Alexander Nikolaevich Scriabin (Alexander Scriabin).

Alexander Scriabin: XNUMX Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk!

Scriabin's suab paj nruag yog qhov tsis muaj zog, tib neeg lub siab xav tau kev ywj pheej, kev xyiv fab, kev lom zem rau lub neej. … Nws tseem muaj sia nyob ua tim khawv rau qhov kev ntshaw zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub caij nyoog, uas nws yog ib qho “explosive”, zoo siab thiab nyob tsis tswm ntawm kab lis kev cai. B. Asafiev

A. Scriabin nkag mus rau Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv lig 1890s. thiab tam sim ntawd tshaj tawm nws tus kheej li ib tug tshwj xeeb, ci ntsa iab tus neeg. Ib tug neeg txawj tsim kho tshiab, “tus neeg nrhiav txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws,” raws li N. Myaskovsky hais tias, “nrog kev pab los ntawm ib hom lus tshiab uas tsis tau muaj dua los, nws qhib qhov txawv tshaj plaw ... qhov kev cia siab rau peb, xws li qhov siab ntawm sab ntsuj plig kev pom kev uas loj hlob tuaj. peb lub qhov muag mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tseem ceeb thoob ntiaj teb. " Scriabin's innovation manifested nws tus kheej ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag, kev sib haum xeeb, kev ntxhib los mos, orchestration thiab nyob rau hauv lub tshwj xeeb txhais ntawm lub voj voog, thiab nyob rau hauv lub originality ntawm designs thiab tswv yim, uas mus rau ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm kev sib raug zoo nrog romantic aesthetics thiab poetics ntawm Lavxias teb sab symbolism. Txawm hais tias txoj kev muaj tswv yim luv luv, tus kws sau nkauj tau tsim ntau yam haujlwm hauv hom suab paj nruag symphonic thiab piano. Nws sau 3 symphonies, "Cov paj huam ntawm Ecstasy", paj huam "Prometheus" rau orchestra, Concerto rau Piano thiab Orchestra; 10 sonatas, paj huam, preludes, etudes thiab lwm yam compositions rau pianoforte. Creativity Scriabin tau hloov mus ua consonant nrog lub complex thiab turbulent era ntawm tig ntawm ob centuries thiab pib ntawm lub tshiab, XX caug xyoo. Lub suab nrov thiab lub suab nrov, titanic aspirations rau kev ywj pheej ntawm ntsuj plig, rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev zoo thiab lub teeb, rau lub universal kwv tij ntawm tib neeg permeate lub kos duab ntawm no suab paj nruag-philosopher, coj nws los ze zog mus rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws sawv cev ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai.

Scriabin tau yug los rau hauv tsev neeg yawg koob yawg koob. Tus niam uas tuag ntxov (los ntawm txoj kev, ib tug txawj pianist) tau hloov los ntawm nws tus phauj, Lyubov Alexandrovna Skryabina, uas kuj tau los ua nws thawj tus kws qhia suab paj nruag. Kuv txiv tau ua haujlwm hauv diplomatic sector. Kev hlub ntawm suab paj nruag manifested nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv tus me nyuam. Sasha los ntawm thaum yau. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li tsev neeg kev lig kev cai, thaum muaj hnub nyoog 10 xyoo nws raug xa mus rau cadet corps. Vim muaj kev noj qab haus huv tsis zoo, Scriabin raug tso tawm los ntawm kev ua tub rog mob, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm siv sijhawm ntau rau suab paj nruag. Txij li thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1882, cov lus qhia piano tsis tu ncua pib (nrog G. Konyus, tus paub zoo theorist, composer, pianist; tom qab ntawd - nrog ib tug xib fwb ntawm lub conservatory N. Zverev) thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg (nrog S. Taneyev). Nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj 1888, cov hluas Scriabin nkag mus rau hauv lub Moscow Conservatory nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm V. Safonov (piano) thiab S. Taneyev (counterpoint). Tom qab ua tiav chav kawm counterpoint nrog Taneyev, Scriabin tau tsiv mus rau A. Arensky chav kawm dawb, tab sis lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo tsis ua haujlwm. Scriabin brilliantly kawm tiav los ntawm lub conservatory raws li ib tug pianist.

Tau kaum xyoo (1882-92) tus kws sau nkauj tau tsim ntau daim nkauj, feem ntau yog rau piano. Ntawm lawv yog waltzes thiab mazurkas, preludes thiab etudes, nocturnes thiab sonatas, uas lawv tus kheej "Scriabin note" twb tau hnov ​​lawm (txawm tias qee zaum ib tus tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​txog F. Chopin, uas cov tub ntxhais hluas Scriabin hlub heev thiab, raws li cov memoirs ntawm nws contemporaries, zoo kawg nkaus ua). Tag nrho cov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Scriabin ua tus ntaus piano, txawm tias thaum yav tsaus ntuj ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm lossis hauv lub voj voog phooj ywg, thiab tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb cov theem loj tshaj plaws, tau tuav nrog kev ua tiav tas li, nws muaj peev xwm tswj hwm cov neeg mloog los ntawm thawj lub suab. lub piano. Tom qab kawm tiav los ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej, lub sijhawm tshiab pib hauv lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Scriabin (1892-1902). Nws pib mus rau txoj kev ywj pheej raws li ib tug composer-pianist. Nws lub sij hawm muaj kev mus ncig ua si hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws, sau nkauj; Nws tej hauj lwm pib luam tawm los ntawm lub tsev publishing M. Belyaev (ib tug nplua nuj ntoo ua lag luam thiab philanthropist), uas txaus siab rau lub ntse heev ntawm cov hluas composer; Kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm tus kws ntaus nkauj tau nthuav dav, piv txwv li, nrog Belyaevsky Circle hauv St. Petersburg, uas suav nrog N. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. Glazunov, A. Lyadov, thiab lwm tus; Kev lees paub yog loj hlob nyob rau hauv Russia thiab txawv teb chaws. Cov kev sim uas cuam tshuam nrog tus kab mob ntawm "overplayed" sab tes xis yog sab laug. Scriabin muaj cai hais tias: "Lub zog thiab muaj zog yog tus uas tau ntsib kev poob siab thiab kov yeej nws." Hauv xov xwm txawv teb chaws, nws raug hu ua "tus cwj pwm tshwj xeeb, tus kws sau nkauj zoo heev thiab tus kws ntaus piano, tus cwj pwm zoo thiab tus kws tshaj lij; nws yog tag nrho cov impulse thiab dawb huv nplaim taws. " Lub sijhawm xyoo no, 12 kev tshawb fawb thiab 47 preludes tau tsim; 2 daim rau sab laug tes, 3 sonatas; Concerto for piano and orchestra (1897), orchestral paj huam "Dreams", 2 monumental symphonies with a clear expressed philosophical and ethical concept, etc.

Lub xyoo ntawm kev muaj tswv yim vam meej (1903-08) coincided nrog ib tug high social upsurge nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub ua ntej thiab kev siv ntawm thawj Lavxias teb sab kiv puag ncig. Feem ntau ntawm cov xyoo no, Scriabin nyob hauv Switzerland, tab sis nws txaus siab rau cov xwm txheej tshwm sim hauv nws lub tebchaws thiab muaj kev khuv leej rau cov neeg tawm tsam. Nws tau nthuav tawm kev txaus siab ntau ntxiv hauv kev xav - nws rov tig mus rau cov tswv yim ntawm tus naas ej philosopher S. Trubetskoy, ntsib G. Plekhanov hauv Switzerland (1906), kawm txog cov hauj lwm ntawm K. Marx, F. Engels, VI Lenin, Plekhanov. Txawm hais tias lub ntiaj teb kev pom ntawm Scriabin thiab Plekhanov sawv ntawm cov ncej sib txawv, qhov kawg txaus siab rau tus cwj pwm ntawm tus kws sau ntawv. Tawm hauv tebchaws Russia tau ntau xyoo, Scriabin nrhiav kev tso sijhawm ntxiv rau kev muaj tswv yim, kom dim ntawm qhov xwm txheej Moscow (hauv 1898-1903, ntawm lwm yam, nws qhia hauv Moscow Conservatory). Cov kev xav ntawm lub xyoo no kuj tseem cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv hauv nws tus kheej lub neej (tso tawm nws tus poj niam V. Isakovich, tus kws tshaj lij pianist thiab tus txhawb nqa ntawm nws lub suab paj nruag, thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog T. Schlozer, uas ua si deb ntawm lub luag haujlwm tsis meej hauv Scriabin lub neej) . Nyob hauv Switzerland, Scriabin pheej mus ncig nrog concerts rau Paris, Amsterdam, Brussels, Liege, thiab America. Cov kev ua yeeb yam tau ua tiav loj.

Kev nruj ntawm kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv Russia tsis tuaj yeem tab sis cuam tshuam rau cov neeg nyiam ua yeeb yam. Qhov thib peb Symphony ("The Divine Poem", 1904), "Cov Paj Huam ntawm Ecstasy" (1907), Plaub thiab Tsib Sonatas tau los ua qhov siab muaj tswv yim tseeb; Nws kuj tau sau etudes, 5 zaj paj huam rau pianoforte (ntawm lawv "Tragic" thiab "Dab Ntxwg Nyoog"), thiab lwm yam. Ntau yam ntawm cov nkauj no nyob ze rau "Divine Poem" nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv piv txwv. 3 ntu ntawm lub suab nkauj (“Struggle”, “Pleasures”, “Vajtswv Txoj Kev Ua Si”) tau sib koom ua ke ua tsaug rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev lees paub tus kheej los ntawm kev taw qhia. Raws li qhov kev pab cuam, symphony qhia txog "kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg tus ntsuj plig", uas, los ntawm kev ua xyem xyav thiab kev tawm tsam, kov yeej "kev xyiv fab ntawm lub ntiaj teb sensual" thiab "pantheism", los ntawm "qee yam ntawm kev ua si dawb - a kev ua si divine". Cov nram qab no tsis tu ncua ntawm qhov chaw, kev siv cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm leitmotivity thiab monothematism, kev nthuav qhia improvisational-kua dej, raws li nws tau, tshem tawm cov ciam teb ntawm lub voj voog symphonic, coj nws los ze zog rau ib zaj paj huam loj heev. Cov lus sib haum xeeb yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws los ntawm kev qhia txog tart thiab ntse-sounding harmonies. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub orchestra yog ho nce vim muaj zog ntawm cov pab pawg ntawm cov cua thiab percussion twj paj nruag. Nrog rau qhov no, tus kheej cov twj paj nruag solo cuam tshuam nrog ib qho duab suab paj nruag sawv tawm. Relying tsuas yog cov kab lig kev cai ntawm lig Romantic symphonism (F. Liszt, R. Wagner), raws li zoo raws li P. Tchaikovsky, Scriabin tsim nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ib tug ua hauj lwm uas tsim nws nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab thiab ntiaj teb no symphonic kab lis kev cai raws li ib tug tshiab composer.

"Cov paj huam ntawm Ecstasy" yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua siab ntev uas tsis tau pom dua hauv kev tsim. Nws muaj ib txoj kev sau ntawv, hais nyob rau hauv nqe thiab zoo ib yam li lub tswv yim rau lub tswv yim ntawm peb Symphony. Raws li zaj nkauj rau txhua tus neeg lub siab nyiam, cov lus kawg ntawm cov ntawv suab:

Thiab lub qab ntuj khwb tau zoo siab quaj Kuv yog!

Kev nplua nuj nyob rau hauv ib zaj paj huam ntawm cov ntsiab lus-cov cim - laconic nthuav qhia motifs, lawv txoj kev loj hlob txawv (qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm no yog cov khoom siv polyphonic), thiab thaum kawg, cov yeeb yuj orchestration nrog dazzlingly ci thiab festive culminations qhia lub xeev ntawm lub siab, uas Scriabin hu ecstasy. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev hais lus yog ua los ntawm cov lus nplua nuj thiab muaj xim sib haum xeeb, qhov twg cov kev sib raug zoo uas nyuaj thiab tsis ruaj tsis khov twb dhau los lawm.

Nrog kev rov qab los ntawm Scriabin rau nws lub tebchaws thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1909, lub sijhawm kawg ntawm nws lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm pib. Tus kws sau nkauj tau tsom nws lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib lub hom phiaj - kev tsim cov haujlwm loj heev tsim los hloov lub ntiaj teb, hloov pauv tib neeg. Qhov no yog li cas ib tug hluavtaws ua hauj lwm tshwm - paj huam "Prometheus" nrog kev koom tes ntawm ib tug loj orchestra, ib tug hu nkauj, ib tug solo ib feem ntawm lub piano, lub cev, nrog rau cov teeb pom kev zoo (ib feem ntawm lub teeb yog sau tawm nyob rau hauv cov qhab nia. ). Hauv St. Petersburg, "Prometheus" tau ua thawj zaug rau lub Peb Hlis 9, 1911 nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm S. Koussevitzky nrog kev koom tes ntawm Scriabin nws tus kheej ua pianist. Prometheus (los yog Paj huam ntawm Hluav Taws, raws li nws tus sau hu ua nws) yog raws li nyob rau hauv ancient Greek myths xwb ntawm lub titan Prometheus. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tawm tsam thiab kev yeej ntawm tus txiv neej hla lub zog ntawm kev phem thiab kev tsaus ntuj, rov qab los ua ntej qhov hluav taws kub, tau tshoov siab Scriabin. Ntawm no nws tag nrho renew nws cov lus harmonic, deviating los ntawm ib txwm tonal system. Ntau lub ntsiab lus tau koom nrog hauv kev txhim kho symphonic hnyav. "Prometheus yog lub zog ua haujlwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus muaj tswv yim, nws yog hluav taws, lub teeb, lub neej, kev tawm tsam, kev siv zog, kev xav," Scriabin hais txog nws Paj Huam Hluav Taws. Ib txhij nrog xav txog thiab sau Prometheus, Sixth-Kaum Sonatas, paj huam "Rau nplaim taws", thiab lwm yam, tau tsim rau piano. Composer txoj haujlwm, mob siab rau txhua xyoo, kev ua yeeb yam tsis tu ncua thiab kev mus ncig nrog lawv (feem ntau rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev muab rau tsev neeg) maj mam ua rau nws txoj kev noj qab haus huv tsis zoo.

Scriabin tuag tam sim ntawd los ntawm cov ntshav lom. Cov xov xwm ntawm nws txoj kev tuag thaum ntxov hauv lub neej tseem ceeb ua rau sawv daws xav tsis thoob. Txhua tus kws kos duab Moscow pom nws tawm ntawm nws txoj kev mus kawg, muaj ntau tus tub ntxhais hluas tuaj koom. "Alexander Nikolaevich Scriabin," sau Plekhanov, "yog ib tug tub ntawm nws lub sijhawm. … Scriabin txoj hauj lwm yog nws lub sij hawm, hais hauv suab. Tab sis thaum lub sij hawm ib ntus, lub transient pom nws qhia nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm ib tug zoo artist, nws acquires Ruaj khov lub ntsiab lus thiab ua tiav intransitive".

T. Ershova

• Scriabin – biographical sketch →
• Sau ntawv ntawm Scriabin cov hauj lwm rau piano →

Cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Scriabin

Symphonic

Piano Concerto hauv F sharp minor, Op. 20 (1896-1897). “Npauj Npaim”, hauv E minor, Op. 24 (1898). Thawj Symphony, hauv E loj, Op. 26 (1899-1900). Second Symphony, in C minor, Op. 29 (1901). Third Symphony (Divine Poem), in C minor, Op. 43 (1902-1904). Paj huam ntawm Ecstasy, C major, Op. 54 (1904-1907). Prometheus (Poem of Fire), Op. 60 (1909-1910).

piano

10 sonatas: No. 1 in F minor, Op. 6 (1893); No. 2 (sonata-fantasy), in G-sharp minor, Op. 19 (1892-1897); No. 3 in F sharp minor, Op. 23 (1897-1898); No. 4, F sharp major, Op. 30 (1903); Nr 5, Op. 53 (1907); Nr 6, Op. 62 (1911-1912); Nr 7, Op. 64 (1911-1912); Nr 8, Op. 66 (1912-1913); Nr 9, Op. 68 (1911-1913): No. 10, Op. 70 (1913).

91 ua prua :op. 2 nr 2 (1889), Op. 9 No. 1 (rau sab laug tes, 1894), 24 Preludes, Op. 11 (1888-1896), 6 preludes, Op. 13 (1895), 5, nr. 15 (1895-1896), 5, ib. 16 (1894-1895), 7 preludes, Op. 17 (1895-1896), Prelude hauv F-sharp Major (1896), 4 Preludes, Op. 22 (1897-1898), 2 preludes, Op. 27 (1900), 4 hlm., p. 31 (1903), 4, HWV. 33 (1903), 3 Ib., pp. 35 (1903), 4, HWV. 37 (1903), 4, HWV. 39 (1903), p. 45 No. 3 (1905), 4 preludes, Op. 48 (1905), p. 49 No. 2 (1905), prelude, Op. 51 No. 2 (1906), prelude, Op. 56 No. 1 (1908), prelude, Op. 59′ No. 2 (1910), 2 preludes, Op. 67 (1912-1913), 5 preludes, Op. 74 (1914).

26 kev tshawb fawb:tuq, ua. 2 No. 1 (1887), 12 kev tshawb fawb, Op. 8 (1894-1895), 8 kev tshawb fawb, Op. 42 (1903), UAS, O. 49 No. 1 (1905), study, Op. 56 No. 4 (1908), 3 kev kawm, Op. 65 (1912).

21 mav: 10 Mazurkas, Op. 3 (1888-1890), 9 mazurkas, Op. 25 (1899), 2 mazurkas, Op. 40 (1903).

20 paj huam: 2 lus,op. 32 (1903), Paj Lug, Op. 34 (1903), Dab Ntxwg Nyoog Paj Huam, Op. 36 (1903), Poem, Op. 41 (1903), 2 paj huam, Op. 44 (1904-1905), Paj Lug, Op. 45 No. 2 (1905), “Inspired Poem”, Op. 51 No. 3 (1906), Poem, Op. 52 No. 1 (1907), “Lub Paj Lug”, Op. 52 No. 3 (1905), Poem, Op. 59 No. 1 (1910), Nocturne Poem, Op. 61 (1911-1912), 2 zaj paj huam: “Mask”, “Strangeness”, Op. 63 (1912); 2 lus,op. 69 (1913), 2 paj huam, Op. 71 (1914); paj huam "Rau nplaim taws", op. 72 (1914).

11 ua imm: impromptu nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug mazurki, soch. 2 No. 3 (1889), 2 impromptu in mazurki form, op. 7 (1891), 2 ib., p. 10 (1894), 2 ib., p. 12 (1895), 2 ib., p. 14 (1895).

3 noj: 2 ncw,op. 5 (1890), Nr., Op. 9 No. 2 rau sab laug tes (1894).

3 seev: "Dance of Longing", op. 51 No. 4 (1906), 2 seev cev: “Garlands”, “Gloomy Flames”, Op. 73 (1914).

2 waltz uaua :op. 1 (1885-1886), ib. 38 (1903). “Zoo li Waltz” (“Quasi valse”), Op. 47 (1905).

2 Album nploojua :op. 45 nr 1 (1905), Op. 58 (1910)

"Allegro Appassionato", Op. 4 (1887-1894). Concert Allegro, Op. 18 (1895-1896). Fantasy, ua. 28 (1900-1901). Polonaise, Ua. 21 (1897-1898). Scherzo, ib. 46 (1905). "Dab Neeg", op. 49 nr 3 (1905). "Fragility", op. 51 No.1 (1906). "Tsis paub", op. 52 No. 2 (1907). "Irony", "Nuances", Op. 56 No. 2 and 3 (1908). "Kev ntshaw", "Weasel hauv kev seev cev" - 2 daim, Op. 57 (1908).