Suab nkauj kho siab |
Lub kaw lus yuav nthuav qhia txoj kev thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua yeeb yam. Kev ua yeeb yam hauv kev tsim suab paj nruag theem (opera, ballet, operetta). Hauv plawv ntawm suab paj nruag D. dag cov kev cai dav dav ntawm kev ua yeeb yam raws li ib qho ntawm hom kev kos duab-va: lub xub ntiag ntawm qhov chaw qhia meej meej. ib qho kev tsis sib haum xeeb uas nthuav tawm nws tus kheej hauv kev tawm tsam ntawm lub zog ntawm kev ua thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, ib ntu ntawm cov theem hauv kev nthuav tawm cov yeeb yam. tswvyim (exposition, plot, development, climax, denouement), etc. Cov qauv no yog tshwj xeeb. refraction nyob rau hauv txhua hom suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam. kev foob yuav qhia lawv raws li qhov xwm txheej. cov nyiaj. Opera, raws li A. N. Serov, yog "kev ua yeeb yam hauv theem uas qhov kev ua yeeb yam tshwm sim los ntawm cov suab paj nruag, uas yog, los ntawm kev hu nkauj ntawm cov cim (txhua qhov sib cais, los yog ua ke, los yog hu nkauj) thiab los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm lub orchestra hauv infinitely ntau haiv neeg daim ntawv thov ntawm cov rog, pib nrog yooj yim lub suab txhawb thiab xaus nrog cov complex symphonic ua ke. Nyob rau hauv lub ballet, ntawm peb lub ntsiab lus qhia los ntawm Serov - ua yeeb yam, hu nkauj thiab orchestra - muaj ob, thaum lub luag hauj lwm, zoo li hu nkauj nyob rau hauv opera, belongs rau seev cev thiab pantomime. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ob qho tib si, suab paj nruag yog Ch. generalizing txhais tau tias, nqa ntawm kev txiav txiav txiav, nws tsis tsuas yog cov lus ntawm otd. cov xwm txheej, tab sis kuj txuas tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ua ke, nthuav tawm qhov zais zais ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm qhov kev txiav txim. tib neeg, lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo sab hauv, feem ntau ncaj qha qhia ch. lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov suab paj nruag hauv opera thiab lwm hom suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam. art-va txhais ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg, txawv los ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm lit. ua yeeb yam. Nkauj tshwj xeeb. D. yog coj mus rau hauv tus account twb nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm tsab ntawv thiab ntxiv nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub libretto. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas lub hauv paus rau kev tsim ib tug libretto yog ib tug tiav literary ua yeeb yam. Kev sib xyaw ua ke, raws li txoj cai, ntau qhov kev hloov pauv tau ua rau nws, cuam tshuam tsis tsuas yog cov ntawv nyeem xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov phiaj xwm dav dav ntawm cov yeeb yam. kev loj hlob (piv txwv li kev sau ntawv operas ntawm tag nrho, cov ntawv tsis hloov pauv ntawm cov ntawv ua yeeb yam muaj tsawg). Ib qho ntawm qhov sib txawv tshaj plaws ntawm opera libretto thiab lub teeb. ua yeeb yam muaj ntau dua conciseness, conciseness. Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab cov cwj pwm dav dav yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm qhov xwm txheej ballet, vim hais tias cov lus ntawm gestures thiab plastics tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv thiab cov lus tseeb uas muaj nyob hauv kev hais lus. Hauv qhov no, raws li G. A. Laroche sau tseg, "opera libretto nyob nruab nrab ntawm kev hais lus ua yeeb yam thiab kev ua yeeb yam ballet." Muaj ntau hom suab paj nruag. D., sib txuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm opera thiab hais lus ua yeeb yam. Cov no suav nrog operetta, ua yeeb yam. ua yeeb yam nrog suab paj nruag, feem ntau ntawm cov neeg ntawm owls. thiab txawv teb chaws East, singspiel thiab lwm yam scenic. hom, uas suab paj nruag. lub sijhawm sib cuam tshuam nrog kev sib tham scenes. Lawv tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau thaj tsam ntawm muses. D. nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim uas lub sij hawm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm qhov kev txiav txim yog qhia nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag. Qhov no yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hom no thiab cov yeeb yam ib txwm ua ntawm qhov kev ua yeeb yam, nyob rau hauv uas suab paj nruag tseem nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm ntawm ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv staged thiab tsuas yog siv qee zaus, rau kev piav qhia lossis muab kev ua yeeb yam.
Thaum lub sij hawm keeb kwm kev loj hlob, qee hom suab paj nruag tau tsim. D.: nyob rau hauv lub opera - recitative, aria, arioso, decomp. hom ensembles, hu nkauj; nyob rau hauv ballet - seev cev yog classical thiab cov yam ntxwv, zoo ntu (pas d'axion), choreographic. ensembles (pas de deux, pas de trois, thiab lwm yam). Lawv tsis nyob li qub. Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias nyob rau hauv Italian. opera series ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th dramaturgy. functions thiab qauv decomp. wok ua. cov ntaub ntawv tau nruj me ntsis predetermined thiab tswj, ces nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej muaj ib tug nyiam mus saj zawg zog siv ntawm lawv. Cov kab ntse ntawm recitative thiab round woks raug rhuav tshem. ntu ntu; tom kawg ua ntau haiv neeg hauv lawv cov qauv thiab nthuav tawm. tus cwj pwm, txhua hom kev sib xyaw ua ke tshwm sim. Cov ntu loj ntawm qhov kev txiav txim (los ntawm theem mus rau tag nrho txoj cai) yog them los ntawm kev txuas mus ntxiv los ntawm cov suab paj nruag. kev loj hlob. Opera D. yog enriched los ntawm tej txoj kev ntawm symphony. kev loj hlob tsim nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm instr. suab paj nruag. Ib qho ntawm txoj kev symphonization ntawm hom opera yog kev sib sau ua ke rau lub tuam tsev. cov neeg ua yeeb yam txhais. ntxhais los yog intonation. complexes tsis tu ncua txhim kho thoob plaws hauv qhov kev txiav txim (saib Leitmotif). Lub transformation ntawm lub opera mus rau ib tug ua tiav suab paj nruas ua yeeb yam. tag nrho yog yooj yim los ntawm kev siv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm reprise (saib Reprise), kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub tonal txoj kev npaj, kev hloov ntawm txhua yam ntawm "arches" ntawm ntau los yog tsawg nyob deb lub sij hawm ntawm lub theem. kev ua. Mn. ntawm cov tswv yim no kuj siv nyob rau hauv ballet, qhov twg los ntawm 2nd pem teb. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 suab paj nruag yuav siv sij hawm nyob rau hauv ib tug zuj zus dramaturgically ua lub luag hauj lwm, tau saturated nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm symphony. Nyob rau hauv nws qhov kev tshwm sim heev, lub siab xav ua yeeb yam opera thiab ballet qee zaum ua rau kev tsis lees paub tag nrho ntawm ntu ntu. Txoj haujlwm no tau txais ntau tshaj hauv qab no. qhia nyob rau hauv creativity thiab theoretical. cov kev xav ntawm R. Wagner, uas tsis lees paub tag nrho cov kev cai. hom opera, tawm tsam nws muses. ua yeeb yam raws li "txoj nkauj tsis kawg". AS Dargomyzhsky nrhiav kev hloov kho opera, raws li qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm wok. recitations rau tag nrho cov intonations. ntxoov ntawm lo lus ntawv. Dr. composers ua ke los ntawm suab paj nruag. kev txhim kho nrog kev nres ib ntus, tso cai rau koj los qhia txog qhov xwm txheej, kev xav ntawm kev xav lossis tus cwj pwm zoo ntawm qhov kev ua nyob ze. ntsej muag.
Nyob rau hauv kev tsim suab paj nruag theem ib hom ntawv muaj cov cim qhia ntawm xws li muses purely. cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim lub koom haum ntawm cov khoom siv, xws li variation, rondo-likeness, sonatism. Ho feem ntau lawv tshwm sim ntawm no ntau ywj siab thiab hloov tau yooj yim dua li hauv instr. suab paj nruag, ua raws li cov kev cai ntawm cov yeeb yam. logic. Hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, PI Tchaikovsky tau hais txog qhov sib txawv ntawm opera thiab symphony. hom. "Thaum sau ib qho kev ua yeeb yam," nws hais tias, "tus kws sau ntawv yuav tsum nco ntsoov khaws cov xwm txheej hauv lub siab, piv txwv li nco ntsoov tias hauv kev ua yeeb yam tsis yog yuav tsum muaj suab paj nruag thiab kev sib haum xeeb xwb, tab sis kuj tseem ua ...". Txoj cai suab paj nruag tseem ceeb no. D. tso cai rau ntau yam kev muaj tswv yim tshwj xeeb. kev txiav txim ntsig txog decomp. wok piv. thiab orc. pib, kawg-rau-kawg txoj kev loj hlob thiab otd. ua tiav ntu, recitative thiab dav hu nkauj wok. melody, solo singing, ensembles and choirs, etc. Hom suab paj nruag. D. nyob ntawm tsis yog tsuas yog rau kev kos duab. tiam sis ntawm lub era, tab sis kuj nyob rau ntawm qhov xwm ntawm cov zajlus, hom ntawm ntau lawm. (loj keeb kwm-heroic, epic, fairy taleas, lyric-drama, comic opera los yog ballet), los ntawm tus kheej warehouse ntawm creativity ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb composer.
Lub tswvyim ntawm suab paj nruag. D. kuj siv tau rau cov khoom. instr. music, tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam. kev txiav txim los yog ib qho teeb meem. qhov kev pab cuam. Nws yog kev cai los tham txog symphony. D., D. sonata daim ntawv, thiab lwm yam. Lub peev xwm ntawm cov suab paj nruag los cuam tshuam cov duab ntawm kev muaj tiag hauv kev txav, kev loj hlob, kev sib cuam tshuam thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis sib xws tso cai rau kev sib piv nrog cov yeeb yam. kev ua. Ho, ua raws li qhov piv txwv no, ib tus yuav tsum nco ntsoov nws txoj kev sib raug zoo. Cov qauv tshwj xeeb, rau-Crym yog raug rau kev loj hlob ntawm muses. cov duab hauv instr. suab paj nruag, tsuas yog ib feem coincide nrog cov cai ntawm lub theem. ua yeeb yam.
References: Druskin M., Cov lus nug ntawm lub suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam ntawm opera, L., 1952; Yarustovsky B., Dramaturgy ntawm Lavxias teb sab opera classics, M., 1952; nws tus kheej, Essays ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm xyoo 1971th, M., 1961; Ferman B., Fundamentals of operatic dramaturgy, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: Opera House. Moscow, XNUMX.
Yu. B. Ntiaj teb
