Franz Lehár |

Franz Lehár

Hungarian composer thiab tus neeg xyuas pib. Tus tub ntawm ib tug composer thiab bandmaster ntawm ib tug tub rog band. Lehar tau mus kawm (txij li xyoo 1880) National Music School hauv Budapest raws li cov tub ntxhais kawm theem siab. Nyob rau hauv 1882-88 nws kawm violin nrog A. Bennewitz ntawm Prague Conservatory, thiab kev kawm theoretical nrog JB Förster. Nws pib sau nkauj hauv nws cov tub ntxhais kawm xyoo. Lehar cov ntawv sau thaum ntxov tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm A. Dvorak thiab I. Brahms. Los ntawm 1888 nws ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug violinist-accompanist ntawm lub orchestra ntawm lub koom haum ua yeeb yam nyob rau hauv Barmen-Elberfeld, ces nyob rau hauv Vienna. Rov qab mus rau nws lub tebchaws, txij li xyoo 1890 nws tau ua haujlwm ua tus thawj coj hauv ntau qhov kev ua tub rog. Nws tau sau ntau zaj nkauj, seev cev thiab kev taug kev (xws li kev taug kev nrov rau kev ntaus pob tesniv thiab waltz "Gold and Silver"). Tau txais koob meej tom qab ua yeeb yam hauv Leipzig hauv xyoo 1896 ua yeeb yam "Cuckoo" (lub npe hu ua tus phab ej; los ntawm Lavxias lub neej thaum lub sijhawm Nicholas kuv; hauv 2nd tsab - "Tatiana"). Los ntawm 1899 nws yog tub ceev xwm bandmaster hauv Vienna, los ntawm 1902 nws yog tus thawj coj thib ob ntawm Theatre an der Wien. Kev ua yeeb yam ntawm operetta "Viennese Cov Poj Niam" hauv qhov ua yeeb yam no pib "Viennese" - lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ntawm Lehar txoj haujlwm.

Nws tau sau ntau dua 30 operettas, ntawm cov uas Zoo Siab Poj Niam, Tus suav ntawm Luxembourg, thiab Gypsy Hlub yog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws. Lehar cov hauj lwm zoo tshaj plaws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev sib tw ntawm Austrian, Serbian, Slovak thiab lwm yam nkauj thiab seev cev ("The Basket Weaver" - "Der Rastelbinder", 1902) nrog cov suab paj nruag ntawm Hungarian szardas, Hungarian thiab Tyrolean nkauj. Qee qhov ntawm Lehar's operettas ua ke cov kev ua yeeb yam Asmeskas niaj hnub tshiab, cancans thiab Viennese waltzes; nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm operettas, melodies yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub intonations ntawm Romanian, Italian, Fabkis, Spanish pej xeem nkauj, nrog rau cov Polish seev cev rhythms ("Blue Mazurka"); Lwm cov "Slavicisms" kuj tau ntsib (nyob rau hauv lub opera "Lub Cuckoo", nyob rau hauv "Dances ntawm lub Blue Marquise", lub operettas "Zoo siab poj ntsuam" thiab "Lub Tsarevich").

Txawm li cas los xij, Lehar txoj haujlwm yog raws li Hungarian intonations thiab rhythms. Lehár cov suab paj nruag yog qhov yooj yim rau nco qab, lawv nkag mus, lawv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm "sensibility", tab sis lawv tsis mus dhau qhov saj zoo. Lub hauv paus chaw hauv Lehar's operettas yog nyob ntawm waltz, txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub teeb lyrics ntawm lub waltzes ntawm classical Viennese operetta, Lehar's waltzes yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub paj hlwb. Lehar pom cov lus qhia tshiab rau nws cov operettas, sai sai ua kev seev cev tshiab (los ntawm cov hnub ntawm operettas ib qho tuaj yeem tsim cov tsos ntawm ntau yam seev cev hauv Tebchaws Europe). Ntau lub operettas Legar pheej hloov kho, hloov kho cov lus libretto thiab suab paj nruag, thiab lawv tau mus rau ntau xyoo hauv ntau lub tsev ua yeeb yam hauv cov npe sib txawv.

Lehar txuas nrog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev ua yeeb yam, feem ntau qhia cov cuab yeej siv pej xeem, suav nrog. balalaika, mandolin, cymbals, tarogato hais txog lub teb chaws tsw ntawm suab paj nruag. Nws cov cuab yeej zoo kawg nkaus, nplua nuj thiab muaj yeeb yuj; lub hwj chim ntawm G. Puccini, uas Lehar muaj kev phooj ywg zoo, feem ntau cuam tshuam; Cov cwj pwm zoo ib yam li verismo, thiab lwm yam, kuj tshwm sim hauv cov phiaj xwm thiab cov cim ntawm qee tus neeg ua yeeb yam (piv txwv li, Eve los ntawm operetta "Eve" yog ib tus neeg ua haujlwm hauv lub Hoobkas yooj yim uas tus tswv ntawm lub Hoobkas iav poob rau hauv kev hlub).

Txoj haujlwm ntawm Lehar tau txiav txim siab ntau yam ntawm Viennese operetta tshiab, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm grotesque satirical buffoonery tau coj los ntawm txhua hnub suab paj nruag comedy thiab lyrical ua yeeb yam, nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev xav. Nyob rau hauv kev rau siab coj lub operetta los ze zog mus rau lub opera, Legar sib sib zog nqus tsis sib haum xeeb, tsim suab paj nruag cov zauv yuav luag rau operatic cov ntaub ntawv, thiab dav siv leitmotifs ("Thaum kawg, ib leeg!", thiab lwm yam). Cov yam ntxwv no, uas twb tau teev tseg hauv Gypsy Kev Hlub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tshwm sim hauv operettas Paganini (1925, Vienna; Lehar nws tus kheej suav tias yog nws txoj kev hlub), Lub Tsarevich (1925), Frederick (1928), Giuditta (1934) Cov neeg thuam niaj hnub hu ua Lehár's lyrical. operettas "legariades". Lehar nws tus kheej hu nws "Friederike" (los ntawm lub neej ntawm Goethe, nrog rau cov suab paj nruag rau nws cov paj huam) ib tug hu nkauj.

Sh. Kallosh

Ferenc (Franz) Lehar yug rau lub Plaub Hlis 30, 1870 hauv Hungarian lub zos ntawm Kommorne hauv tsev neeg ntawm tub rog tub rog. Tom qab kawm tiav los ntawm lub conservatory nyob rau hauv Prague thiab ntau xyoo ntawm kev ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug theatrical violinist thiab tub rog tshuab raj, nws tau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub Vienna Theatre An der Wien (1902). Los ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm xyoo, Legar tsis tawm ntawm kev xav ntawm tus kws sau ntawv. Nws composes waltzes, marches, nkauj, sonatas, violin concertos, tab sis feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov nws nyiam mus rau suab paj nruas ua yeeb yam. Nws thawj lub suab paj nruag thiab ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam yog opera Cuckoo (1896) raws li ib zaj dab neeg los ntawm lub neej ntawm Lavxias teb sab exiles, tsim nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm veristic ua yeeb yam. Cov suab paj nruag ntawm "Cuckoo" nrog nws cov suab paj nruag originality thiab melancholic Slavic suab nyiam nyiam V. Leon, tus kws sau ntawv zoo thiab tus thawj coj ntawm Vienna Karl-Theatre. Thawj qhov kev sib koom ua haujlwm ntawm Lehar thiab Leon - lub operetta "Reshetnik" (1902) nyob rau hauv qhov xwm ntawm Slovak pej xeem comedy thiab lub operetta "Viennese poj niam" staged yuav luag ib txhij nrog nws, coj lub composer koob meej raws li tus txais los ntawm Johann Strauss.

Raws li Legar, nws tuaj rau ib hom ntawv tshiab rau nws tus kheej, tsis paub txog nws. Tab sis kev tsis paub hloov mus rau qhov zoo dua: "Kuv muaj peev xwm tsim kuv tus kheej style ntawm operetta," tus kws sau ntawv hais. Qhov style no tau pom nyob rau hauv Kev Zoo Siab Poj Niam (1905) rau lub libretto los ntawm V. Leon thiab L. Stein raws li kev ua si los ntawm A. Melyak "Attache of the Embassy". Qhov tshiab ntawm Tus Poj ntsuam Zoo Siab yog txuam nrog cov lus piav qhia thiab kev ua yeeb yam ntawm ib hom ntawv, kev sib sib zog nqus ntawm cov cim, thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws ntawm kev ua. Legar tshaj tawm tias: "Kuv xav tias kev ua si operetta tsis muaj kev txaus siab rau cov pej xeem niaj hnub no ... <...> Kuv lub hom phiaj yog ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig rau operetta." Lub luag haujlwm tshiab hauv kev ua yeeb yam suab paj nruag tau txais los ntawm kev ua las voos, uas tuaj yeem hloov cov lus solo lossis duet scene. Thaum kawg, tshiab stylistic txhais tau tias nyiam mloog - lub sensual ntxim nyiam ntawm melos, catchy orchestral teebmeem (xws li lub glissando ntawm ib tug harp ob npaug rau kab ntawm flutes rau hauv ib tug thib peb), uas, raws li cov neeg thuam, yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm niaj hnub opera thiab symphony, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no. tsis muaj txoj kev operetta suab paj nruag lus.

Cov hauv paus ntsiab lus uas tau coj los ua hauv Kev Zoo Siab Poj Niam yog tsim los ntawm Lehar cov haujlwm tom ntej. Los ntawm 1909 mus rau 1914, nws tsim tej hauj lwm uas ua rau cov classics ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog Tus Tub Vaj Ntxwv Me Nyuam (1909), Lub Tuam Txhab ntawm Luxembourg (1909), Gypsy Hlub (1910), Eva (1911), Ib Leeg Thaum Kawg! (1914). Hauv thawj peb ntawm lawv, hom neo-Viennese operetta tsim los ntawm Lehar yog thaum kawg. Pib nrog Lub Tuam Txhab ntawm Luxembourg, lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov cim tau tsim, cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm cov phiaj xwm ntawm cov suab paj nruag zaj yeeb yaj kiab - lyrical-dramatic, cascading thiab farcical - yog tsim. Lub ntsiab lus nthuav dav, thiab nrog rau nws lub palette intonational yog enriched: "Princely Child", qhov twg, raws li cov zajlus, ib tug Balkan tsw yog piav, nws kuj muaj xws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm American music; Viennese-Parisian huab cua ntawm Lub Tuam Txhab ntawm Luxembourg absorbs Slavic xim (ntawm cov cim yog Lavxias teb sab aristocrats); Gypsy Hlub yog Lehar thawj "Hungarian" operetta.

Hauv ob txoj haujlwm ntawm lub xyoo no, cov kev xav tau piav qhia uas tau qhia meej tshaj plaws tom qab, nyob rau lub sijhawm kawg ntawm Lehar txoj haujlwm. "Gypsy Hlub", rau tag nrho cov typicality ntawm nws cov suab paj nruas dramaturgy, muab xws li ib tug tsis meej pem txhais ntawm cov cim 'cov cim thiab cov ntsiab lus hais tias cov degree ntawm conventionality nyob rau hauv lub operetta hloov mus rau ib tug tej yam. Lehar hais txog qhov no los ntawm kev muab nws cov qhab nia tshwj xeeb ib hom npe - "romantic operetta". Rapprochement nrog rau qhov zoo nkauj ntawm romantic opera yog txawm ntau pom nyob rau hauv lub operetta "Thaum Ib Leeg!". Kev sib txawv ntawm hom canons ua rau ntawm no mus rau qhov kev hloov pauv tsis tau pom dua hauv cov qauv tsim: tag nrho qhov thib ob ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog qhov loj duet scene, tsis muaj cov xwm txheej, qeeb qeeb hauv kev loj hlob, muaj kev xav zoo li lyrical-contemplative. Qhov kev txiav txim nthuav tawm tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov toj roob hauv pes alpine, lub roob roob daus, thiab nyob rau hauv qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm txoj cai, lub suab ntus hloov nrog cov duab zoo nkauj thiab piav qhia symphonic fragments. Cov neeg thuam Lehar niaj hnub hu ua txoj haujlwm no "Tristan" ntawm operetta.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1920s, lub sij hawm kawg ntawm lub composer txoj hauj lwm pib, xaus nrog Giuditta, uas yog staged nyob rau hauv 1934. (Qhov tseeb, Lehar lub suab paj nruag kawg thiab theem ua haujlwm yog qhov ua yeeb yam The Wandering Singer, rov ua haujlwm ntawm operetta Gypsy Love, tau ua nyob rau xyoo 1943 los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Budapest Opera House.)

Lehár tuag thaum Lub Kaum Hli 20, 1948.

Lehar's lig operettas coj mus deb ntawm cov qauv uas nws tus kheej tsim ib zaug. Tsis muaj kev zoo siab xaus, qhov pib comedic yuav luag raug tshem tawm. Los ntawm lawv cov hom phiaj, cov no tsis yog comedies, tab sis romanticized lyrical ua yeeb yam. Thiab suab paj nruag, lawv gravitate rau lub suab paj nruag ntawm txoj kev npaj operatic. Lub originality ntawm cov hauj lwm zoo heev uas lawv tau txais ib hom ntawv tshwj xeeb hauv cov ntawv nyeem - "legariads". Cov no suav nrog "Paganini" (1925), "Tsarevich" (1927) - operetta uas qhia txog txoj hmoo tsis zoo ntawm tus tub Peter I, Tsarevich Alexei, "Friederik" (1928) - ntawm lub plawv ntawm nws zaj dab neeg yog kev hlub. ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Goethe rau tus ntxhais ntawm Sesenheim xibhwb Friederike Brion, "Suav" operetta "Lub Av ntawm Smiles" (1929) raws li yav dhau los Leharov's "Yellow Jacket", "Spanish" "Giuditta", tus qauv nyob deb ntawm uas tuaj yeem ua "Carmen". Tab sis yog tias cov qauv zoo nkauj ntawm Tus Zoo Siab Poj Niam thiab Lehar cov haujlwm tom ntej ntawm xyoo 1910 tau los ua, hauv cov lus ntawm cov neeg sau keeb kwm B. Grun, "ib daim ntawv qhia rau kev vam meej ntawm tag nrho cov kab lis kev cai", ces Lehar cov kev sim tom qab tsis pom kev txuas ntxiv. . Lawv muab los ua ib hom kev sim; lawv tsis muaj qhov zoo nkauj sib npaug hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov ntsiab lus heterogeneous uas nws cov classical creations endowed nrog.

N. Degtyareva

• Neo-Viennese operetta →

Cov khoom xyaw:

opera - Cuckoo (1896, Leipzig; nyob rau hauv lub npe Tatiana, 1905, Brno), ua operetta - Viennese cov poj niam (Wiener Frauen, 1902, Vienna), Comic tshoob (Tuag Juxheirat, 1904, Vienna), Zoo siab poj ntsuam (Tuag lustige Witwe, 1905, Vienna, 1906, St. Petersburg, 1935, Leningrad), Tus txiv nrog peb tus poj niam ( Der Mann mit den drei Frauen, Vienna, 1908), suav ntawm Luxembourg (Der Graf von Luxemburg, 1909, Vienna, 1909; St. Petersburg, 1923, Leningrad), Gypsy Hlub (Zigeunerliebe, 1910, Vienna, 1935, Moscow; , Budapest), Eva (1943, Vienna, 1911, St. Petersburg), Tus poj niam zoo (Tuag ideale Gattin, 1912, Vienna, 1913, Moscow), Thaum kawg, ib leeg! (Endlich allein, 1923, 1914nd edition Yuav ua li cas zoo nkauj lub ntiaj teb no! – Schön ist die Welt!, 2, Vienna), Qhov twg lark hu nkauj (Wo die Lerche singt, 1930, Vienna thiab Budapest, 1918, Moscow), Blue Mazurka (Tuag blaue Mazur, 1923, Vienna, 1920, Leningrad), Tango poj huab tais (Die Tangokönigin, 1925, Vienna), Frasquita (1921, Vienna), Daj tsho (Tuag gelbe Jacke, 1922, Vienna, 1923, Leningrad, nrog lub teb chaws tshiab ntawm Smiles – Das Land des Lächelns, 1925, Berlin), thiab lwm yam., singshpils, operettas rau menyuam yaus; rau orchestra - seev cev, taug kev, 2 concertos rau violin thiab orchestra, symphonic paj huam rau lub suab thiab orchestra Fever (Fieber, 1917), rau piano - ua si, zaj nkauj, suab paj nruag rau kev ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam.