raug kaw |

ital. ritardo; German Vorhalt, Fabkis thiab Askiv. kev ncua

Ib lub suab uas tsis yog chord ntawm lub downbeat uas ncua sij hawm nkag ntawm ib daim ntawv chord uas nyob ib sab. Muaj ob hom Z.: npaj (lub suab Z. tseem nyob ntawm lub chord yav dhau los hauv tib lub suab lossis suav nrog chord yav dhau los hauv lwm lub suab) thiab tsis tau npaj (lub suab Z. tsis nyob hauv lub chord yav dhau los; kuj hu ua apodjatura). Cooked Z. muaj peb lub sijhawm: kev npaj, Z. thiab kev tso cai, tsis npaj - ob: Z. thiab kev tso cai.

Palestrina. Motet.

PI Tchaikovsky. 4th symphony, zog II.

Kev npaj ntawm Z. kuj tuaj yeem nqa tawm nrog lub suab tsis muaj chord (xws li yog los ntawm txoj kev Z.). Unprepared Z. feem ntau muaj daim ntawv hla dhau los yog auxiliary (raws li nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thib 2) suab uas poob ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm qhov ntsuas. Z. suab yog daws los ntawm kev txav ib qho loj lossis me thib ob nqes, me me thiab (tsis tshua muaj) qhov loj thib ob. Kev daws teeb meem tuaj yeem ncua los ntawm kev qhia lwm lub suab ntawm nws thiab Z. - chord lossis tsis chord.

Feem ntau muaj thiaj li hu ua. ob npaug (hauv ob lub suab) thiab triple (hauv peb lub suab) Z. Ob chav npaj Z. tuaj yeem tsim nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej no thaum, thaum hloov kev sib haum xeeb, ob lub suab mus rau qhov loj lossis me thib ob - hauv ib qho kev taw qhia (parallel thib peb lossis plaub). los yog nyob rau hauv opposite lus qhia. Nrog triple npaj Z., ob lub suab txav mus rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia, thiab qhov thib peb nyob rau hauv qhov kev taw qhia, los yog tag nrho peb lub suab mus rau tib qho kev taw qhia (parallel thib rau chords los yog quarter-sextakhords). Unprepared ob thiab triple nplej tsis khi los ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim. Cov ntses bass thaj tsam hauv ob npaug thiab triple qeeb feem ntau tsis koom nrog thiab tseem nyob hauv qhov chaw, uas ua rau muaj kev nkag siab meej ntawm kev hloov hauv kev sib raug zoo. Ob npaug thiab triple z. tej zaum yuav tsis tau daws ib txhij, tab sis alternately nyob rau hauv decomp. pov npav; qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm lub suab qeeb hauv txhua lub suab yog ua raws li cov cai tib yam li qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm ib qho Z. Vim nws cov metric. txoj hauj lwm ntawm qhov muaj zog sib koom, Z., tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsis tau npaj, muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev sib haum xeeb. ntsug; Nrog kev pab los ntawm Z., consonances uas tsis muaj nyob rau hauv lub classical yuav tsim. chords (xws li plaub thiab tsib). Z. (raws li txoj cai, npaj, nrog rau ob npaug thiab triple) tau dav siv nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm polyphony ntawm nruj kev sau ntawv. Tom qab kev pom zoo ntawm homophony Z. nyob rau hauv lub sab sauv lub suab tsim ib tug tseem ceeb feature ntawm lub thiaj li hu. zoo nkauj style (18th caug xyoo); xws Z. feem ntau yog txuam nrog "sighs". L. Beethoven, striving rau simplicity, nruj thiab masculinity ntawm nws cov suab paj nruag, txhob txwm txwv tsis pub siv Z. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau txhais cov ntsiab lus ntawm Beethoven lub suab paj nruag los ntawm lo lus "tsim suab paj nruag".

Lub sij hawm Z. yog thawj zaug siv los ntawm G. Zarlino nyob rau hauv nws treatise Le istitutioni harmoniche, 1558, p. 197. Z. lub sij hawm ntawd tau txhais raws li lub suab dissonant, yuav tsum tau npaj kom raug thiab du descending daws teeb meem. Thaum pib ntawm 16-17 centuries. Z. qhov kev npaj tau tsis suav tias yuav tsum tau ua ntxiv lawm. Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th Z. yog nce ntxiv raws li ib feem ntawm chord, thiab cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm Z. yog suav nrog hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev sib raug zoo (tshwj xeeb txij li xyoo pua 18th). "Tsis daws" chords keeb kwm tau npaj ib yam ntawm cov chord tshiab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. (consonances nrog ntxiv, los yog sab, tones).

References: Chevalier L., keeb kwm ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, trans. los ntawm Fabkis, Moscow, 1931; Sposobin I., Evseev S., Dubovsky I., Practical course of harmony, part II, M., 1935 (section 1); Guiliemus Monachus, De preceptis artis musica et xyaum compendiosus, libellus, in Coussemaker E. de, Scriptorum de musica medii-aevi…, t. 3, XXIII, Hlldesheim, 1963, p. 273–307; Zarlino G., Le institutioni harmonice. Ib tug facsimile ntawm 1558 Venice tsab, NY, 1965, 3 parte, cap. 42 Ib., p. 195–99; Riemann H. Geschichte der Musiktheorie im IX-XIX. Jahrh., Ib., 1898; Piston W., Harmony, NY, 1941; Chominski JM, Historia harmonii thiab kontrapunktu, t. 1-2, Kr., 1958-62.

Yu. H. Kholopov