Kawg |

ital. finale, los ntawm lat. finis - kawg, xaus

1) Instr. suab paj nruag - qhov kawg ntawm lub cyclic. prod. - sonata-symphony, suite, qee zaum kuj yog ntu kawg ntawm lub voj voog hloov pauv. Nrog rau txhua yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb thiab suab paj nruag. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov kawg, feem ntau ntawm lawv kuj muaj qee yam nta, piv txwv li, nrawm nrawm (feem ntau nrawm tshaj plaws hauv lub voj voog), kev nrawm ntawm kev txav, kev ua yeeb yam pej xeem, kev yooj yim thiab dav dav ntawm cov suab paj nruag thiab kev sib dhos (piv rau yav dhau los. qhov chaw), rondality ntawm cov qauv (tsawg kawg nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug thib ob txoj kev npaj los yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug "inclination" rau lub rondo, nyob rau hauv lub terminology ntawm VV Protopopov), uas yog, dab tsi belongs rau lub keeb kwm tsim muses. cov tswv yim uas ua rau muaj kev xav ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub voj voog loj. ua haujlwm.

Hauv sonata-symphony. lub voj voog, qhov chaw uas yog theem ntawm ib qho kev kos duab ideological. tswvyim, F., yog lub resulting theem, yog endowed nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb, kev khiav hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm tag nrho cov voj voog, lub semantic muaj nuj nqi ntawm kev ua tiav, uas txiav txim siab qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm dramas raws li lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm ntawm F.. kev sib tsoo, thiab tshwj xeeb. . cov ntsiab cai ntawm nws cov suab paj nruag. cov koom haum aimed ntawm generalizing lub suab paj nruag. thematic thiab suab paj nruag. kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho lub voj voog. Qhov kev ua yeeb yam tshwj xeeb no ua rau sonata-symphony. F. qhov txuas tseem ceeb heev hauv lub voj voog. prod. - qhov txuas uas nthuav tawm qhov tob thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm tag nrho sonata-symphony. tswvyim.

Qhov teeb meem ntawm sonata-symphony. F. invariably attracts mloog ntawm musicians. Qhov xav tau ntawm cov organic F. rau tag nrho lub voj voog tau rov hais dua los ntawm AN Serov, uas muaj nuj nqis heev rau Beethoven qhov kawg. BV Asafiev ntaus nqi qhov teeb meem ntawm F. rau tus naj npawb ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub symphony. art-ve, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog qhov ua tau zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig hauv nws ("ua ntej ... yuav ua li cas tsom mus rau qhov kawg, nyob rau theem kawg ntawm lub suab paj nruag, cov txiaj ntsig organic ntawm qhov tau hais, thiab, qhov thib ob, yuav ua li cas ua kom tiav thiab kaw. khiav ntawm kev xav thiab nres lub zog hauv nws qhov kev nce ceev ").

Sonata-symphony. F. nyob rau hauv nws lub ntsiab playwright. Cov haujlwm tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov haujlwm ntawm Viennese classics. Txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov ntawm nws tus kheej nta crystallized nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej. Yog li, twb nyob rau hauv sonata cycles ntawm JS Bach, ib tug yam ntxwv hom ntawm figurative, thematic. thiab tonal kev sib raug zoo ntawm F. nrog rau yav dhau los qhov chaw, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog rau thawj feem ntawm lub voj voog: ua raws li cov suab paj nruag qeeb. ib feem, F. rov ua haujlwm ntawm thawj ntu (qhov "center of gravity" ntawm lub voj voog). Piv nrog rau thawj feem, Bach lub cev muaj zog F. yog qhov txawv los ntawm cov ntsiab lus yooj yim; nyob rau hauv F. lub tonality ntawm 1 feem yog rov qab (tom qab deviating los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub voj voog); F. kuj tseem yuav muaj kev sib txuas lus intonational nrog rau ntu 1. Nyob rau hauv Bach lub sij hawm (thiab tom qab ntawd, mus txog thaum ntxov Viennese classicism), sonata-cyclic. F. feem ntau ntsib kev cuam tshuam ntawm F. suite cycle – gigi.

Nyob rau hauv lub symphonies ntawm composers ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Mannheim, uas muaj keeb kwm txuam nrog operatic symphonies uas ua lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib tug overture, F. thawj lub sij hawm tau txais ib tug tshwj xeeb lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ib feem ntawm lub voj voog, uas muaj nws tus kheej cov duab. cov ntsiab lus (duab ntawm festive bustle, thiab lwm yam) thiab cov suab paj nruag raug. thematicism ze rau thematicism ntawm wok. F. opera buffa thiab gigi. Mannheim F., zoo li cov symphonies ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, feem ntau nyob ze rau txhua hnub, uas cuam tshuam qhov yooj yim ntawm lawv cov ntsiab lus thiab muses. daim ntawv. Lub tswvyim ntawm Mannheim symphony. lub voj voog, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm uas yog los ua kom pom lub ntsiab muses. xeev-cov duab pom nyob rau hauv daim duab ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd, txiav txim siab ob qho tib si typification ntawm F. thiab qhov xwm ntawm nws semantic kev twb kev txuas nrog rau yav dhau los qhov chaw, ze rau lub suite.

F. Viennese classics tau xav txog qhov kev hloov pauv uas tau tshwm sim hauv muses. art-ve, - kev ntshaw rau tus kheej ntawm sonata-symphony. tswvyim, mus hla-txiav txoj kev loj hlob thiab dramaturgy. kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub voj voog, mus rau kev txhim kho hnyav thiab nthuav dav ntawm arsenal ntawm muses. cov nyiaj. Hauv qhov kawg J. Haydn tau dhau los ua tus cwj pwm ntau dua thiab paub meej, cuam tshuam nrog lub embodiment ntawm ib tug dav dav, loj zog (mus rau ib tug tej yam uas twb muaj tus yam ntxwv ntawm Mannheim F.), lub hauv paus ntawm uas yog nyob rau hauv lub kawg scenes ntawm lub buffa opera. Nyob rau hauv kev rau siab mus concretize lub suab paj nruag. dluab, Haydn tau mus rau programming (piv txwv li, "Lub Tempest" hauv F. Symphony No 8), siv lub theatre. music (F. symphony No 77, uas yav tas los yog ib daim duab ntawm kev yos hav zoov nyob rau hauv txoj cai thib 3. nws opera "Rewarded Fidelity"), tsim Nar. cov ntsiab lus – Croatian, Serbian (F. symphonies NoNo 103, 104, 97), qee zaum ua rau cov neeg mloog zoo heev. cov koom haum duab (piv txwv li, hauv F. symphony No. 82 - "Tus dais, uas yog coj thiab qhia nyob ib ncig ntawm lub zos", uas yog vim li cas tag nrho cov symphony tau txais lub npe "Bear"). Haydn's finales nyiam ntau thiab ntau dua los ntes lub ntiaj teb lub hom phiaj nrog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm pej xeem txoj cai. Feem ntau hom ntawm Haydnian F. ua rondo (tseem rondo-sonata), nce mus rau Nar. puag ncig seev cev thiab nthuav qhia lub tswv yim ntawm lub voj voog. Nco ntsoov. ib tug feature ntawm rondo sonata uas thawj crystallized precisely nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm Haydn yog lub intonation. qhov commonality ntawm nws cov constituent seem (qee zaum lub thiaj li hu. Mr. monothematic lossis ib leeg-dab rondo sonata; saib, piv txwv li, symphonies No99, 103). Rondo-puab kuj muaj nyob rau hauv ob qhov kev hloov pauv siv los ntawm Haydn hauv F. (fp. sonata in E minor, Hob. XVI, nr 34). Qhov kev thov rov hais dua rau daim ntawv hloov pauv yog qhov tseeb tseem ceeb los ntawm qhov pom ntawm keeb kwm ntawm sonata-symphony. F., t. vim tias daim ntawv no, raws li Asafiev, tsis muaj tsawg tshaj li rondo, qhia txog qhov kawg raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm "kev xav" ntawm ib lub tswv yim lossis kev xav (hauv cov ntawv ua suab paj nruag preclassical variational hauv F. cycles yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm G. F. Handel; cm. Concerto Grosso Op. 6 nr 5). Haydn siv hauv F. fugue (quartet los yog. 20 Nr 2, 5, 6, p. 50 Tsis yog 4), muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm rondality (ib qho piv txwv zoo nkauj yog fugue los ntawm quartet op. 20 Tsis muaj 5) thiab kev hloov pauv, rov ua dua qhov kev lig kev cai ntawm F. qub sonatas da chiesa. Qee qhov originality ntawm Haydn cov ntaub ntawv kawg yog muab los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev nthuav tawm muses. khoom, original compositions. nrhiav (eg 3 reprises nyob rau hauv lub fugue ntawm lub quartet op. 20 Tsis yog 5, "farewell" Adagio nyob rau hauv Symphony No 45, qhov twg cov twj paj nruag ntawm lub orchestra poob ntsiag to nyob rau hauv lem), yuav qhia. kev siv polyphony, ch. arr., raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm kev tsim ib tug raug zaum kawg "vanity", ib tug zoo siab lub rooj txhawb siab (Symphony No. 103), qee zaum evoking lub tswv yim ntawm qhov xwm txheej niaj hnub (ib yam dab tsi zoo li "txoj kev sib cav" lossis "kev tsis sib haum xeeb" hauv kev txhim kho F. Symphony Nr 99). T. o., hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Haydn F. nrog nws txoj kev txhim kho thematic tshwj xeeb. cov ntaub ntawv nce mus rau theem ntawm sonata allegro ntawm 1st txav, tsim ib tug sonata-symphony. muaj pes tsawg leeg. Qhov teeb meem pictorial-thematic. Kev sib sau ntawm lub voj voog yog txiav txim siab los ntawm Haydn feem ntau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm nws cov thawj coj. Ib lo lus tshiab hauv cheeb tsam no yog V. A. Mozart. Mozart F. nrhiav kev sib sau semantic ntawm sonatas thiab symphonies, tsis tshua muaj rau lawv lub sijhawm. cov ntsiab lus, piv txwv cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub voj voog - zoo siab lyrical, piv txwv li. hauv g-moll symphony (No 41), kev quaj ntsuag hauv d-moll quartet (K.-V. 421), heroic nyob rau hauv lub symphony "Jupiter". Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Mozart's finales generalize thiab synthesize intonations ntawm yav dhau los txav. Lub peculiarity ntawm Mozart cov txheej txheem ntawm intonation. generalization yog hais tias nyob rau hauv F. cais melodic pieces uas tau tawg nyob rau hauv lub dhau los qhov chaw yog sau. hu nkauj, intonations, accentuating qee cov kauj ruam ntawm hom, rhythmic. thiab harmonic. lem, uas tsis yog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv thawj zaug, yooj yim recognizable seem ntawm cov ntsiab lus, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lawv continuation, tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab melodic. suab, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv nrog - nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, uas complex yog thematic. cov ntsiab lus, to-ry, dhau ntawm ib feem mus rau ib feem, txiav txim siab tus yam ntxwv intonation. qhov tshwm sim ntawm txoj haujlwm no, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm nws "suab cua" (raws li txhais los ntawm V.

Nyob rau hauv lub lig sonata-symphony. Lub voj voog ntawm Mozart F. yog qhov tshwj xeeb raws li kev txhais ntawm cov ntsiab lus dav dav ntawm lub voj voog, uas lawv koom nrog (hauv kev sib txuas nrog cov symphonies hauv g-moll thiab C-dur, piv txwv li, TN Livanova ceeb toom tias lawv muaj ntau tus neeg hauv lawv cov cov phiaj xwm tshaj li tag nrho lwm cov symphonies ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th). Lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim cov duab, uas txiav txim siab qhov tshiab ntawm Mozartian lub tswv yim ntawm lub voj voog, tau pom meej meej hauv cov qauv ntawm F. Lawv yuav raug sau tseg. ib tug feature yog qhov attraction rau sonata, uas yog reflected ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv kev siv ntawm lub tiag tiag sonata daim ntawv (symphony nyob rau hauv g-moll), lub rondo-sonata (fp. concerto A-dur, K.-V. 488), thiab nyob rau hauv lub peculiar "sonata mus ob peb vas" nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub non-sonata hom, piv txwv li. in rondo (flute quartet, K.-V. 285). Nyob rau hauv F. ntau lawm, hais txog lub sij hawm lig ntawm creativity, ib qho chaw loj yog nyob los ntawm kev loj hlob seem, thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws txhais tau tias ntawm suab paj nruag-thematic. txoj kev loj hlob dhau los ua polyphony, siv los ntawm Mozart nrog kev tsim txiaj tshwj xeeb (txoj hlua quintet hauv g-moll, K.-V. 516, symphony hauv g-moll, quartet No. 21). Txawm tias fugue yog ywj siab. daim ntawv no tsis raug rau Mozart qhov kawg (quartet F-dur, K.-V. 168), lawv qhov tshwj xeeb. ib tug feature yog suav nrog fugue (raws li txoj cai, nyob rau hauv ib tug dispersed daim ntawv) nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm homophonic cov ntaub ntawv - sonata, rondo sonata (string quintes D-dur, K.-V. 593, Es-dur, K.- V. 164) mus txog rau kev tsim suab paj nruag ib daim ntawv ua ke cov yam ntxwv ntawm fugue thiab ib tug sonata (txoj hlua quartet G-dur No1, K.-V. 387), ib daim ntawv uas keeb kwm tau hloov mus ua tau zoo heev (F. fp . Schumann quartet Es-dur op. 47, Reger's string quartet G-dur op.54 No 1). Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm xws li cov ntaub ntawv hluavtaws hauv Op. Mozart - lub union ntawm dispersed polyphonic. ntu ntawm ib kab ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, sib zog ua kom tiav ("loj polyphonic daim ntawv", lub sij hawm ntawm VV Protopopov). Lub apex piv txwv ntawm hom no yog F. symphony "Jupiter", nyob rau hauv uas lub sonata daim ntawv (tsim nws tus kheej txoj kev npaj ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm seem) muaj xws li ib tug complex system ntawm kev sib txuas sab hauv ntawm dispersed polyphonic. lub sijhawm tshwm sim raws li kev txhim kho ntawm DOS. sonata cov ntsiab lus. Txhua tus ntawm cov kab thematic (cov ntsiab lus thib 1 thiab thib 2 ntawm qhov tseem ceeb, txuas thiab theem nrab) tau txais nws cov polyphonic. kev loj hlob-ua los ntawm txoj kev imitation-canonical. polyphony. Lub systematic synthesis ntawm thematism los ntawm kev sib piv ntawm polyphony culminates nyob rau hauv lub coda, qhov twg tag nrho cov ntsiab thematic yog ua ke nyob rau hauv ib tug tsib-tsaus fugato. cov khoom siv thiab cov txheej txheem polyphonic dav dav. kev loj hlob (kev sib xyaw ntawm kev coj ua thiab kev sib piv-thematic polyphony).

Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Beethoven, playwright. lub luag hauj lwm ntawm F. nce immeasurably; Nws yog nrog nws cov suab paj nruag uas hauv musicology paub txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm F. rau sonata-symphony. lub voj voog raws li "crown", lub hom phiaj, qhov tshwm sim (A. N. Serov), lub luag hauj lwm ntawm F. nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem muaj tswv yim ntawm kev tsim lub voj voog (N. L. Fishman, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev kawm cov sketches ntawm 3rd symphony, tuaj txog qhov xaus tias "ntau yam hauv thawj qhov chaw ntawm Eroica tshuav nws lub hauv paus rau nws qhov kawg"), nrog rau qhov xav tau ntawm kev xav. txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug holistic symphony. sau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv mature Op. Beethoven F. maj mam dhau los ua "qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus" ntawm lub voj voog, nws lub ncov, uas tag nrho cov kev txhim kho yav dhau los raug qhia, qee zaum nws txuas nrog rau qhov dhau los (raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm attacca), sib sau ua ke nrog nws hauv 2nd ib nrab. ntawm lub voj voog ib daim ntawv sib piv-composite. Txoj kev xav kom loj qhov sib piv ua rau kev hloov kho ntawm kev siv hauv F. Cov ntaub ntawv, to-rye ua thematically thiab structurally ntau monolithic. Yog li, piv txwv li, Sonata daim ntawv ntawm Beethoven qhov kawg tau los ua tus cwj pwm los ntawm fluidity, lub erasure ntawm cadence ciam teb ntawm lub ntsiab thiab sab seem nrog lawv intonation. kev sib hlub (feat. sonata nr. 23 "Appassionata"), nyob rau hauv qhov kawg rondo cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub qub ib-tsaus qauv nrog tsim interludes tau revived (fp. Sonata No. 22), nyob rau hauv cov variations muaj ib tug predominance ntawm lub nruam hom, structurally dawb variation tshwm sim, non-variational lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev loj hlob nkag mus rau hauv lawv - kev loj hlob, fugue (3rd symphony), nyob rau hauv lub rondo sonatas lub predominance ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nrog kev loj hlob tau pom tau hais tias. , txoj kev nyiam mus rau fusion ntawm seem (6th symphony). Nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm lig ntawm Beethoven, ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm F. ua fugue (cello sonata op. 102 nr 2). Intonac. npaj F. Nyob rau hauv ntau lawm Beethoven yog nqa tawm ob qho tib si nrog kev pab los ntawm melodic-harmonic. kev sib txuas, thiab thematic reminiscences (fp. sonata No 13), monothematism (5th symphony). Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev sib txuas ntawm tonal-phonic (lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "tonal resonance", lub sij hawm ntawm V. AT. Protopopov). organic F. nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog, nws daim ntawv nyob rau hauv txhais tau tias. tsawg kawg yog vim qhov tsub zuj zuj nyob rau hauv yav dhau los qhov chaw ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm variation, rondo-zoo li, lub hom phiaj siv polyphonic. cov tswv yim uas txiav txim siab qhov txawv ntawm ib qho qauv ntawm lub tswv yim, uas yog, e. lub xub ntiag nyob rau hauv nws ntawm tej yam ntaub ntawv ntawm lub thib 2 txoj kev npaj, ib tug los yog lwm yam synthesis ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv-lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, thiab nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub - thiab cov kev xaiv ntawm lub ntsiab. cov ntaub ntawv (variations nyob rau hauv lub 3rd thiab 9th symphonies). Nws yog noteworthy tias lub symphony ntawm lub teev ntawm txoj kev loj hlob yog manifested nyob rau hauv Beethoven tsis yog nyob rau hauv F. symphonies, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv F. "chamber" cycles - quartets, sonatas (piv txwv li, F. fp. sonatas No 21 - ib tug grandiose rondo nrog kev loj hlob thiab coda, F. fp. sonata nr. 29 - ob fugue nrog lub siab tawv tshaj plaws thematic. kev loj hlob - "tus huab tais ntawm fugues", nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm F. Buzoni). Ib qho kev ua tiav siab tshaj plaws ntawm Beethoven - F. 9th symphony. Cov ntaub ntawv thiab txhais tau tias ntawm muses nthuav tawm ntawm no nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv concentrated. embodiments ntawm majestic paintings. jubilation - lub undulation ntawm lub zog ntawm kev tsim, tsim kom muaj kev nce hauv ib qho kev xav, nws nce mus rau apotheosis - ob lub fugato, qhia ch. xav ua ke (nrog ib hom kev hloov pauv) 2 lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb - “cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev xyiv fab” thiab “Hug, lab”; variation, ascending to couplet thiab txuam nrog kev siv ntawm zaj nkauj, nthuav tawm tsis tshua muaj kev ywj pheej, enriched los ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm fugue, rondo-zoo li, complex peb feem daim ntawv; kev taw qhia ntawm lub choir, uas enriched lub symphony. tsim los ntawm txoj cai ntawm oratorio muaj pes tsawg leeg; tshwj xeeb ua yeeb yam. lub tswv yim ntawm F., tsis tsuas yog ib nqe lus hais txog kev yeej ntawm tus phab ej. tus cwj pwm (raws li ib txwm muaj), tab sis kuj yog theem ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav uas ua ntej nws thiab qhov tau txais ntawm "foothold" - lub ntsiab muses. Cov ntsiab lus; perfection ntawm lub system ntawm compositions. generalizations ntawm F., uas nruj nreem txuas lub intonational, harmonic, variation, polyphonic, stretching ntawm nws los ntawm tag nrho cov symphony. threads - tag nrho cov no tau txiav txim siab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm F. 9th symphony rau tom qab suab paj nruag thiab tau tsim los ntawm composers ntawm lwm tiam neeg. Qhov ncaj tshaj plaws. lub zog ntawm P. 9th symphony - hauv symphonies ntawm G. Berlioz, F. List, A. Bruckner, G.

Nyob rau hauv lub post-Beethoven kos duab, muaj ib tug nyiam mus rau synthesis ntawm suab paj nruag nrog cov ntaub ntawv, ua yeeb yam, lub tswv yim, rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub muses. dluab, mus rau tus kheej ntawm lub tswv yim txiav txim siab ntau yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb thiab cov qauv ntawm F. Hauv kev sib txuas F. nrog rau qhov dhau los, nrog rau thematic. reminiscences, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Liszt lub monothematism thiab operatic leitmotivity pib ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv cov kev pab cuam suab paj nruag ntawm Romantic composers, suab paj nruas seev ntawm ib tug theatrical xwm tshwm sim, zoo ib yam li lub opera theem, uas kuj tso cai rau theem ua yeeb yam. incarnation ("Romeo thiab Julia" los ntawm Berlioz), ib hom "dab ntxwg nyoog" F.-grotesque tsim ("Faust" yog ib tug symphony los ntawm Liszt). Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws pib coj mus rau lub neej F. - "tom qab" hauv FP. sonata b-moll Chopin, tragic. F. Adagio lamentoso hauv Tchaikovsky's 6th symphony. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus kheej cov lus hais yog, raws li txoj cai, heev untraditional (nyob rau hauv Tchaikovsky lub 6th symphony, piv txwv li, ib tug yooj yim peb-tsav nrog ib tug coda uas qhia txog lub ntsiab ntawm sonata); tus qauv ntawm software F. yog qee zaum tag nrho subordinate rau lit. zaj duab xis, tsim cov ntawv dawb rau ntawm qhov loj (Manfred los ntawm Tchaikovsky). Txhais lus F. as semantic thiab intonational. qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub voj voog, uas ob qho tib si lub ntsiab lus dav dav thiab kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev ua yeeb yam tau kos. kev tsis sib haum xeeb, tus yam ntxwv ntawm symphonies ntawm G. Mahler, hu ua "symphonies of the finals" (P. Becker). Tus qauv ntawm Mahler's F., xav txog "colossal scale of formation" (nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm Mahler nws tus kheej) ntawm tag nrho cov voj voog, yog txiav txim los ntawm lub internally organised suab paj nruas-intonation "ploj" uas embodies lub symphony. tswvyim ntawm Mahler, thiab feem ntau txhim kho mus rau hauv grandiose variant-strophic. daim ntawv.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub voj voog yog F. hauv op. DD Shostakovich: 1 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk! Muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov ntsiab lus (piv txwv li, kev lees paub ntawm lub siab nyiam sib ntaus sib tua hauv F. 4st symphony, lub ntees tuag lub ntees tuag nyob rau hauv F. 5th, kev lees paub ntawm lub ntiaj teb optimistic nyob rau hauv lub F. 11th), nyob rau hauv relation mus rau yav dhau los qhov chaw. (qee zaum F., nkag mus yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam, zoo li hauv 6th symphony, zoo li ua raws li tag nrho cov txheej xwm dhau los, hauv lwm tus nws zoo li sib nrug, xws li hauv 5th symphony), qhia qhov dav dav ntawm lub voj voog ntawm siv muses. txhais tau tias (monothematism - ob qho tib si ntawm Beethoven's (1th symphony) thiab Liszt hom (1st symphony), txoj kev ntawm thematic reminiscence - suav nrog hauv nws "Lavxias teb sab ntau yam", raws li nws tau siv hauv PI Tchaikovsky, SI Taneyev, AN Scriabin (coda-apotheosis. ntawm lub ntsiab lus hloov pauv ntawm 7st txav hauv F. 6th symphony), tus cwj pwm intonation sprouting, synthesizing lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm JS Bach thiab Mahler, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, txoj kev ntawm ob classical muaj pes tsawg leeg (F. ntawm lub 4th symphony) thiab cov phiaj xwm ( F., piv txwv li, ntawm XNUMXth symphony, "non-programmed"), Shostakovich's finales yog ib qho kev qhia ntawm Ch. essay tswv yim.

2) Nyob rau hauv opera suab paj nruag, ib tug loj pawg theem uas muaj xws li tag nrho cov opera thiab nws tus kheej ua yeeb yam. Opera F. raws li kev tsim suab paj nruag sai. ib pawg uas qhia txog txhua qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua yeeb yam. kev ua, tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. hauv nws. opera buffa; nws F. tau lub npe menyuam yaus "pob", vim tias lawv tau tsom mus rau cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev lom zem. Nyob rau hauv xws li F., qhov nro tsis tu ncua nce vim qhov maj mam tshwm sim rau ntawm theem ntawm cov cim tshiab, ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab, thiab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj cua daj cua dub denunciation thiab indignation (hauv F. 1st act - qhov kawg ntawm tag nrho cov opera, ib txwm muaj. ob-txoj cai), los yog rau denouement (nyob rau hauv lub xeem F.). Raws li, dram. Txhua theem tshiab ntawm F. txoj kev npaj tau ntsib los ntawm qhov tshiab tempos, tonality, thiab ib nrab thematic. khoom; Ntawm cov kev sib koom ua ke ntawm F. yog tonal kaw thiab cov qauv zoo li rondo. Ib qho piv txwv thaum ntxov ntawm dynamic ensemble F. – nyob rau hauv lub opera "Tus tswv xeev" los ntawm N. Logroshino (1747); Kev loj hlob ntxiv ntawm cov lus hais ua haujlwm tau tshwm sim nrog N. Piccinni (The Good Daughter, 1760), Paisiello (The Miller's Woman, 1788), thiab D. Cimarosa (The Secret Marriage, 1792). Classic F.'s perfection tau txais hauv Mozart's operas, muses. txoj kev loj hlob mus-rykh, hloov tau raws li qhov ua yeeb yam. kev txiav txim, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm siv daim ntawv ua tiav muses kom raug. cov qauv. Qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws thiab "symphonic" hauv lawv tus kheej muses. kev loj hlob culminating. F. operas los ntawm Mozart – 2nd d. "Kev sib yuav ntawm Figaro" thiab 1st d. "Don Giovanni".

Ib hom tshiab ntawm operatic phrasing yog tsim los ntawm MI Glinka nyob rau hauv lub epilogue ntawm Ivan Susanin; nws yog ib tug monumental pej xeem scene, nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov variational txoj cai yog predominant; cov txheej txheem ntawm symphonic txoj kev loj hlob yog ua ke nyob rau hauv nws nrog cov yam ntxwv txoj kev ntawm kev nthuav qhia thiab intonational nta ntawm Lavxias teb sab. nar. nkauj.

References: Serov AN, Kev tawm tswv yim ntawm tsab xov xwm "Ib daim ntawv los ntawm ib tus neeg txawj ntse niaj hnub no (los ntawm cov neeg tsis yog suab paj nruag) ntawm Beethoven lub cuaj symphony", "Era", 1864, No 7, reprinted. nyob rau hauv lub appendix rau art. TN Livanova "Beethoven thiab Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag thuam ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo", nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: Beethoven, Sat. st., lus. 2, M., 1972; nws tus kheej, Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, nws cov qauv thiab lub ntsiab lus, "Modern Chronicle", 1868, Tsib Hlis 12, Tsis muaj 16, tib yam, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: AN Serov, Selected Articles, vol. 1, M.-L. , 1950; Asafiev BV, Musical form as a process, book. 1, M., 1930, (phau ntawv 1-2), L., 1971; nws tus kheej, Symphony, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: Essays ntawm Soviet suab paj nruas creativity, vol. 1, M.-L., 1947; Livanova T., Keeb kwm ntawm Western European suab paj nruag txog 1789, M.-L., 1940; nws tus kheej, Western European suab paj nruag ntawm XVII-XVIII centuries nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm arts, M., 1977; Beethoven phau ntawv sketches rau 1802-1803, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txhais lus los ntawm NL Fishman, M., 1962; Protopopov Vl., Testament of Beethoven, “SM”, 1963, No 7; nws, Keeb Kwm ntawm polyphony nyob rau hauv nws cov phenomena tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, (qhov teeb meem 2), M., 1965; nws tus kheej, Beethoven's Principles of Musical Form, M., 1970; nws, Ntawm daim ntawv sonata-cyclic nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Chopin, nyob rau hauv Sat: Cov lus nug ntawm suab paj nruas daim ntawv, vol. 2, M., 1972; nws, Rondo Form hauv Mozart's Instrumental Works, M., 1978; nws, Sketches los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv instrumental ntawm 1979th - thaum ntxov 1975th centuries, M., 130; Barsova I., Symphonies ntawm Gustav Mahler, M., 3; Tsakher I., Qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov kawg hauv B-dur quartet op. 1975 Beethoven, nyob rau hauv Sat: Teeb meem ntawm Suab paj nruag Science, vol. Xyoo 1976, M., XNUMX; Sabinina M., Shostakovich-symphonist, M., XNUMX.

TN Dubrovskaya