshuab luam ntawv Mosk. Synodal luam ntawv lub tsev SI Byshkovsky tau npaj ib lub suab paj nruag font tsim los ntawm nws, txawv ntawm kev zoo nkauj thiab zoo meej. Cov phau ntawv suab paj nruag liturgical tau luam tawm hauv daim ntawv no: "Irmologist", "Oktoikh", "Utility", "Holidays" (1770-1772).

Nplooj ntawv los ntawm tsab ntawv: L. Madonis. Sonata rau violin nrog digital bass. SPB. 1738 ib.

Raws li VF Odoevsky, cov phau ntawv no yog "lub teb chaws cov khoom muaj nqis uas tsis muaj nqis, uas tsis muaj lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe tuaj yeem khav tau, vim hais tias raws li tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, tib lub suab uas tau siv hauv peb pawg ntseeg rau 700 xyoo tau khaws cia hauv cov phau ntawv no" .

Secular sau mus txog 70s. Xyoo pua 18th tau luam tawm tshwj xeeb hauv lub tsev luam ntawv ntawm Academy of Sciences thiab Arts, cov ntawv luam ntawv tau tsim los ntawm kev kos rau ntawm tooj liab. Thawj tsab yog "Ib Zaj Nkauj tsim nyob rau hauv Hamburg rau kev ua koob tsheej nco txog kev ua koob tsheej ntawm nws tus poj koob yawg koob Anna Ioannovna, Autocrat ntawm Tag Nrho Russia, tus qub tamo Lub Yim Hli 10 (raws li kev suav tshiab), 1730" los ntawm V. Trediakovsky. Ntxiv nrog rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam txais tos "phaj ntawv" luam nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog decomp. kev ua koob tsheej hauv tsev hais plaub, hauv 30s. thawj tsab ntawm instr. suab paj nruag – 12 sonatas rau violin nrog digital bass los ntawm G. Verocchi (nruab nrab ntawm 1735 thiab 1738) thiab 12 sonatas ("Kaum ob lub suab sib txawv rau kev ua yeeb yaj kiab thiab ntses bass thaj tsam ...") los ntawm L. Madonis (1738). Qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm yog qhov luam tawm hauv 50s. thiab tom qab-nto moo sau sau “Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm no, idleness, los yog ib tug sau ntawm ntau yam nkauj nrog txuas tones rau peb lub suab. Music los ntawm GT (eplova)". Nyob rau hauv lub 60s. Lub tsev luam ntawv ntawm Academy of Sciences tau txais Breitkopf lub suab paj nruag font (tam sim ntawd tom qab nws tsim). Thawj tsab uas siv cov txheej txheem yog V. Manfredini's 6 clavier sonatas (1765).

Los ntawm 70s. 18th caug xyoo N. nyob rau hauv Russia yog loj hlob sai heev. Ntau yam tshwm sim. tus kheej publishers. cov tuam txhab. Cov ntawv sau kuj tau luam tawm ntau hom ntawv. cov ntawv xov xwm thiab almanacs (saib cov tshaj tawm suab paj nruag). Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab N. thov tag nrho cov advanced achievements ntawm printing. tshuab.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th cov suab paj nruag ntawv luam tawm ch. arr. ntawm offset presses. Kev txhais cov suab paj nruag qub rau hauv cov ntawv luam tawm yog ua los ntawm photomechanics. txoj kev. Main N. qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv kev npaj ntawm lub suab paj nruag thawj. Txhua complex music prod. muaj tus kheej tsim. Txog tam sim no, kev daws teeb meem yooj yim txaus thiab tus nqi tsim nyog rau cov teeb meem ntawm kev tsim cov tshuab ua suab paj nruag tseem tsis tau pom. Raws li txoj cai, lawv yog tsim los ntawm tes, thaum qhov zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm nyob ntawm daim duab. (graphic) txuj ci ntawm tus tswv. Siv tom ntej. Txoj hauv kev ntawm kev npaj cov ntawv qub rau N.:

Kev kos duab (saib saum toj no), kev siv uas tau poob qis hauv txhua lub teb chaws, vim tias vim muaj kev ua haujlwm hnyav thiab ua rau muaj kev phom sij ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm garth, cov qib ntawm cov masters yuav luag tsis tau ntxiv.

Stamping sau ntawv nrog luam ntawv number case rau ntawm daim ntawv millimeter siv ib txheej ntawm cov nyiaj muas, templates thiab kos cwj mem. Txoj kev no, qhia nyob rau hauv lub 30s 20th caug xyoo, yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Nws siv sijhawm tsawg dua li kev kos duab, thiab tso cai rau koj los tsim cov khoom qub ntawm txhua qhov nyuaj nrog qhov tseeb. Txoj kev no yog txuas nrog kev kos duab sau ntawv ntawm cov ntawv pob tshab, uas yog siv rau hauv kev npaj cov ntawv tshaj tawm suab paj nruag hauv tsev luam ntawv uas tsis muaj stampers.

calligraphic sau ntawv (tsuas yog cov yuam sij raug stamped). Kev tsim cov suab paj nruag originals nyob rau hauv txoj kev no tau txais koob meej nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws. lub teb chaws thiab pib nkag mus rau hauv lub USSR.

Hloov cov cim suab paj nruag rau cov ntawv suab paj nruag raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov menyuam yaus decals (Klebefolien). Txawm hais tias kev ua haujlwm hnyav thiab tus nqi siab, txoj kev siv nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws txawv teb chaws. lub teb chaws.

Noteset (kev hloov kho uas tsis muaj dab tsi ua nrog Breitkopf font). Cov txheej txheem tau tsim thiab muab tso rau hauv kev tsim khoom hauv xyoo 1959-60 los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Polygraphy Research Institute ua ke nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Soviet Composer publishing tsev. Thaum ntaus ntawv, cov ntawv nyeem ntawm nplooj ntawv suab paj nruag yog mounted rau ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm dub. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus - rulers, notes, leagues, subtext, etc. - yog ua los ntawm roj hmab thiab yas thiab coated nrog ib tug phosphor. Tom qab kuaj xyuas thiab kho qhov tsis xws luag, lub rooj tsavxwm yog illuminated thiab yees duab. Cov txiaj ntsig tau hloov pauv mus rau cov ntawv luam tawm. Cov txheej txheem tau ua pov thawj nws tus kheej zoo hauv kev npaj cov ntawv luam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv suab paj nruag, orc. votes, thiab lwm yam.

Kev sim ua kom kho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag thawj. Yog li, nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm lub teb chaws (Poland, TEB CHAWS USA) suab paj nruag sau tshuab yog siv. Nrog cov txiaj ntsig zoo txaus, cov tshuab no tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, lawv tsis tau txais kev faib. Muaj peev xwm raug tshawb nrhiav los hloov kho cov tshuab phototypesetting rau cov ntawv sau sau. Phototypesetting tshuab los ntawm qhov pib. 70s 20th century tau dhau los ua ubiquitous rau kev ntaus ntawv, tk. lawv ua tau zoo heev, lawv tam sim ntawd muab ib qho kev npaj ua zoo rau offset printing thiab ua hauj lwm rau lawv tsis muaj teeb meem rau kev noj qab haus huv. Kev sim hloov cov tshuab no rau N. yog ua los ntawm ntau tus. cov tuam txhab (lub tuam txhab Japanese Morisawa tau patented nws lub tshuab photocomposite hauv ntau lub teb chaws). Qhov zoo tshaj plaws kev cia siab rau rationalizing zus tau tej cov suab paj nruag thawj koom rau phototypesetting.

Ntxiv rau cov txheej txheem saum toj no, kev siv cov ntawv qub rau N. yog ib qho, uas, tom qab kho thiab tsim nyog retouching, ua tus thawj rau kev yees duab thiab tom qab hloov mus rau cov ntawv luam tawm. Nrog rau kev txhim kho cov kev yees duab uas cuam tshuam nrog kev siv dav dav ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm (reprints ntawm cov ntawv qub qub ntawm cov classics), nrog rau cov ntawv xov xwm, uas yog cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tus sau phau ntawv los yog k.-l. ib tsab ntawv qub nrog tag nrho lawv cov yam ntxwv (ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm hauv tebchaws Soviet yog qhov tshaj tawm ntawm tus sau phau ntawv ntawm "Duab ntawm Kev Tshaj Tawm" los ntawm MP Mussorgsky, 1975).

Rau cov ntawv sau me me, nrog rau kev ua ntej. kev paub txog cov kws sau ntawv tshwj xeeb yog luam tawm ntawm cov tshuab luam ntawv.

References: Bessel V., Cov ntaub ntawv rau keeb kwm ntawm kev tshaj tawm suab paj nruag hauv Russia. Cov ntawv txuas ntxiv rau phau ntawv: Rindeizen N., VV Bessel. Essay ntawm nws cov suab paj nruag thiab kev ua si, St. Petersburg, 1909; Yurgenson V., Essay on the history of music notation, M., 1928; Volman B., Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv ntawm 1957th caug xyoo, L., 1970; nws, Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag tsab ntawm 1966th - thaum ntxov 1970th centuries, L., 50; Kunin M., Suab paj nruag luam ntawv. Cov ntawv sau keeb kwm, M., 1896; Ivanov G., Music publishing nyob rau hauv Russia. Keeb kwm siv, M., 1898; Riemann H., Notenschrift und Notendruck, nyob rau hauv: Festschrift zum 1-jahrigen Jubelfeier der Firma CG Röder, Lpz., 12; Eitner R., Der Musiknotendruck und seine Entwicklung, “Zeitschrift für Bücherfreunde”, 1932, Jahrg. 26, Hwv 89; Kinkeldey O., Music in Incunabula, Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, 118, v. 1933, p. 37–1934; Guygan B., Histoire de l'impression de la musique. La typographie musicale en France, “Arts et métiers graphiques”, 39, No 41, 43, No 250, 1969, 35; Hoffmann M., Immanuel Breitkopf und der Typendruck, in: Pasticcio auf das 53-jahrige Bestehen des Verlages Breitkopf und Härtel. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Hauses, Lpz., (XNUMX), S. XNUMX-XNUMX.

HA Kopchevsky