Homophony |

Greek omoponia - monophony, unison, los ntawm omos - ib qho, tib yam, tib yam thiab ponn - suab, suab

Ib hom polyphony yam ntxwv los ntawm kev faib cov suab rau hauv lub ntsiab thiab nrog. Qhov no G. hauv paus sib txawv ntawm polyphony, raws li qhov sib npaug ntawm lub suab. G. thiab polyphony yog contrasted ua ke nrog monody - monophony tsis muaj accompaniment (xws li yog cov tsim terminological kab lig kev cai; Txawm li cas los, lwm yam kev siv ntawm cov ntsiab lus kuj raug cai: G. - raws li monophony, "ib-tone", monody - raws li ib tug suab paj nruag nrog. accompaniment, “hu nkauj hauv ib lub suab”).

Lub tswvyim ntawm "G." keeb kwm nyob rau hauv Dr. Greece, qhov uas nws txhais tau hais tias lub unison ("single-tone") kev ua suab paj nruag los ntawm ib lub suab thiab ib qho cuab yeej nrog (nrog rau nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam los ntawm ib pawg hu nkauj sib xyaw los yog pawg hauv octave ob npaug). Zoo sib xws G. muaj nyob rau hauv Nar. suab paj nruag pl. lub teb chaws mus txog rau tam sim no. sij hawm. Yog hais tias unison yog ib ntus tawg thiab rov qab los dua, heterophony tshwm sim, uas yog yam ntxwv ntawm cov kab lis kev cai qub, rau kev coj ua ntawm nar. kev ua tau zoo.

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm homophonic sau tau muaj nyob rau hauv European. suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai yog twb nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm polyphony. Hauv cov sijhawm sib txawv lawv pom lawv tus kheej nrog ntau dua lossis tsawg dua qhov txawv (piv txwv li, hauv kev coj ua ntawm faubourdon nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 14th). Geography tau tsim tshwj xeeb thaum lub sijhawm hloov pauv ntawm Renaissance mus rau niaj hnub era (16th thiab 17th centuries). Lub heyday ntawm homophonic sau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th. tau npaj los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov teb chaws Europe. suab paj nruag ntawm lub 14th-15th thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub 16th centuries. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas ua rau muaj kev tswj hwm ntawm G. yog: qhov kev paub txog ntawm chord maj mam ua ywj siab. suab complex (thiab tsis yog lub sum ntawm lub sij hawm), hais txog lub sab sauv lub suab yog lub ntsiab ib (rov qab nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th muaj ib txoj cai: "hom yog txiav txim los ntawm lub tenor"; nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm lub 16th caug xyoo. -17th centuries nws tau hloov los ntawm ib txoj cai tshiab: hom yog txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv lub sab sauv lub suab), kev faib ntawm homophonic harmonic. raws li lub warehouse ital. frottall thiab villanelle, Fabkis. hu nkauj. nkauj.

Suab paj nruag rau lub lute, ib qho cuab yeej siv hauv tsev ntawm 15th thiab 16th centuries, tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ntxiv dag zog rau guitar. Nqe lus G. kuj pab tau ntau heev. lute kev npaj ntawm ntau lub taub hau. polyphonic ua haujlwm. Vim muaj cov kev txwv ntawm polyphonic Cov muaj peev xwm ntawm lute thaum transcribing yuav tsum yooj yim cov kev ntxhib los mos los ntawm kev hla imitations, tsis txhob hais ntau complex polyphonic sawv daws yuav. kev sib xyaws. Txhawm rau khaws cov suab qub ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntau npaum li qhov ua tau, tus neeg npaj tau raug yuam kom tawm ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov suab uas nyob hauv polyphonic nrog lub suab sab saud. kab, tab sis hloov lawv txoj haujlwm: los ntawm lub suab ntawm lub suab, feem ntau sib npaug ntawm txoj cai nrog lub suab sab saud, lawv hloov mus ua suab nrog nws.

Ib qho kev coj ua zoo sib xws tau tshwm sim rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. thiab cov neeg ua yeeb yam - organists thiab harpsichordists uas nrog kev hu nkauj. Tsis muaj qhab nia ua ntej lawv ob lub qhov muag (kom txog rau thaum xyoo pua 17th, cov suab paj nruag tau muab faib rau hauv qhov ua yeeb yam nkaus xwb), cov kws ua yeeb yaj kiab raug yuam kom sau cov ntawv sau qub ntawm cov ua haujlwm. nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug sequence ntawm qis suab paj nruag. ntaub thiab simplified kaw ntawm lwm lub suab siv tus lej. Xws li cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm melodic suab thiab bass lub suab nrog digitization ntawm consonances, uas tau txais tshwj xeeb tis txij thaum pib. 17th century, naz. dav bass thiab sawv cev rau thawj hom homophonic sau nyob rau hauv niaj hnub suab paj nruag.

Lub Koom Txoos Protestant, uas nrhiav kev txuas mus rau pawg ntseeg. hu nkauj ntawm tag nrho cov parishioners, thiab tsis yog tshwj xeeb xwb. kawm choristers, kuj tau lug siv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm G. nyob rau hauv cult music - lub sab sauv, ntau audible suab los ua lub ntsiab ib, lwm lub suab ua accompaniment ze rau chordal. Cov qauv no kuj cuam tshuam cov suab paj nruag. Catholic xyaum. pawg ntseeg. Thaum kawg, kev hloov pauv ntawm polyphonic. Cov ntawv rau homophonic, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub verge ntawm lub 16th thiab 17th centuries, pab txhawb rau lub ubiquitous tsev neeg polygon. seev cev suab paj nruag ua si ntawm pob thiab ua koob tsheej ntawm xyoo pua 16th. Los ntawm Nar. Nws zaj nkauj thiab seev cev suab paj nruag kuj nkag mus rau "siab" hom ntawm Tebchaws Europe. suab paj nruag.

Kev hloov mus rau homophonic sau tau teb rau qhov zoo nkauj tshiab. cov kev xav tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm humanistic. Cov tswv yim European. suab paj nruag Renaissance. Tus tshiab aesthetics tshaj tawm lub incarnation ntawm tib neeg raws li nws motto. kev xav thiab kev ntshaw. Tag nrho cov muses. txhais tau tias, nrog rau lwm yam txuj ci ( paj huam , ua yeeb yam , seev cev ) tau raug hu los ua ib qho kev xa tawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb sab ntsuj plig ntawm tib neeg. Melody pib raug suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm cov suab paj nruag uas muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo tshaj plaws thiab nthuav qhia txhua yam kev nplua nuj ntawm lub hlwb. tib neeg lub xeev. Qhov no yog tus kheej tshaj plaws. cov suab paj nruag yog pom tau zoo tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum tus so ntawm lub suab raug txwv rau theem pib nrog cov duab. Hais txog qhov no yog kev txhim kho ntawm Italian bel canto. Hauv opera - nkauj tshiab. Nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv uas tau tshwm sim thaum tig ntawm 16th thiab 17th centuries, homophonic sau tau dav siv. Qhov no kuj tau txhawb nqa los ntawm tus cwj pwm tshiab ntawm kev nthuav tawm ntawm lo lus, uas kuj tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv lwm yam. Opera cov qhab nia ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. feem ntau sawv cev rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub ntsiab. melodic suab los ntawm digital. bass denoting nrog chords. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm G. tau pom meej meej nyob rau hauv operatic recitative:

C. Monteverdi. "Orpheus".

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv nqe lus G. kuj yog cov suab paj nruag rau cov hlua. bowed instruments, feem ntau rau lub violin.

G. qhov kev faib tawm thoob plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe. suab paj nruag cim qhov pib ntawm txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev sib haum xeeb nyob rau niaj hnub no. lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus no, tsim cov muses tshiab. daim ntawv. Lub dominance ntawm G. tsis tuaj yeem nkag siab qhov tseeb - raws li kev hloov pauv tag nrho ntawm polyphonic. Cov ntawv thiab cov ntawv polyphonic. Nyob rau pem teb 1. Xyoo pua 18th suav rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws tshaj lij tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb keeb kwm - JS Bach. Tab sis G. tseem yog ib qho kev qhia txog stylistic feature ntawm tag nrho cov keeb kwm. era nyob teb chaws Europe. prof. suab paj nruag (1600-1900).

G. txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub 17th-19th centuries conditionally muab faib ua ob lub sij hawm. Thawj ntawm cov no (1600-1750) feem ntau txhais tau tias yog "lub sijhawm ntawm cov ntses bass thaj tsam". Qhov no yog lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsim ntawm G., maj mam thawb ib sab polyphony hauv yuav luag txhua yam hauv paus. hom suab thiab instrument. suab paj nruag. Kev tsim ua ntej nyob rau hauv parallel nrog polyphonic. hom thiab cov ntaub ntawv, G. maj mam nce dominance. txoj hauj lwm. Cov qauv thaum ntxov ntawm G. lig 16th - ntxov. Xyoo pua 17th (suab nkauj nrog lub suab, thawj Italian operas - G. Peri, G. Caccini, thiab lwm yam), nrog rau tag nrho cov nqi ntawm cov tshiab stylistic. dab ntxwg nyoog tseem qis dua hauv lawv cov txuj ci. qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov counterpointists ntawm 15th-16th centuries. Tab sis raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sau ntawv homophonic tau txhim kho thiab ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, raws li cov ntaub ntawv homophonic tshiab matured, cov gypsy maj mam rov ua haujlwm thiab nqus cov txuj ci no. nyiaj txiag, to-rye tau sau los ntawm cov laus polyphonic. tsev kawm ntawv. Tag nrho cov no tau npaj ib qho ntawm qhov kawg. upsurge ntawm ntiaj teb music. kos duab - tsim ntawm Viennese classic. style, lub heyday ntawm uas ntog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub 18th - pib. 19th centuries Tom qab khaws txhua qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev sau ntawv homophonic, Viennese classics txhawb nqa nws cov ntawv.

Tsim thiab polyphonized "nrog" lub suab nyob rau hauv lub symphonies thiab quartets ntawm Mozart thiab Beethoven nyob rau hauv lawv kev mus los thiab thematic. qhov tseem ceeb yog feem ntau tsis qis dua rau qhov tsis sib haum xeeb. kab ntawm cov laus polyphonists. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov haujlwm ntawm Viennese classics yog qhov zoo tshaj rau cov polyphonic. era nrog kev nplua nuj ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, yoog raws, nplai thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm muses. daim ntawv, dynamics ntawm txoj kev loj hlob. Hauv Mozart thiab Beethoven kuj muaj cov piv txwv siab ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm homophonic thiab polyphonic. ntawv, homophonic thiab polyphonic. daim ntawv.

Thaum pib. Lub xyoo pua 20th G. lub dominance tau undermined. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, uas yog lub hauv paus ruaj khov rau homophonic cov ntaub ntawv, mus txog nws qhov kev txwv, dhau li ntawd, raws li SI Taneev tau taw qhia, lub zog ntawm kev sib haum xeeb. kev sib raug zoo poob lawv qhov tseem ceeb. Yog li ntawd, nrog rau kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm polyphony (SS Prokofiev, M. Ravel), kev txaus siab rau qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm polyphony sharply nce (P. Hindemith, DD Shostakovich, A. Schoenberg, A. Webern, IF Stravinsky).

Cov suab paj nruag ntawm cov neeg sau nkauj ntawm Viennese classical tsev kawm ntawv tau tsom mus rau qhov loj tshaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm gypsum. tshwm sim ib txhij nrog kev nce siab ntawm kev xav (Lub Hnub Nyoog ntawm Kev Nkag Siab) thiab rau qhov loj yog nws cov lus qhia. Thawj qhov zoo nkauj. Lub tswv yim ntawm classicism, uas txiav txim siab cov kev taw qhia ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm geology, yog ib tug tshiab conception ntawm tus txiv neej raws li ib tug dawb, active tus neeg, coj los ntawm yog vim li cas (ib lub tswv yim qhia tawm tsam kev tsuj ntawm tus neeg, yam ntxwv ntawm feudal era) , thiab lub ntiaj teb no raws li ib tug paub tag nrho, rationally koom nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm ib txoj cai.

Paphos classic. Kev zoo nkauj - kev yeej ntawm qhov laj thawj ntawm lub zog ntawm lub zog, kev lees paub ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tus neeg dawb, sib haum xeeb tsim tus neeg. Li no qhov kev xyiv fab ntawm kev lees paub qhov tseeb, tsim nyog kev sib raug zoo nrog lub meej hierarchy thiab ntau theem gradation ntawm lub ntsiab thiab theem nrab, siab dua thiab qis, nruab nrab thiab subordinate; hais txog qhov raug raws li ib qho kev qhia txog kev siv tau ntawm cov ntsiab lus.

Lub tswv yim dav dav ntawm lub rationalist aesthetics ntawm classicism yog centralization, dictating qhov yuav tsum tau qhia lub ntsiab, zoo, zoo tagnrho thiab nruj subordination ntawm tag nrho cov lwm yam ntawm cov qauv rau nws. Qhov kev zoo nkauj no, raws li kev nthuav qhia ntawm kev nyiam rau kev nruj kev cai, radically hloov cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov suab paj nruag, objectively directing lawv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Mozart-Beethoven raws li lub siab tshaj plaws ntawm classical suab paj nruag. cov qauv. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev zoo nkauj ntawm classicism txiav txim siab txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm gypsy nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm 17th thiab 18th centuries. Qhov no yog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nruj fixation ntawm lub optimal suab paj nruas ntawv nyeem, xaiv ntawm ch. suab raws li tus cab kuj ntawm lub ntsiab. cov ntsiab lus as opposed to the equality of polyphonic. kev pov npav, tsim kom muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws classic. orc. muaj pes tsawg leeg as opposed to lub ancient ntau haiv neeg thiab unsystematic muaj pes tsawg leeg; kev sib koom ua ke thiab txo qis ntawm hom muses. cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis yog kev ywj pheej ntawm cov qauv hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm lub sijhawm dhau los; lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib sau ntawm lub tonic, tsis yog yuav tsum tau rau cov suab paj nruag qub. Cov hauv paus ntsiab lus no kuj suav nrog kev tsim cov qeb ntawm cov ncauj lus (Ch. Ntsiab Lus) ua tus tsom. qhia txog kev xav nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm thawj thesis, tawm tsam nws txoj kev loj hlob tom ntej (cov suab paj nruag qub tsis paub hom ntsiab lus no); highlighting lub triad raws li lub ntsiab hom nyob rau tib lub sij hawm. kev sib txuas ntawm cov suab hauv polyphony, tawm tsam kev hloov kho thiab kev sib txuas ua ke (cov suab paj nruag qub feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev sib txuas ua ke); ntxiv dag zog rau lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cadence raws li qhov chaw ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws concentration ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm hom; highlighting lub ntsiab chord; qhia lub suab tseem ceeb ntawm chord (lub suab nrov); nce squareness nrog nws yooj yim kev tsim kho symmetry mus rau qib ntawm cov qauv tsim; kev xaiv ntawm ib qho hnyav ntsuas raws li sab saum toj ntawm lub metric. hierarchies; nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm kev ua tau zoo - bel canto thiab cov creation ntawm zoo meej stringed seev raws li ib tug xav txog ntawm lub ntsiab. G. lub hauv paus ntsiab lus (suab paj nruag raws li ib tug system ntawm optimal resonators).

Tsim G. muaj qhov tshwj xeeb. nta hauv cov qauv ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus thiab tag nrho. Kev faib cov suab rau hauv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab cov nrog yog txuas nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv, feem ntau yog kev sib dhos thiab tawm. Contrasted Ch. Nyob rau hauv lub suab, tus ntses bass thaj tsam yog, raws li nws yog, ib tug "thib ob melody" (Schoenberg tus qhia), txawm tias theem pib thiab tsis tsim. Kev sib xyaw ntawm suab paj nruag thiab ntses bass thaj tsam ib txwm muaj polyphony. possibilities ("pab ob lub suab", raws li Hindemith). Lub attraction rau polyphony yog manifested nyob rau hauv tej lub suab. thiab linear animation ntawm homophonic lub suab, thiab txawm ntau li ntawd thaum counterpoints tshwm, sau caesuras ntawm imitations, thiab lwm yam. Polyphonization ntawm accompaniment tuaj yeem ua rau quasi-polyphonic. kev sau cov ntawv homophonic. Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm polyphony thiab cov qauv sau ntawv tuaj yeem txhawb ob hom kev sau ntawv; li no xwm. lub siab xav muab lub zog ntawm kev ywj pheej tsim ib tus kheej melodic. kab nrog kev nplua nuj ntawm homophonic chords thiab qhov tseeb ntawm func. hloov

SV Rakhmaninov. 2nd symphony, zog III.

Lub ciam teb sib cais G. thiab polyphony yuav tsum raug xam tias yog tus cwj pwm ntawm daim ntawv: yog lub suab paj nruag. kev xav yog concentrated nyob rau hauv ib lub suab - qhov no yog G. (txawm tias nrog polyphonic accompaniment, xws li nyob rau hauv Adagio ntawm Rachmaninov lub 2nd symphony).

Yog hais tias lub suab paj nruag xav tau muab faib rau ntawm ob peb lub suab - qhov no yog polyphony (txawm tias nrog homophonic accompaniment, raws li tshwm sim, piv txwv li, hauv Bach; saib suab paj nruag piv txwv).

Feem ntau yog suab paj nruag. underdevelopment ntawm lub suab ntawm homophonic accompaniment (xws li chord figuration), tawm tsam mus rau rhythmic. nplua nuj thiab ntau haiv neeg melodic lub suab, pab txhawb kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov suab sib txuas rau hauv chord complexes.

JS Bach. Mass H-Moll, Kyrie (Fugue)

Qhov kev txav mus los qis ntawm cov suab nrog kho cov xim ntawm lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib lub suab - chord. Li no ib tug tshiab (nyob rau hauv relation mus polyphony) qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog thiab kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub composition - kev hloov ntawm chord complexes. Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws, thiab yog li ntawd lub ntuj tsim. txoj hauv kev los siv xws li kev hloov suab yog kev hloov pauv tsis sib xws, uas tib lub sijhawm tso cai rau kev ua kom nrawm nrawm (accelerations) thiab qeeb qeeb raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov muses. kev loj hlob. Yog li ntawd, prerequisites yog tsim rau ib tug tshwj xeeb hom ntawm cov suab paj nruag. contrast - nruab nrab ntawm cov suab paj nruag whimsical hauv suab paj nruag thiab ntsuas kev sib haum xeeb. accompaniment shifts (tom kawg yuav rhythmically coincide nrog lub txav ntawm homophonic ntses bass thaj tsam los yog ua hauj lwm nrog lawv). Aesthetic tus nqi ntawm "resonant" overtone kev sib haum xeeb yog feem ntau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej sib dhos. tsis tu ncua nrog. Tso cai rau lub suab nrog rau ib txwm ua ke rau hauv kev hloov chords tsis tu ncua, G. yog li yooj yim tso cai rau kev loj hlob sai ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb. (tiag tiag harmonic) tsis tu ncua. Lub siab xav rov ua dua tshiab thaum hloov suab raws li kev qhia txog kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev sib haum xeeb. txoj kev loj hlob thiab tib lub sij hawm rau kev khaws cia ntawm cov suab nrov rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tswj hwm nws txoj kev sib raug zoo tsim lub hom phiaj ua ntej rau kev siv plaub-tsib kev sib raug zoo ntawm chords uas zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm ob qho kev xav tau. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj nqis esthetic. Qhov kev txiav txim yog muaj los ntawm qhov qis qis txav (qhov tseeb binomial D - T). Keeb kwm pib (tseem nyob rau hauv qhov tob ntawm cov polyphonic cov ntaub ntawv ntawm yav dhau los era ntawm lub 15th-16th centuries) raws li ib tug yam ntxwv cadence formula, lub turnover D - T txuas mus rau tag nrho cov kev tsim kho, yog li tig cov txheej txheem ntawm cov qub hom rau hauv ib tug classical ib. ob-scale system ntawm loj thiab me.

Kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb kuj tshwm sim hauv cov suab paj nruag. Hauv G., cov suab paj nruag nce siab tshaj cov suab nrog thiab mloog zoo rau nws tus kheej qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, tus kheej, ch. ib feem ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Kev hloov pauv hauv lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub suab nkauj monophonic hauv kev sib raug zoo rau tag nrho yog txuam nrog sab hauv. rearrangement ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus. Ib lub suab polyphonic lub ntsiab lus yog, txawm tias ib qho thesis, tab sis ib qho kev qhia tiav ntawm kev xav. Txhawm rau nthuav tawm qhov kev xav no, tsis tas yuav muaj kev koom tes ntawm lwm lub suab, tsis xav tau kev sib tham. Txhua yam koj xav tau rau tus kheej txaus. Lub hav zoov ntawm cov ntsiab lus polyphonic, nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej - metrorhythm., tonal harmonic. thiab syntax. qauv, kab kos, melodic. cadence Ntawm qhov tod tes, polyphonic. lub suab nkauj kuj yog siv los ua ib lub suab paj nruag. ob, peb thiab plaub lub suab. Ib lossis ntau dua thematically dawb counterpoints tuaj yeem txuas rau nws. kab, lwm polyphonic. ib lub ntsiab lus los yog tib lub suab nkauj uas nkag mus ua ntej los yog tom qab uas tau muab los yog nrog qee qhov kev hloov pauv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov suab paj nruag polyphonic txuas nrog ib leeg ua ib qho, tag nrho tsim thiab kaw cov qauv.

Hauv qhov sib piv, lub suab nkauj homophonic tsim ib qho kev sib koom ua ke nrog kev sib txuas lus. Lub juiciness thiab ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm lub suab tag nrho ntawm homophonic melody yog muab los ntawm cov kwj ntawm homophonic ntses bass thaj tsam overtones ascending mus rau hauv qab no; lub suab nkauj zoo li vam meej nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm overtone "kua hluav taws xob". harmonic accompaniment chord muaj nuj nqi cuam tshuam rau lub ntsiab lus semantic ntawm lub suab paj nruag, thiab nthuav tawm. cov nyhuv ntaus nqi rau homophonic suab paj nruag, hauv def. degree nyob ntawm qhov kev sib txuas. Cov tom kawg tsis yog tsuas yog ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov cuam tshuam rau lub suab paj nruag, tab sis kuj yog cov organic. ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntsiab lus homophonic. Txawm li cas los xij, kev cuam tshuam ntawm chordal kev sib haum xeeb kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lwm txoj kev. Qhov kev xav nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm lub composer ntawm ib tug tshiab homophonic-harmonic. hom nrog nws chordal extensions precedes lub creation ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb motive. Yog li ntawd, lub suab paj nruag yog tsim ib txhij nrog lub unconsciously (los yog consciously) nthuav harmonization. Qhov no siv tsis tau tsuas yog rau homophonic melodics kom raug (Papageno thawj aria los ntawm Mozart's Magic Flute), tab sis txawm rau polyphonic sawv daws yuav. lub suab nkauj ntawm Bach, uas tau ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm kev sau ntawv homophonic; kev sib haum xeeb clarity. functions fundamentally distinguishes polyphonic. Bach suab paj nruag los ntawm polyphonic. melodic, piv txwv li, Palestrina. Yog li ntawd, lub harmonization ntawm homophonic suab paj nruag yog, raws li nws yog, embedded nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej, kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov accompaniment nthuav tawm thiab ntxiv cov functionally harmonic. cov ntsiab lus uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag. Hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, kev sib haum xeeb yog "ib txoj kab ke ntawm melos resonators"; "Homophony tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis ib lub suab nkauj nrog nws cov acoustic complementary xav txog thiab lub hauv paus, ib tug suab paj nruag nrog ib tug txhawb nqa bass thaj tsam thiab qhia overtones" (Asafiev).

G kev loj hlob. nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe suab paj nruag coj mus rau tsim thiab vam meej ntawm lub ntiaj teb tshiab ntawm muses. cov ntaub ntawv, sawv cev rau ib lub siab tshaj muses. achievements ntawm peb kev vam meej. Kev tshoov siab los ntawm kev zoo nkauj siab. cov tswv yim ntawm classicism, homophonic music. daim ntawv sib sau ua ke hauv lawv tus kheej yuav xav tsis thoob. kev sib haum xeeb, nplai thiab kev ua tiav ntawm tag nrho nrog kev nplua nuj thiab ntau yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus, kev sib koom siab tshaj plaws nrog cov lus piav qhia thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab pom tseeb ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm qhov txawv tshaj plaw. yooj ntawm nws qhov kev siv, qhov tseem ceeb sib xws nrog qhov dav dav ntawm daim ntawv thov hauv ntau hom kev sib txawv. hom, lub universality ntawm cov raug nrog tib neeg ntawm tus neeg. Lub dialectic ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, uas implies ib tug hloov los ntawm kev nthuav qhia ntawm thawj thesis (lub ntsiab lus) los ntawm nws negation los yog antithesis (kev loj hlob) rau kev pom zoo ntawm Ch. xav txog tej yam tshiab. theem, permeates ntau homophonic cov ntaub ntawv, qhia nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tag nrho nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau tsim ntawm lawv - lub sonata daim ntawv. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm lub ntsiab lus homophonic yog complexity thiab multi-composition ntawm nws cov qauv (lub ntsiab lus homophonic yuav sau tsis tau tsuas yog raws li ib tug lub sij hawm, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv ib qho yooj yim nthuav ob- los yog peb feem daim ntawv). Qhov no kuj yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lub homophonic lub ntsiab muaj xws li ib feem (mob siab, motivic pab pawg neeg) uas plays tib lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv relation mus rau lub ntsiab raws li lub ntsiab nws tus kheej ua nyob rau hauv relation mus rau daim ntawv tag nrho. Nruab nrab ntawm polyphonic. thiab homophonic cov ntsiab lus tsis muaj qhov sib piv ncaj qha, tab sis muaj ib qho ntawm qhov kev xav lossis lub ntsiab. pawg motive (nws tuaj yeem yog thawj kab lus ntawm ib lub sijhawm lossis ib feem ntawm kab lus) hauv cov ntsiab lus homophonic thiab polyphonic. ntsiab lus. Qhov zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias ob qho tib si homophonic motive pawg thiab feem ntau luv polyphonic. lub ntsiab lus sawv cev rau thawj nqe lus ntawm lub axis. motive khoom ua ntej nws repetition (polyphonic counterposition; zoo li homophonic accompaniment, nws yog ib tug me me kauj ruam. motivation material). Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm polyphony thiab G. txhais ob txoj hauv kev ntawm kev txhawb nqa ntxiv ntawm cov khoom siv: 1) rov ua dua ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. lub nucleus yog systematically pauv mus rau lwm lub suab, thiab nyob rau hauv no ib tug me me kauj ruam tshwm. thematic. khoom (polyphonic txoj cai); 2) repetition ntawm lub ntsiab. thematic. nuclei yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv tib lub suab (raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm uas nws ua lub ntsiab ib tug), thiab nyob rau hauv lwm tus neeg. lub suab nrov thib ob. thematic. khoom (homophonic txoj cai). "Imitation" (raws li "imitation", repetition) kuj muaj nyob ntawm no, tab sis nws zoo nkaus li tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib lub suab thiab yuav siv sij hawm nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv daim ntawv: nws tsis yog ib qho zoo rau homophony los khaws melodic inviolability. kab ntawm motif tag nrho. Hloov ntawm "tonal" lossis linear "tiag" teb, "harmonic" tshwm. teb», ie repetition ntawm ib tug motive (los yog motive pab pawg neeg) ntawm lwm yam kev sib haum xeeb, nyob ntawm seb lub harmonic. txoj kev loj hlob ntawm homophonic daim ntawv. Qhov tseem ceeb uas ua kom paub meej txog qhov kev xav tau thaum rov ua dua yog feem ntau tsis yog qhov rov ua dua ntawm cov nkauj melodic. kab (nws tuaj yeem deformed), thiab cov ntsiab lus dav dav yog melodic. kos duab thiab metrorhythm. rov ua dua. Nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv uas tsim homophonic heev, kev loj hlob motivic tuaj yeem siv txhua yam (nrog rau qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws) cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev rov ua dua ntawm qhov kev xav (rov qab, nce, hloov pauv hloov pauv).

Los ntawm kev nplua nuj, nro thiab concentration thematically. kev loj hlob ntawm xws li ib tug G. yuav deb tshaj complex polyphonic. daim ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tig mus rau hauv polyphony, vim khaws cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm G.

L. Beethoven. 3rd concerto rau piano thiab orchestra, txav I.

Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws yog qhov concentration ntawm kev xav hauv ch. lub suab, ib hom kev txhawb nqa kev loj hlob (repetitions yog qhov tseeb los ntawm qhov pom ntawm chord, tab sis tsis yog los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kab kos), ib daim ntawv uas muaj nyob rau hauv homophonic suab paj nruag (lub ntsiab lus 16-bar yog lub sijhawm tsis yog- rov tsim kho).

References: Asafiev B., Musical form as a process, ntu 1-2, M., 1930-47, L., 1963; Mazel L., Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub ntsiab lus homophonic, M., 1940 (dissertation, lub taub hau ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Moscow Conservatory); Helmholtz H. von, Die Lehre von der Tonempfindungen…, Braunschweig, 1863, Rus. trans., St. Petersburg, 1875; Riemann H., Grosse Kompositionslehre, Bd 1, B.-Stuttg., 1902; Kurth E., Grundlagen des linearen Kontrapunkts, Bern, 1917, Rus. ib., M., 1931.

Yu. N. Kholopov