Claude Debussy |

Claude Debussy

Kuv tab tom sim nrhiav qhov tseeb tshiab… cov neeg ruam hu ua impressionism. C. Debussy

Tus kws sau ntawv Fabkis txoj C. Debussy feem ntau hu ua leej txiv ntawm lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Nws tau qhia tias txhua lub suab, chord, tonality tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​txog txoj hauv kev tshiab, tuaj yeem ua lub neej muaj kev ywj pheej, muaj ntau yam xim, zoo li txaus siab rau nws lub suab, nws maj mam, tsis meej pem hauv kev ntsiag to. Ntau tiag tiag ua rau Debussy muaj feem xyuam rau cov duab impressionism: tus kheej-sufficing brilliance ntawm elusive, dej-tsav lub sij hawm, hlub rau toj roob hauv pes, airy trembling ntawm qhov chaw. Nws tsis yog coincidence tias Debussy yog suav hais tias yog tus sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm impressionism hauv suab paj nruag. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog tshaj li cov neeg ua yeeb yam Impressionist, nws tau mus los ntawm cov ntawv ib txwm siv, nws cov suab paj nruag tau coj mus rau peb lub xyoo pua tob dua li cov duab ntawm C. Monet, O. Renoir lossis C. Pissarro.

Debussy ntseeg hais tias suab paj nruag zoo li cov xwm txheej hauv nws qhov naturalness, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv thiab ntau hom: "Suab paj nruag yog qhov kos duab uas nyob ze tshaj plaws ... Tsuas yog cov kws ntaus nkauj muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev ntes tag nrho cov paj huam ntawm hmo ntuj thiab nruab hnub, lub ntiaj teb thiab ntuj, rov tsim dua tshiab. lawv cov huab cua thiab rhythmically qhia lawv cov pulsation loj heev. Ob qho xwm txheej thiab suab paj nruag tau hnov ​​​​los ntawm Debussy raws li qhov tsis paub, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, qhov paub tsis meej ntawm kev yug me nyuam, kev npaj txhij txog, tsim tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua si ntawm lub caij nyoog. Yog li ntawd, tus kws sau ntawv tsis ntseeg thiab tus cwj pwm tsis zoo rau txhua yam kev xav ntawm kev xav thiab cov ntawv sau txog kev muaj tswv yim zoo nkauj, tsis muaj peev xwm schematizing lub neej kev muaj tiag ntawm kev kos duab, yog to taub.

Debussy pib kawm suab paj nruag thaum muaj hnub nyoog 9 xyoos thiab twb nyob rau hauv 1872 nws nkag mus rau hauv lub junior department ntawm Paris Conservatory. Twb tau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo conservatory, lub unconventionality ntawm nws txoj kev xav manifested nws tus kheej, uas ua rau muaj kev sib cav nrog cov xib fwb sib haum xeeb. Ntawm qhov tod tes, tus kws ntaus nkauj novice tau txais kev txaus siab tiag tiag hauv cov chav kawm ntawm E. Guiraud (suab paj nruag) thiab A. Mapmontel (piano).

Nyob rau hauv 1881, Debussy, ua ib tug pianist hauv tsev, nrog rau Lavxias teb sab philanthropist N. von Meck (ib tug phooj ywg zoo ntawm P. Tchaikovsky) mus rau Tebchaws Europe, thiab tom qab ntawd, ntawm nws caw, mus xyuas Russia ob zaug (1881, 1882). Yog li pib Debussy paub nrog Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag, uas cuam tshuam rau kev tsim ntawm nws tus kheej style. "Cov neeg Lavxias yuav muab kev txhawb nqa tshiab rau peb kom tso peb tus kheej tawm ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Lawv … qhib lub qhov rais saib lub explanatory ntawm teb. Debussy tau ntxim nyiam los ntawm kev ci ntsa iab ntawm cov ntoo thiab cov duab me me, cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm N. Rimsky-Korsakov lub suab paj nruag, qhov tshiab ntawm A. Borodin txoj kev sib haum xeeb. Nws hu ua M. Mussorgsky nws tus kws sau nkauj nyiam: “Tsis muaj leej twg hais txog qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas peb muaj, nrog kev sib nyiam thiab qhov tob dua. Nws yog tshwj xeeb thiab yuav nyob twj ywm tshwj xeeb ua tsaug rau nws cov kos duab yam tsis muaj cov txuj ci nyob deb, tsis muaj kev cai lij choj. Qhov yooj yim ntawm lub suab-hais lus intonation ntawm Lavxias teb sab innovator, kev ywj pheej los ntawm pre-tsim, "kev tswj hwm", nyob rau hauv Debussy cov lus, cov ntaub ntawv tau siv nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej txoj kev los ntawm Fabkis composer, los ua ib tug tseem ceeb feature ntawm nws suab paj nruag. “Mus mloog Boris. Nws muaj tag nrho Pelleas, ”Debussy ib zaug hais txog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm nws opera.

Tom qab kawm tiav los ntawm kev saib xyuas hauv 1884, Debussy koom nrog kev sib tw rau Grand Prize ntawm Rome, uas muab txoj cai rau kev txhim kho plaub xyoos hauv Rome, ntawm Villa Medici. Thaum lub sij hawm xyoo nyob rau hauv ltalis (1885-87), Debussy kawm lub suab paj nruag choral ntawm lub Renaissance (G. Palestrina, O. Lasso), thiab yav dhau los nyob deb (raws li lub originality ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag) coj ib tug tshiab kwj, tshiab. nws harmonic xav. Cov symphonic tej hauj lwm xa mus rau Paris rau ib daim ntawv qhia ("Zuleima", "Spring") tsis txaus siab rau lub conservative "masters ntawm suab paj nruas destiny".

Rov qab ua ntej ntawm lub sijhawm rau Paris, Debussy tau los ze zog rau lub voj voog ntawm cov paj huam uas yog S. Mallarme. Lub suab paj nruag ntawm cov cim paj huam, kev tshawb nrhiav kev sib txuas tsis meej ntawm lub neej ntawm tus ntsuj plig thiab lub ntiaj teb ntuj tsim, lawv qhov kev sib koom ua ke - tag nrho cov no nyiam Debussy heev thiab ua rau nws zoo nkauj heev. Nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tus kws sau zaj nkauj thaum ntxov yog kev sib hlub rau cov lus ntawm P. Verdun, P. Bourget, P. Louis, thiab kuj C. Baudelaire. Ib txhia ntawm lawv ("Zoo kawg yav tsaus ntuj", "Mandolin") tau sau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub conservatory. Cov paj huam Symbolist tau tshoov siab rau thawj qhov kev paub ua haujlwm orchestral - lub prelude "Tom qab ntawm Faun" (1894). Nyob rau hauv no suab paj nruag illustration ntawm Mallarmé's eclogue, Debussy's peculiar, subtly nuanced orchestral style tsim.

Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua cim tau zoo siab tshaj plaws hauv Debussy's nkaus xwb opera Pelléas et Mélisande (1892-1902), sau rau cov ntawv nyeem ntawm M. Maeterlinck zaj yeeb yaj kiab. Nov yog zaj dab neeg kev hlub, qhov twg, raws li tus kws sau ntawv, cov cim "tsis sib cav, tab sis ua siab ntev rau lawv lub neej thiab txoj hmoo." Debussy ntawm no, raws li nws yog, muaj tswv yim sib cav nrog R. Wagner, tus sau ntawm Tristan thiab Isolde, nws txawm xav sau nws tus kheej Tristan, txawm hais tias thaum nws tseem hluas nws nyiam heev ntawm Wagner's opera thiab paub los ntawm lub siab. Es tsis txhob qhib lub siab nyiam ntawm Wagnerian suab paj nruag, ntawm no yog qhov qhia txog kev ua si suab zoo, tag nrho ntawm kev sib tham thiab cov cim. “Lub suab paj nruag muaj nyob rau hauv inexpressible; Kuv xav kom nws tawm ntawm txoj kev tsaus ntuj, zoo li nws yog, thiab nyob rau lub sijhawm rov qab mus rau qhov tsaus ntuj; yog li ntawd nws ib txwm ua siab mos siab muag, "sau Debussy.

Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua xav txog Debussy tsis muaj suab paj nruag piano. Tus composer nws tus kheej yog ib tug txawj pianist (nrog rau tus neeg xyuas pib); "Nws yuav luag ib txwm ua si hauv semitones, tsis muaj qhov ntse, tab sis nrog lub suab puv thiab ntom ntom li Chopin ua si," nco qab tus kws ntaus nkauj Fabkis txoj M. Long. Nws yog los ntawm Chopin lub airiness, spatiality ntawm lub suab piano ntaub uas Debussy repelled nyob rau hauv nws coloristic searches. Tab sis muaj lwm qhov chaw. Kev tswj hwm, kev sib luag ntawm lub siab lub suab ntawm Debussy lub suab paj nruag tau npaj siab coj los ze zog rau cov suab paj nruag ua ntej romantic - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov Fabkis txoj harpsichordists ntawm Rococo era (F. Couperin, JF Rameau). Cov hom qub qub los ntawm "Suite Bergamasco" thiab Suite rau Piano (Prelude, Minuet, Passpier, Sarabande, Toccata) sawv cev rau qhov tshwj xeeb, "impressionistic" version ntawm neoclassicism. Debussy tsis siv rau stylization txhua, tab sis tsim nws tus kheej cov duab ntawm cov suab paj nruag thaum ntxov, tsis yog qhov kev xav ntawm nws dua li nws "portrait".

Tus kws sau ntawv nyiam ib hom ntawv yog qhov program suite (orchestral thiab piano), zoo li cov duab sib txawv, qhov chaw zoo li qub tau teeb tsa los ntawm kev txav nrawm, feem ntau ua las voos. Xws li yog suites rau orchestra "Nocturnes" (1899), "Hiav txwv" (1905) thiab "Images" (1912). Rau lub piano, "Prints", 2 phau ntawv ntawm "Images", "Children's Corner", uas Debussy mob siab rau nws tus ntxhais, yog tsim. Hauv Cov Ntawv Sau, tus kws sau nkauj thawj zaug sim ua kom siv lub ntiaj teb suab paj nruag ntawm ntau haiv neeg thiab haiv neeg: lub suab duab ntawm sab hnub tuaj ("Pagodas"), Spain ("Hnub hauv Grenada") thiab toj roob hauv pes tag nrho ntawm kev txav mus los, ua si ntawm lub teeb thiab duab ntxoov ntxoo nrog Fabkis pej xeem song ("Gardens in the rain").

Nyob rau hauv ob phau ntawv ntawm preludes (1910, 1913) tag nrho cov duab ntawm lub composer tau tshwm sim. Cov pob tshab xim dej ntawm tus ntxhais nrog Flaxen Cov plaub hau thiab Heather yog qhov sib txawv los ntawm kev nplua nuj ntawm lub suab palette nyob rau hauv Lub Terrace Haunted los ntawm Moonlight, nyob rau hauv lub prelude Aromas thiab suab nyob rau hauv lub yav tsaus ntuj huab cua. Cov lus dab neeg thaum ub los txog rau lub neej hauv lub suab nrov ntawm Sunken Cathedral (qhov no yog qhov uas lub zog ntawm Mussorgsky thiab Borodin tau hais tshwj xeeb!). Thiab nyob rau hauv lub "Delphian Dancers" tus kws sau ntawv pom ib qho tshwj xeeb antique ua ke ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm lub tuam tsev thiab cov kab ke nrog pagan sensuality. Hauv kev xaiv cov qauv rau lub suab paj nruag incarnation, Debussy ua tiav txoj kev ywj pheej zoo meej. Nrog tib lub subtlety, piv txwv li, nws nkag mus rau lub ntiaj teb ntawm Spanish suab paj nruag (Lub Alhambra Gate, Interrupted Serenade) thiab rov tsim dua (siv lub suab ntawm lub ncuav mog qab zib taug kev) tus ntsuj plig ntawm American minstrel theatre (General Lavin the Eccentric, Lub Minstrels. ).

Nyob rau hauv lub preludes, Debussy nthuav qhia nws tag nrho lub ntiaj teb suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv ib tug concise, concentrated daim ntawv, generalizes nws thiab hais goodbye rau nws nyob rau hauv ntau yam - nrog rau nws yav tas los system ntawm kev pom-suab paj nruas correspondences. Thiab tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv 5 xyoo dhau los ntawm nws lub neej, nws suab paj nruag, txawm ntau nyuaj, nthuav ib hom ntawv nyeem horizons, tej yam kev ntshai, capricious irony pib xav nyob rau hauv nws. Nce kev txaus siab nyob rau theem hom. Cov no yog ballets ("Kamma", "Games", staged los ntawm V. Nijinsky thiab troupe ntawm S. Diaghilev nyob rau hauv 1912, thiab ib tug puppet ballet rau cov me nyuam "Toy Box", 1913), suab paj nruag rau qhov paub tsis meej ntawm Italian futurist G. d'Annunzio ” Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian” (1911). Lub ballerina Ida Rubinshtein, choreographer M. Fokin, artist L. Bakst tau koom tes nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov paub tsis meej. Tom qab tsim Pelléas, Debussy pheej sim pib ua yeeb yam tshiab: nws tau nyiam los ntawm cov phiaj xwm ntawm E. Poe (Dab ntxwg nyoog hauv Tswb Ntauwd, Lub Caij Nplooj Ntoos Hlav ntawm Escher), tab sis cov phiaj xwm no tsis tau paub. Tus kws sau ntawv tau npaj los sau 6 sonatas rau chamber ensembles, tab sis tswj los tsim 3: rau cello thiab piano (1915), rau flute, viola thiab harp (1915) thiab rau violin thiab piano (1917). Kev hloov kho cov hauj lwm ntawm F. Chopin ua rau Debussy sau Twelve Etudes (1915), mob siab rau lub cim xeeb ntawm tus kws sau ntawv zoo. Debussy tau tsim nws cov haujlwm kawg thaum nws twb mob lawm: xyoo 1915 nws tau ua haujlwm, tom qab ntawd nws nyob tau ob xyoos xwb.

Hauv qee qhov ntawm Debussy cov ntawv sau, cov xwm txheej ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib tau tshwm sim: hauv "Heroic Lullaby", hauv zaj nkauj "Lub Neej Tsis Muaj Tsev Nyob", hauv qhov tsis tiav "Ode rau Fabkis". Tsuas yog cov npe ntawm cov npe qhia tau hais tias nyob rau xyoo tas los no tau muaj kev txaus siab rau cov ntsiab lus thiab cov duab. Ntawm qhov tod tes, tus composer txoj kev xav ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ua rau ironic ntau. Kev lom zem thiab irony yeej ib txwm tso tawm thiab, raws li nws tau, ua tiav qhov softness ntawm Debussy qhov xwm txheej, nws qhib rau kev xav. Lawv tshwm sim tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus zoo aimed ntawm composers, nyob rau hauv cov ntawv, thiab nyob rau hauv cov lus tseem ceeb. Rau 14 xyoo Debussy yog tus kws tshaj lij suab paj nruag; Qhov tshwm sim ntawm txoj haujlwm no yog phau ntawv "Mr. Krosh – Antidilettante” (1914).

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom qab tsov rog, Debussy, nrog rau xws li impudent destroyers ntawm romantic aesthetics li I. Stravinsky, S. Prokofiev, P. Hindemith, tau pom los ntawm ntau tus neeg sawv cev ntawm impressionist nag hmo. Tab sis tom qab ntawd, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, lub colossal tseem ceeb ntawm Fabkis innovator pib los ua tseeb, uas muaj ib tug ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau Stravinsky, B. Bartok, O. Messiaen, uas xav txog cov txheej txheem sonor thiab, feem ntau, lub siab tshiab. ntawm qhov chaw suab paj nruag thiab lub sijhawm - thiab hauv qhov tshiab no tau lees paub tib neeg raws li lub essence ntawm art.

K. Zenkin

Lub neej thiab txoj kev muaj tswv yim

Me nyuam yaus thiab xyoo kawm ntawv. Claude Achille Debussy yug rau lub Yim Hli 22, 1862 hauv Saint-Germain, Paris. Nws niam nws txiv - petty bourgeois - nyiam suab paj nruag, tab sis nyob deb ntawm kev kos duab tiag tiag. Random suab paj nruag impressions ntawm thaum yau me nyuam yaus pab me ntsis rau kev txhim kho artistic ntawm yav tom ntej composer. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov no yog tsis tshua muaj mus ntsib opera. Tsuas yog thaum muaj cuaj xyoos xwb Debussy pib kawm ntaus piano. Ntawm kev hais lus ntawm tus kws ntaus piano ze rau lawv tsev neeg, uas lees paub Claude lub peev xwm txawv tshaj plaw, nws niam nws txiv xa nws xyoo 1873 mus rau Paris Conservatory. Nyob rau xyoo 70 thiab 80s ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX, lub tsev kawm ntawv no yog ib qho chaw ruaj khov ntawm cov kev saib xyuas thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev qhia cov tub ntxhais hluas nkauj. Tom qab Salvador Daniel, lub suab paj nruag commissar ntawm Paris Commune, uas raug tua thaum lub sij hawm ntawm nws swb, tus thawj coj ntawm lub conservatory yog tus composer Ambroise Thomas, ib tug txiv neej uas yog heev txwv nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem ntawm kev kawm suab paj nruag.

Ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej kuj muaj cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag - S. Frank, L. Delibes, E. Giro. Rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv lub peev xwm, lawv tau txhawb nqa txhua qhov tshwm sim tshiab hauv lub neej suab paj nruag ntawm Paris, txhua qhov kev ua yeeb yam qub thiab sau cov txuj ci.

Kev mob siab rau kev kawm thawj xyoo coj Debussy txhua xyoo solfeggio khoom plig. Nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm solfeggio thiab accompaniment (cov tswv yim ua si rau lub piano nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo), thawj lub sij hawm, nws txaus siab rau lub tshiab harmonic lem, ntau yam thiab complex rhythms manifested nws tus kheej. Cov yeeb yuj thiab xim muaj peev xwm ntawm cov lus sib haum xeeb qhib ua ntej nws.

Debussy's pianistic txuj ci tsim tau sai heev. Twb tau nyob rau hauv nws cov tub ntxhais kawm xyoo, nws qhov kev ua si tau txawv los ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus sab hauv, kev xav, kev xav ntawm nuance, tsis tshua muaj ntau yam thiab nplua nuj ntawm lub suab palette. Tab sis lub originality ntawm nws ua yeeb yam style, tsis muaj fashionable sab nraud virtuosity thiab ci ntsa iab, tsis pom vim kev lees paub ntawm cov xib fwb ntawm lub conservatory los yog ntawm Debussy cov phooj ywg. Thawj zaug, nws cov txuj ci pianistic tau txais txiaj ntsig tsuas yog hauv xyoo 1877 rau kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Schumann's sonata.

Thawj qhov kev sib cav loj heev nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev qhia kev saib xyuas uas twb muaj lawm tshwm sim nrog Debussy hauv chav kawm sib haum xeeb. Independent harmonic xav ntawm Debussy tsis tuaj yeem tso nrog cov kev txwv ib txwm muaj uas kav hauv kev sib haum xeeb. Tsuas yog tus kws sau ntawv E. Guiraud, uas Debussy tau kawm txog kev sau ntawv, ua rau muaj kev cia siab tiag tiag ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab pom kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog nws hauv kev ua yeeb yam thiab kev zoo nkauj thiab kev nyiam suab paj nruag.

Twb yog thawj lub suab nkauj ntawm Debussy, rov qab mus rau lub xyoo 70s thiab thaum ntxov 80s ("Zoo kawg yav tsaus ntuj" rau cov lus ntawm Paul Bourget thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog "Mandolin" rau cov lus ntawm Paul Verlaine), qhia txog qhov originality ntawm nws lub peev xwm.

Txawm tias ua ntej kawm tiav los ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej, Debussy tau ua nws thawj zaug txawv teb chaws mus rau Western Europe ntawm kev caw ntawm Lavxias teb sab philanthropist NF von Meck, uas tau ntau xyoo koom nrog cov phooj ywg ze ntawm PI Tchaikovsky. Nyob rau hauv 1881 Debussy tuaj rau Russia raws li ib tug pianist mus koom nyob rau hauv von Meck lub tsev concerts. Qhov no thawj zaug mus rau Russia (tom qab ntawd nws mus rau ntawd ob zaug ntxiv - nyob rau hauv 1882 thiab 1913) aroused lub composer lub siab nyiam nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag, uas tsis muaj zog mus txog rau thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej.

Txij li thaum xyoo 1883, Debussy pib koom nrog ua tus sau hauv kev sib tw rau Grand Prize ntawm Rome. Xyoo tom qab nws tau txais nws rau lub cantata The Prodigal Son. Cov hauj lwm no, uas nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev tseem dais lub hwj chim ntawm Fabkis lyric opera, sawv tawm rau cov yeeb yam tiag tiag ntawm ib tug neeg scenes (piv txwv li, Leah's aria). Debussy nyob rau hauv ltalis (1885-1887) tau ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau nws: nws tau ntsib nrog cov suab paj nruag Italian thaum ub ntawm xyoo pua XNUMX (Palestrina) thiab tib lub sijhawm nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Wagner (tshwj xeeb, nrog cov suab paj nruag. ua yeeb yam "Tristan thiab Isolde").

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub sijhawm ntawm Debussy nyob hauv Ltalis tau cim los ntawm kev sib cav sib ceg nrog cov neeg ua yeeb yam hauv Fabkis. Cov ntawv ceeb toom ntawm cov laureates ua ntej lub tsev kawm ntawv tau nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm uas tau txiav txim siab hauv Paris los ntawm pawg neeg txiav txim tshwj xeeb. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm tus kws sau ntawv ua haujlwm - symphonic ode "Zuleima", lub symphonic suite "Spring" thiab cantata "Tus Chosen One" (sau twb tau tuaj txog hauv Paris) - lub sijhawm no tau pom ib qho kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Debussy lub siab xav tshiab thiab inertia uas. reigned nyob rau hauv lub loj tshaj plaws art tsev kawm ntawv Fabkis. Tus kws sau nkauj tau raug liam tias txhob txwm xav ua "ua ib yam dab tsi coj txawv txawv, nkag siab tsis tau, ua tsis tau", ntawm "kev nkag siab ntawm cov suab paj nruas xim", uas ua rau nws tsis nco qab "qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kos duab thiab daim ntawv". Debussy raug liam tias siv "kaw" tib neeg lub suab thiab tus yuam sij ntawm F-sharp loj, liam tias tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm hauv symphonic. Qhov ncaj ncees nkaus xwb, tej zaum, yog cov lus hais txog qhov tsis muaj "flat turns and banality" hauv nws tej hauj lwm.

Tag nrho cov ntawv sau xa los ntawm Debussy mus rau Paris tseem nyob deb ntawm qhov paub tab ntawm tus kws sau nkauj, tab sis lawv twb tau pom cov yam ntxwv tshiab, uas tshwm sim lawv tus kheej feem ntau hauv cov xim sib haum xeeb thiab kev ua yeeb yam. Debussy tau hais meej meej txog nws txoj kev xav rau kev tsim kho tshiab hauv tsab ntawv rau ib tus ntawm nws cov phooj ywg hauv Paris: "Kuv tsis tuaj yeem kaw kuv lub suab paj nruag hauv qhov tseeb dhau ... kev… ”. Thaum nws rov qab los ntawm Ltalis mus rau Paris, Debussy thaum kawg tawg nrog kev kawm.

90s ib. Thawj flowering ntawm creativity. Lub siab xav mus ze rau cov qauv tshiab hauv kev kos duab, lub siab xav nthuav lawv cov kev sib txuas thiab cov neeg paub hauv lub ntiaj teb kos duab coj Debussy rov qab rau xyoo 80s mus rau lub salon ntawm tus kws sau paj huam loj hauv Fabkis thaum xyoo pua 80th thiab tus thawj coj ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm Symbolists. - Stefan Mallarmé. Nyob rau "Tuesdays" Mallarme tau sau cov kws sau ntawv zoo, kws sau paj huam, cov kws ua yeeb yam - cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ntau haiv neeg hauv Fabkis niaj hnub kos duab (poets Paul Verlaine, Pierre Louis, Henri de Regnier, artist James Whistler thiab lwm tus). Ntawm no Debussy tau ntsib cov kws sau ntawv thiab kws sau paj huam, uas nws ua haujlwm tau tsim los ntawm ntau yam ntawm nws cov suab paj nruag, tsim nyob rau hauv 90-50s. Ntawm lawv sawv tawm: "Mandolin", "Ariettes", "Belgian toj roob hauv pes", "Watercolors", "Lub hli" rau cov lus ntawm Paul Verlaine, "Cov Nkauj ntawm Bilitis" rau cov lus ntawm Pierre Louis, "Tsib Poems" rau cov lus. cov lus ntawm tus kws sau paj huam Fab Kis zoo tshaj plaws 60 - Charles Baudelaire's XNUMXs (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog "Balcony", "Hmo ntuj kev sib haum xeeb", "Ntawm tus ciav dej") thiab lwm yam.

Txawm tias ib daim ntawv teev npe yooj yim ntawm cov npe ntawm cov haujlwm no ua rau nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tus kws sau ntawv qhov kev cia siab rau cov ntawv sau, uas muaj cov ntsiab lus toj roob hauv pes lossis kev hlub lyrics. Cov duab paj huam no ua rau Debussy nyiam thoob plaws hauv nws txoj haujlwm.

Qhov tseeb nyiam muab rau cov suab paj nruag hauv thawj lub sijhawm ntawm nws txoj haujlwm tau piav qhia ntau yam los ntawm tus kws sau paj huam rau Symbolist paj huam. Hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov kws sau paj huam, Debussy tau nyiam los ntawm cov neeg nyob ze nws thiab cov txuj ci tshiab - kev muaj peev xwm hais lus laconicly, tsis muaj rhetoric thiab pathos, kev nplua nuj ntawm cov yeeb yuj piv txwv, tus cwj pwm tshiab rau cov suab paj nruag, nyob rau hauv uas suab paj nruag. kev sib txuas ntawm cov lus raug ntes. Xws li ib sab ntawm lub cim raws li lub siab xav qhia ib lub xeev ntawm kev nyuaj siab foreboding, ntshai ntawm tus tsis paub, yeej tsis ntes Debussy.

Nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm lub xyoo no, Debussy sim zam ob qho tib si symbolist uncertainty thiab understatement nyob rau hauv kev qhia ntawm nws txoj kev xav. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog loyalty rau kev ywj pheej kev lig kev cai ntawm lub teb chaws Fabkis suab paj nruag, tag nrho thiab noj qab nyob zoo artistic xwm ntawm tus composer (nws tsis yog coincidence uas nws feem ntau yog hais txog Verlaine cov paj huam, uas intricately muab cov poetic kab lig kev cai ntawm cov laus masters, nrog lawv lub siab xav kom meej meej thiab simplicity ntawm style, nrog refinement inherent nyob rau hauv kos duab ntawm niaj hnub aristocratic salons). Hauv nws cov suab paj nruag thaum ntxov, Debussy sib zog ua kom muaj cov duab suab paj nruag uas khaws kev sib txuas nrog cov suab paj nruag uas twb muaj lawm - nkauj, seev cev. Tab sis qhov kev sib txuas no feem ntau tshwm sim, xws li hauv Verlaine, nyob rau hauv ib qho me ntsis refined refraction. Xws li yog romance "Mandolin" rau cov lus ntawm Verlaine. Nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm romance, peb hnov ​​​​cov intonations ntawm Fabkis lub nroog cov nkauj los ntawm lub repertoire ntawm "chansonnier", uas yog ua tsis muaj accentuated accentuated, zoo li yog "hu nkauj". Lub piano txuas ntxiv qhia txog tus yam ntxwv jerky, plucked-zoo li lub suab ntawm mandolin lossis guitar. Lub chord ua ke ntawm "dab tsi" thib tsib zoo li lub suab ntawm cov hlua qhib ntawm cov twj paj nruag:

Twb tau nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm no, Debussy siv qee cov txheej txheem xim zoo ib yam ntawm nws txoj kev paub tab nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo - "series" ntawm unsolved consonances, ib qho kev sib piv ntawm cov triads loj thiab lawv inversions nyob rau hauv cov yuam sij nyob deb,

Lub 90s yog thawj lub sij hawm ntawm Debussy txoj kev muaj tswv yim zoo nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm tsis tsuas suab, tab sis kuj piano suab paj nruag ("Suite Bergamas", "Little Suite" rau piano plaub txhais tes), chamber-instrumental (txoj hlua quartet) thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog symphonic music ( Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no, ob ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws symphonic tej hauj lwm yog tsim - lub prelude "Tom qab ntawm ib tug Faun" thiab "Nocturnes").

Lub prelude "Tom qab ntawm ib tug Faun" tau sau nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm ib zaj paj huam los ntawm Stéphane Mallarmé nyob rau hauv 1892. Mallarme txoj hauj lwm nyiam cov composer feem ntau los ntawm lub bright picturesqueness ntawm ib tug mythological creatures npau suav rau ib tug kub hnub txog zoo nkauj nymphs.

Nyob rau hauv lub prelude, raws li nyob rau hauv Mallarmé cov paj huam, tsis muaj kev tsim lub tswv yim, tsis muaj dynamic kev loj hlob ntawm qhov kev txiav txim. Nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg lus dag, nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus, ib tug melodic duab ntawm "languor", ua nyob rau hauv "creeping" chromatic intonations. Debussy siv rau nws lub orchestral incarnation yuav luag txhua lub sij hawm tib yam tshwj xeeb instrumental timbre - ib tug flute nyob rau hauv ib tug qis register:

Tag nrho symphonic txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub prelude los mus txawv qhov kev ntxhib los mos ntawm kev nthuav qhia ntawm lub ntsiab thiab nws orchestration. Txoj kev loj hlob zoo li qub yog tsim nyog los ntawm qhov xwm ntawm daim duab nws tus kheej.

Kev sib xyaw ua haujlwm yog peb feem. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ib qho me me nruab nrab ntawm lub prelude, thaum lub ntsiab lus tshiab diatonic yog ua los ntawm cov hlua ntawm lub orchestra, puas yog tus cwj pwm dav dav ua kom khaus, nthuav tawm (qhov kev hloov pauv mus txog nws qhov siab tshaj plaws sonority nyob rau hauv lub prelude. ff, tsuas yog lub sij hawm tutti ntawm tag nrho cov orchestra yog siv). Qhov rov hais dua xaus nrog qhov maj mam ploj mus, zoo li nws yog, dissolving lub ntsiab ntawm "languor".

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Debussy txoj kev paub tab tau tshwm sim hauv txoj haujlwm no feem ntau hauv kev ua yeeb yam. Qhov sib txawv ntawm pawg orchestra thiab qhov chaw ntawm cov cuab yeej ib leeg hauv pab pawg ua rau nws tuaj yeem ua ke thiab sib txuas cov xim orchestra hauv ntau txoj hauv kev thiab tso cai rau koj kom ua tiav qhov zoo tshaj plaws nuances. Ntau qhov kev ua tiav ntawm kev sau ntawv orchestral hauv txoj haujlwm no tom qab ntawd dhau los ua ib qho ntawm feem ntau ntawm Debussy's symphonic tej hauj lwm.

Tsuas yog tom qab kev ua yeeb yam ntawm "Faun" hauv xyoo 1894 ua Debussy tus kws sau nkauj hais lus hauv lub suab paj nruag dav ntawm Paris. Tab sis kev sib cais thiab qee qhov kev txwv ntawm ib puag ncig kev ua yeeb yam uas Debussy koom nrog, nrog rau tus kheej ntawm tus kheej ntawm cov qauv ntawm nws cov nkauj, tiv thaiv tus kws sau nkauj los ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm theem kev hais kwv txhiaj.

Txawm hais tias qhov haujlwm zoo li no los ntawm Debussy li Nocturnes cycle, tsim nyob rau hauv 1897-1899, tau ntsib nrog tus cwj pwm txwv. Nyob rau hauv "Nocturnes" Debussy lub siab xav rau lub neej tiag tiag cov duab tau tshwm sim. Thawj thawj zaug hauv Debussy txoj haujlwm symphonic, ib hom kev pleev xim zoo nkauj (qhov thib ob ntawm Nocturnes - "Festivities") thiab cov duab ntawm cov xim nplua nuj (thawj ntu - "Clouds") tau txais lub suab paj nruag zoo nkauj.

Thaum lub sijhawm xyoo 90s, Debussy tau ua haujlwm ntawm nws tsuas yog ua tiav opera, Pelléas thiab Mélisande. Tus kws sau nkauj tau nrhiav ib zaj dab neeg nyob ze nws ntev ntev (Nws pib thiab tso tseg txoj haujlwm ntawm opera "Rodrigo thiab Jimena" raws li Corneille qhov xwm txheej "Sid". "Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev nqis tes ua", nws txoj kev loj hlob tsis muaj zog, hais txog kev xav ntawm kev xav, ua siab tawv qhia cov duab ntawm tus phab ej.) thiab thaum kawg tau txiav txim siab ua yeeb yam ntawm Belgian tus kws sau paj huam Maurice Maeterlinck "Pelléas et Mélisande". Muaj kev ua sab nraud tsawg heev hauv txoj haujlwm no, nws qhov chaw thiab lub sijhawm tsis hloov pauv. Txhua tus neeg sau kev mloog yog tsom mus rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kev xav tsis zoo ntawm lub hlwb hauv cov kev paub dhau los ntawm cov cim: Golo, nws tus poj niam Mélisande, Golo tus kwv tij Pelléas6. Cov zajlus ntawm txoj hauj lwm no nyiam Debussy, nyob rau hauv nws cov lus, los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv nws "cov cim tsis sib cav, tab sis ua siab ntev lub neej thiab txoj hmoo." Kev nplua nuj ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, kev xav, zoo li nws yog, "rau tus kheej" ua rau tus kws sau ntawv paub txog nws cov ntsiab lus: "Lub suab paj nruag pib qhov twg lo lus tsis muaj zog."

Debussy khaws cia rau hauv qhov kev ua yeeb yam yog ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm ntau yam ntawm Maeterlinck's dramas - qhov kev puas tsuaj loj ntawm cov cim ua ntej qhov kev tsis pom kev tuag, ib tug neeg tsis ntseeg txog nws txoj kev zoo siab. Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Maeterlinck no, kev sib raug zoo thiab kev xav zoo nkauj ntawm ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm bourgeois intelligentsia thaum tig ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX thiab XNUMX tau ua rau pom tseeb. Romain Rolland tau muab qhov kev ntsuam xyuas keeb kwm thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ua yeeb yam hauv nws phau ntawv "Musicians of Our Days": "Qhov chaw uas Maeterlinck tus ua yeeb yam loj hlob yog kev qaug zog txo hwj chim uas ua rau lub siab xav ua lub zog ntawm Pob Zeb. Tsis muaj dab tsi tuaj yeem hloov qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov xwm txheej. […] Tsis muaj leej twg muaj lub luag haujlwm rau qhov nws xav tau, rau qhov nws nyiam. […] Lawv nyob thiab tuag yam tsis paub vim li cas. Qhov no fatalism, xav txog qhov qaug zog ntawm sab ntsuj plig aristocracy ntawm cov teb chaws Europe, tau miraculously nthuav tawm los ntawm Debussy lub suab paj nruag, uas ntxiv rau nws tus kheej paj huam thiab sensual ntxim nyiam ... ". Debussy, rau qee yam, tau tswj xyuas kom txo qis kev cia siab ntawm kev ua yeeb yam nrog kev hloov maj mam thiab txwv tsis pub lyricism, lub siab dawb paug thiab qhov tseeb hauv lub suab paj nruag embodiment ntawm qhov xwm txheej tiag tiag ntawm kev hlub thiab kev khib.

Lub stylistic novelty ntawm lub opera yog loj vim lub fact tias nws tau sau nyob rau hauv prose. Cov suab ntawm Debussy's opera muaj cov xim hloov maj mam thiab nuances ntawm kev hais lus Fabkis txoj lus. Lub suab paj nruag kev loj hlob ntawm lub opera yog ib tug gradual (tsis jumps ntawm lub sij hawm ntev), tab sis qhia melodious-declamatory kab. Kev nplua nuj ntawm caesuras, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hloov tau yooj yim thiab nquag hloov hauv kev ua suab paj nruag tso cai rau tus kws sau nkauj kom raug thiab ua kom lub ntsiab lus ntawm yuav luag txhua kab lus nrog suab paj nruag. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev xav nce siab nyob rau hauv txoj kab melodic tsis muaj txawm tias nyob rau hauv qhov ua yeeb yam climactic ntu ntawm opera. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm qhov kev txiav txim, Debussy tseem muaj tseeb rau nws lub hauv paus ntsiab lus - qhov siab tshaj plaws txwv tsis pub ua tiav ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm sab nraud. Yog li, qhov xwm txheej ntawm Pelléas tshaj tawm nws txoj kev hlub rau Melisande, tsis sib xws rau txhua qhov kev coj noj coj ua, tau ua yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam, zoo li hauv "ib nrab ntxhi". Qhov xwm txheej ntawm Mélisande txoj kev tuag yog daws tib yam nkaus. Muaj ntau lub scenes nyob rau hauv lub opera qhov twg Debussy tau tswj kom qhia nrog ib tug xav tsis thoob hais tias subtle txhais tau tias ib tug complex thiab nplua nuj ntau ntawm ntau yam ntxoov ntxoo ntawm tib neeg kev paub: scene nrog lub nplhaib los ntawm tus ciav nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ua yeeb yam, scene nrog Mélisande cov plaub hau nyob rau hauv lub scene. thib peb, qhov chaw ntawm lub qhov dej nyob rau hauv plaub thiab qhov chaw ntawm Mélisande txoj kev tuag nyob rau hauv lub thib tsib txoj cai.

Lub opera tau ua rau lub Plaub Hlis 30, 1902 ntawm Comic Opera. Txawm tias muaj kev ua tau zoo heev, opera tsis muaj kev vam meej nrog cov neeg tuaj saib dav. Kev thuam feem ntau tsis zoo thiab tso cai rau nws tus kheej ntse thiab tsis txaus siab tawm tsam tom qab thawj qhov kev ua yeeb yam. Tsuas yog ob peb tus kws ntaus nkauj loj tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm txoj haujlwm no.

Tom qab staging Pelléas, Debussy tau ua ntau qhov kev sim ua yeeb yam sib txawv hauv ib hom ntawv thiab style los ntawm thawj zaug. Libretto tau sau rau ob qhov kev ua yeeb yam raws li zaj dab neeg raws li Edgar Allan Poe - Kev Tuag ntawm Lub Tsev Escher thiab Dab Ntxwg Nyoog hauv Tswb Ntauwd - sketches tau tsim, uas tus kws sau nws tus kheej tau rhuav tshem sai ua ntej nws tuag. Tsis tas li ntawd, Debussy lub hom phiaj los tsim ib qho kev ua yeeb yam raws li zaj dab neeg ntawm Shakespeare qhov xwm txheej King Lear tsis tau paub. Tom qab tso tseg cov qauv kev kos duab ntawm Pelléas thiab Mélisande, Debussy yeej tsis tuaj yeem pom nws tus kheej hauv lwm hom kev ua yeeb yam ze rau cov kab lig kev cai ntawm Fabkis classical opera thiab ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam.

1900-1918 - lub ncov ntawm Debussy lub tswv yim flowering. Kev ua suab paj nruag-tseem ceeb. Tsis ntev ua ntej kev tsim khoom ntawm Pelleas, ib qho kev tshwm sim tseem ceeb tau tshwm sim hauv Debussy lub neej - los ntawm 1901 nws tau los ua tus kws tshaj lij suab paj nruag. Qhov haujlwm tshiab no rau nws tau ua tsis tu ncua hauv 1901, 1903 thiab 1912-1914. Cov ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab nqe lus ntawm Debussy tau sau los ntawm nws hauv 1914 hauv phau ntawv "Mr. Krosh yog tus tiv thaiv amateur. " Cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tau pab txhawb rau kev tsim ntawm Debussy qhov kev xav zoo nkauj, nws cov qauv kev kos duab. Nws tso cai rau peb los txiav txim tus neeg sau cov kev xav tau zoo heev ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev kos duab hauv kev kos duab ntawm tib neeg, ntawm nws tus cwj pwm rau classical thiab niaj hnub kos duab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tsis yog tsis muaj ib qho kev sib koom ua ke thiab tsis sib xws hauv kev ntsuas ntawm ntau yam tshwm sim thiab hauv kev txiav txim siab zoo nkauj.

Debussy ardently tawm tsam qhov kev xav tsis zoo, tsis paub thiab kev xav tsis thoob uas ua rau kev thuam niaj hnub no. Tab sis Debussy kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb, kev tshuaj xyuas thaum ntsuas kev ua suab paj nruag. Nws tiv thaiv raws li lub ntsiab zoo thiab lub meej mom ntawm kev thuam - kev xa tawm ntawm "kev ua siab ncaj, qhov tseeb thiab lub siab nyiam." Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Debussy qhov kev thuam yog kev tawm tsam "kev kawm txuj ci" ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Fabkis thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Nws muab cov lus ntse thiab caustic, cov lus hais ncaj ncees ntau txog Grand Opera, qhov twg "qhov kev xav zoo tshaj plaws raug tsoo tawm tsam lub phab ntsa muaj zog thiab tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov tawv nqaij tawv tawv uas tsis tso cai rau txhua yam ntawm lub teeb ci ntsa iab."

Nws cov ntsiab lus zoo nkauj thiab kev xav tau qhia meej meej hauv Debussy cov ntawv thiab phau ntawv. Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tus kws sau lub hom phiaj tus cwj pwm rau lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig nws. Nws pom lub hauv paus ntawm cov suab paj nruag hauv qhov xwm txheej: "Lub suab paj nruag ze tshaj plaws rau xwm ...". "Tsuas yog cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag muaj txoj cai los tuav cov paj huam ntawm hmo ntuj thiab nruab hnub, lub ntiaj teb thiab saum ntuj - rov tsim cov huab cua thiab cov suab paj nruag ntawm cov xwm txheej zoo kawg nkaus." Cov lus no undoubtedly qhia ib tug tej yam ib sab ntawm tus composer lub zoo nkauj views ntawm lub luag hauj lwm tshwj xeeb ntawm suab paj nruag ntawm lwm yam kev kos duab.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Debussy tau sib cav tias kev kos duab yuav tsum tsis txhob raug kaw rau lub voj voog nqaim ntawm cov tswv yim nkag mus rau cov neeg mloog tsis tshua muaj: "Lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tsis yog los ua kom muaj kev lom zem rau cov neeg nyiam suab paj nruag lossis cov kws tshaj lij." Qhov xav tsis thoob lub sijhawm yog Debussy cov lus hais txog kev txo qis ntawm kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws Fab Kis thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX: "Ib leeg tuaj yeem khuv xim tias Fabkis cov suab paj nruag tau ua raws li txoj hauv kev uas ua rau nws mus deb ntawm qhov txawv ntawm tus cwj pwm Fabkis txoj kev qhia meej. , precision thiab composure ntawm daim ntawv. " Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Debussy tau tawm tsam cov kev txwv hauv lub tebchaws hauv kev kos duab: "Kuv tau paub zoo nrog txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib pauv dawb hauv kev kos duab thiab kuv paub tias qhov txiaj ntsig zoo li cas nws tau ua rau." Nws txoj kev tshaj tawm tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag kos duab hauv Fabkis yog qhov pov thawj zoo tshaj plaws ntawm qhov kev xav no.

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau ntawv Lavxias tseem ceeb - Borodin, Balakirev, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Mussorgsky thiab Rimsky-Korsakov - tau kawm tob los ntawm Debussy rov qab rau xyoo 90s thiab muaj qee yam cuam tshuam rau qee yam ntawm nws cov qauv. Debussy tau zoo siab tshaj plaws los ntawm kev ci ntsa iab thiab cov yeeb yuj zoo nkauj ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov's orchestral sau. "Tsis muaj dab tsi tuaj yeem qhia qhov ntxim nyiam ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab dazzle ntawm lub suab paj nruag," sau Debussy txog Rimsky-Korsakov's Antar symphony. Nyob rau hauv Debussy's symphonic tej hauj lwm, muaj orchestration cov tswv yim nyob ze rau Rimsky-Korsakov, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, ib tug predilection rau "ntshiab" timbres, ib tug tshwj xeeb yam ntxwv siv cov twj paj nruag, thiab lwm yam.

Nyob rau hauv Mussorgsky cov nkauj thiab lub opera Boris Godunov, Debussy txaus siab rau qhov sib sib zog nqus kev puas siab puas ntsws xwm ntawm suab paj nruag, nws muaj peev xwm los qhia tag nrho cov nplua nuj ntawm ib tug neeg lub ntiaj teb sab ntsuj plig. "Tsis muaj leej twg tseem tau tig mus rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv peb, kom muaj kev sib tw thiab sib sib zog nqus," peb pom hauv tus kws sau ntawv cov lus. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm Debussy lub suab compositions thiab nyob rau hauv lub opera Pelléas et Mélisande, ib tug muaj peev xwm hnov ​​​​txog lub hwj chim ntawm Mussorgsky tus heev nthuav thiab saj zawg zog suab paj nruag, uas qhia lub subtlest ntxoov ntawm lub neej hais lus nrog kev pab los ntawm melodic recitative.

Tab sis Debussy pom tsuas yog qee yam ntawm cov qauv thiab cov qauv ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam Lavxias loj tshaj plaws. Nws yog neeg txawv teb chaws rau kev ywj pheej thiab kev sib raug zoo accusatory tendencies nyob rau hauv Mussorgsky txoj hauj lwm. Debussy nyob deb ntawm lub siab ntawm tib neeg thiab philosophically cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov's operas, los ntawm kev sib txuas tsis tu ncua ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg sau nkauj thiab cov neeg hauv paus txawm.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab qee qhov ib sab hauv Debussy qhov kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb tau tshwm sim hauv nws qhov tsis pom tseeb ntawm lub luag haujlwm keeb kwm thiab kev kos duab tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau nkauj xws li Handel, Gluck, Schubert, Schumann.

Hauv nws cov lus tseem ceeb, Debussy qee zaum coj txoj haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws, sib cav tias "suab paj nruag yog kev ua lej tsis meej, cov ntsiab lus uas cuam tshuam nrog infinity."

Hais lus nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm tsim ib tug pej xeem ua yeeb yam, Debussy yuav luag ib txhij qhia lub paradoxical lub tswv yim hais tias "siab kos duab yog lub destiny ntawm tsuas yog sab ntsuj plig aristocracy." Qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev xav txog kev ywj pheej thiab cov neeg paub zoo tshaj plaws yog qhov zoo heev ntawm Fabkis txoj kev txawj ntse ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX thiab XNUMXth.

Xyoo 1900s yog lub sijhawm siab tshaj plaws hauv kev ua yeeb yam ntawm tus kws sau nkauj. Cov hauj lwm tsim los ntawm Debussy nyob rau lub sij hawm no hais txog cov tiam tshiab ntawm kev muaj tswv yim thiab, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, Debussy tawm mus los ntawm kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov cim. Ntau thiab ntau tus composer yog nyiam los ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem, suab paj nruag portraits thiab cov duab ntawm xwm. Nrog rau cov ntsiab lus tshiab thiab cov phiaj xwm, cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus qauv tshiab tshwm sim hauv nws txoj haujlwm. Cov pov thawj ntawm qhov no yog cov piano ua haujlwm xws li "Ib Hmo Ntuj hauv Grenada" (1902), "Gardens in the Rain" (1902), "Island of Joy" (1904). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, Debussy pom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog lub teb chaws keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag (nyob rau hauv "Ib hmo ntuj nyob rau hauv Grenada" - nrog lus Mev lus dab neeg), khaws cia ib hom ntawv nyeem nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawm refraction ntawm seev cev. Nyob rau hauv lawv, tus composer txuas ntxiv nthuav dav ntawm timbre-xim thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm piano. Nws siv qhov zoo tshaj plaws gradations ntawm dynamic hues nyob rau hauv ib tug tib lub suab txheej los yog juxtaposes ntse dynamic contrasts. Rhythm nyob rau hauv cov compositions pib ua lub luag hauj lwm nthuav dav hauv kev tsim cov duab kos duab. Qee lub sij hawm nws yuav hloov tau, dawb, yuav luag improvisational. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov xyoo no, Debussy nthuav tawm qhov kev xav tshiab rau lub koom haum meej thiab nruj nruj ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke los ntawm kev rov ua dua ib qho kev sib dhos "core" thoob plaws tag nrho cov haujlwm lossis nws cov ntu loj (prelude hauv Ib tug me, "Lub vaj nyob rau hauv lub nag", "Hnub hauv Grenada", qhov twg lub suab ntawm lub habanera yog "core" ntawm tag nrho cov muaj pes tsawg leeg).

Tej hauj lwm ntawm lub sij hawm no yog txawv los ntawm ib tug ceeb tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov ntshav ntawm lub neej, boldly piav qhia, yuav luag visually perceived, dluab nyob rau hauv ib tug harmonious daim ntawv. Lub "impressionism" ntawm cov hauj lwm no tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm cov xim, nyob rau hauv kev siv cov yeeb yuj harmonic "glare thiab me ntsis", nyob rau hauv lub hloov maj mam ua si ntawm timbres. Tab sis cov txheej txheem no tsis ua txhaum kev ncaj ncees ntawm lub suab paj nruag kev xav ntawm daim duab. Nws tsuas yog ua rau nws muaj zog dua.

Ntawm cov symphonic tej hauj lwm tsim los ntawm Debussy nyob rau hauv lub 900s, lub "Hiav txwv" (1903-1905) thiab "Duab" (1909) sawv, uas muaj xws li nto moo "Iberia".

Cov suite "Hiav txwv" muaj peb ntu: "Nyob rau hauv hiav txwv thaum kaj ntug mus rau tav su", "Kev ua si ntawm nthwv dej" thiab "Kev sib tham ntawm cua nrog dej hiav txwv". Cov duab ntawm lub hiav txwv yeej ib txwm nyiam cov neeg sau ntawm ntau yam tiam sis thiab lub teb chaws cov tsev kawm ntawv. Ntau yam piv txwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm symphonic ua haujlwm ntawm "marine" cov ntsiab lus los ntawm Western European composers tuaj yeem raug suav hais tias (qhov kev tshaj tawm "Fingal's Cave" los ntawm Mendelssohn, symphonic ntu ntawm "The Flying Dutchman" los ntawm Wagner, thiab lwm yam). Tab sis cov duab ntawm lub hiav txwv tau pom tseeb thiab pom tseeb hauv Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Rimsky-Korsakov (cov duab symphonic Sadko, lub opera ntawm tib lub npe, lub Scheherazade suite, intermission mus rau lub thib ob ua yeeb yam ntawm lub opera Zaj dab neeg ntawm. Tsar Saltan),

Tsis zoo li Rimsky-Korsakov's orchestral tej hauj lwm, Debussy teev nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm tsis yog zajlus, tab sis tsuas pictorial thiab coloristic ua hauj lwm. Nws nrhiav kev qhia los ntawm kev siv suab paj nruag qhov kev hloov ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo thiab xim ntawm lub hiav txwv ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv ntawm hnub, lub xeev sib txawv ntawm lub hiav txwv - nyob ntsiag to, ntxhov siab thiab cua daj cua dub. Nyob rau hauv lub composer txoj kev xaav ntawm paintings ntawm lub hiav txwv, tsis muaj kiag li motives uas yuav muab ib tug twilight paub tsis meej rau lawv coloring. Debussy yog dominated los ntawm lub hnub ci ci, cov xim puv ntshav. Tus kws sau ntawv ua siab loj siv ob qho kev ua las voos thiab cov duab zoo nkauj heev los qhia cov duab suab paj nruag.

Nyob rau hauv thawj feem, ib daim duab ntawm maj mam tsaug zog ntawm lub hiav txwv thaum kaj ntug, lub lazily dov nthwv dej, lub glare ntawm thawj sunbeams rau lawv unfolds. Lub orchestral pib ntawm qhov kev txav no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj yeeb yuj, qhov twg, tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm "rustle" ntawm timpani, "drip" octaves ntawm ob harps thiab "krozen" tremolo nkauj laus ncas nyob rau hauv siab sau npe, luv luv melodic kab lus los ntawm oboe tshwm zoo li lub ci ci ntawm lub hnub ntawm cov nthwv dej. Cov tsos ntawm ib tug seev cev seev cev tsis ua txhaum lub ntxim nyiam ntawm kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thiab kev npau suav xav txog.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog qhov thib peb - ​​"Kev Sib Tham ntawm Cua nrog Hiav Txwv". Los ntawm qhov tsis muaj zog, daim duab khov ntawm lub hiav txwv nyob ntsiag to thaum pib ntawm ib feem, nco txog thawj zaug, ib daim duab ntawm cua daj cua dub nthuav tawm. Debussy siv tag nrho cov suab paj nruas txhais tau tias rau dynamic thiab mob siab rau txoj kev loj hlob - melodic-rhythmic, dynamic thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog orchestral.

Thaum pib ntawm lub zog, luv motifs tau hnov ​​​​uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev sib tham ntawm cellos nrog ob basses thiab oboes tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm lub muffled sonority ntawm lub bass nruas, timpani thiab tom-tom. Ntxiv nrog rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov pab pawg tshiab ntawm lub suab paj nruag thiab kev sib koom ua ke hauv kev sib tw, Debussy siv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev txhim kho kev sib dhos ntawm no: qhia ntau dua thiab ntau dua tshiab seev cev, nws saturates cov ntaub ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ntau lub suab. qauv.

Qhov kawg ntawm tag nrho cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog perceived tsis tau tsuas yog raws li ib tug revelry ntawm lub hiav txwv keeb, tab sis raws li ib tug txaus siab hu nkauj rau hiav txwv, lub hnub.

Ntau yam nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm "Hiav txwv", cov ntsiab cai ntawm orchestration, npaj cov tsos ntawm symphonic piece "Iberia" - ib qho ntawm feem tseem ceeb thiab thawj tej hauj lwm ntawm Debussy. Nws ntaus nrog nws qhov ze tshaj plaws kev sib txuas nrog lub neej ntawm cov neeg Spanish, lawv cov nkauj thiab seev cev kab lis kev cai. Nyob rau hauv lub 900s, Debussy tig ob peb zaug rau cov ntsiab lus hais txog Spain: "Ib hmo ntuj nyob rau hauv Grenada", lub preludes "Lub rooj vag ntawm lub Alhambra" thiab "Lub Interrupted Serenade". Tab sis "Iberia" yog ib qho ntawm cov hauj lwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov kws sau nkauj uas tau kos los ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav tsis zoo ntawm Spanish pej xeem suab paj nruag (Glinka hauv "Aragonese Jota" thiab "Hmo ntuj hauv Madrid", Rimsky-Korsakov hauv "Spanish Capriccio", Bizet hauv "Carmen", Ravel nyob rau hauv "Bolero" thiab ib tug trio, tsis hais tus Spanish composers de Falla thiab Albeniz).

"Iberia" muaj peb ntu: "Nyob rau hauv txoj kev thiab txoj kev ntawm Spain", "Fragrances ntawm hmo ntuj" thiab "Thaum sawv ntxov hnub so". Qhov thib ob qhia txog Debussy qhov nyiam cov duab kos duab ntawm xwm, imbued nrog tshwj xeeb, ntsim aroma ntawm Spanish hmo, "sau" nrog tus kws sau ntawv cov duab tsis meej pem, hloov pauv sai ntawm cov duab flickering thiab ploj mus. Qhov thib ib thiab thib peb xim duab ntawm tib neeg lub neej nyob rau hauv Spain. Cov yeeb yuj tshwj xeeb yog qhov thib peb, uas muaj ntau yam nkauj thiab seev cev Spanish suab paj nruag, uas tsim cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm cov yeeb yuj hnub so los ntawm kev hloov pauv sai sai. Tus kws sau ntawv Spanish loj tshaj plaws de Falla tau hais qhov no txog Iberia: "Lub suab ntawm lub zos nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho cov hauj lwm ("Sevillana") zoo li flutter nyob rau hauv lub ntshiab huab cua los yog nyob rau hauv lub teeb tshee. Lub intoxicating khawv koob ntawm lub Andalusian hmo ntuj, lub viv ncaus ntawm lub festive pawg neeg, uas yog seev cev rau lub suab ntawm lub chords ntawm "pawg" ntawm guitarists thiab bandurists ... , thiab peb txoj kev xav tsis tu ncua yog qhov muag tsis pom los ntawm qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov suab paj nruag uas muaj suab nrov nrog nws cov nplua nuj nuances. "

Xyoo kaum xyoo dhau los hauv Debussy lub neej yog qhov txawv los ntawm kev muaj tswv yim tsis tu ncua thiab ua haujlwm kom txog thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib. Kev hais kwv txhiaj mus ncig ua si ua tus coj mus rau Austria-Hungary tau coj tus kws sau nkauj nto moo txawv teb chaws. Nws tau txais kev sov siab tshwj xeeb hauv tebchaws Russia xyoo 1913. Kev ua yeeb yam hauv St. Petersburg thiab Moscow tau ua tiav zoo. Debussy tus kheej kev sib cuag nrog ntau tus kws ntaus nkauj Lavxias ntxiv dag zog rau nws txoj kev sib txuas rau Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai.

Thaum pib ntawm kev tsov rog ua rau Debussy nce siab hauv kev xav. Hauv cov ntawv luam tawm, nws hu nws tus kheej: "Claude Debussy yog tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag Fabkis." Ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm lub xyoo no yog kev tshoov siab los ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm patriotic: "Heroic Lullaby", zaj nkauj "Christmas of Homeless Children"; Nyob rau hauv lub suite rau ob pianos "Dawb thiab Dub" Debussy xav qhia nws impressions ntawm horrors ntawm lub imperialist tsov rog. Ode rau Fabkis thiab cantata Joan ntawm Arc tseem tsis tau paub txog.

Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Debussy nyob rau xyoo tas los no, ib tus tuaj yeem pom ntau yam uas nws tsis tau ntsib ua ntej. Hauv chamber suab paj nruag, Debussy pom muaj kev sib raug zoo rau cov qub Fabkis cov paj huam ntawm Francois Villon, Charles ntawm Orleans thiab lwm tus. Nrog cov kws sau paj huam no, nws xav nrhiav qhov chaw ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov ncauj lus thiab tib lub sijhawm them se rau cov qub Fabkis txoj kev kos duab uas nws ib txwm nyiam. Nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm chamber instrumental suab paj nruag, Debussy xeeb ib lub voj voog ntawm rau sonatas rau ntau yam twj paj nruag. Hmoov tsis zoo, nws tau tswj hwm peb tsuas yog - sonata rau cello thiab piano (1915), sonata rau flute, harp thiab viola (1915) thiab sonata rau violin thiab piano (1916-1917). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, Debussy ua raws li cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm suite muaj pes tsawg leeg es tsis yog sonata muaj pes tsawg leeg, yog li reviving cov kev cai ntawm Fabkis composers ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov ntawv sau no ua pov thawj rau kev tshawb nrhiav tsis tu ncua rau cov txuj ci tshiab, kev sib xyaw xim xim ntawm cov twj paj nruag (hauv sonata rau flute, harp thiab viola).

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo yog cov artistic achievements ntawm Debussy nyob rau hauv lub xeem caug xyoo ntawm nws lub neej nyob rau hauv piano ua hauj lwm: "Children's Corner" (1906-1908), "Toy Box" (1910), nees nkaum plaub preludes (1910 thiab 1913), "Six Antique Epigraphs” hauv plaub txhais tes (1914), kaum ob txoj kev tshawb fawb (1915).

Lub piano suite "Children's Corner" yog muab rau Debussy tus ntxhais. Lub siab xav nthuav tawm lub ntiaj teb hauv suab paj nruag los ntawm qhov muag ntawm tus menyuam hauv nws cov duab ib txwm muaj - tus kws qhia nruj, tus menyuam roj hmab, tus tswv yug me nyuam, tus ntxhw cov khoom ua si - ua rau Debussy dav siv ob qho tib si txhua hnub seev cev thiab cov nkauj, thiab hom suab paj nruag. Nyob rau hauv ib tug grotesque, caricatured daim ntawv - ib tug lullaby nyob rau hauv "Elephant's Lullaby", ib tug yug yaj lub suab nyob rau hauv "Tus Me Nyuam Yaj", ib tug ncuav mog qab zib taug kev seev cev uas yog fashionable nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv kev ua si ntawm tib lub npe. Nyob ib sab ntawm lawv, ib qho kev kawm nyob rau hauv "Tus Kws Kho Mob Gradus ad Parnassum" tso cai rau Debussy los tsim cov duab ntawm ib tug pedant-xib fwb thiab ib tug dhuav cov menyuam kawm ntawv los ntawm cov mos mos caricature.

Debussy's kaum ob etudes tau txuas nrog nws qhov kev sim mus sij hawm ntev hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm piano style, kev tshawb nrhiav rau hom tshiab ntawm piano txheej txheem thiab txhais tau tias ntawm kev qhia. Tab sis txawm nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm no, nws siv zog los daws tsis tau tsuas yog virtuoso nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj suab teeb meem (lub thib kaum etude hu ua: "Rau contrasting sonorities"). Hmoov tsis zoo, tsis yog txhua tus Debussy's sketches tuaj yeem ua rau lub tswv yim zoo nkauj. Ib txhia ntawm lawv yog tus tswj los ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tsim.

Ob phau ntawv ntawm nws cov lus qhia ua ntej rau piano yuav tsum suav tias yog qhov tsim nyog xaus rau tag nrho txoj kev muaj tswv yim ntawm Debussy. Ntawm no, raws li nws yog, feem ntau yam ntxwv thiab raug yam ntxwv ntawm artistic worldview, muaj tswv yim txoj kev thiab style ntawm tus composer tau concentrated. Lub voj voog muaj ntau yam ntawm cov duab thiab paj huam ntawm Debussy txoj haujlwm.

Txog rau hnub kawg ntawm nws lub neej (nws tuag thaum Lub Peb Hlis 26, 1918 thaum lub foob pob ntawm Paris los ntawm cov neeg German), txawm tias muaj mob hnyav, Debussy tsis txwv nws txoj kev tshawb nrhiav. Nws nrhiav tau cov ntsiab lus tshiab thiab cov phiaj xwm, tig mus rau ib hom kab ke, thiab ua rau lawv tsis zoo. Tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb no yeej tsis txhim kho hauv Debussy mus rau qhov kawg ntawm nws tus kheej - "qhov tshiab rau qhov tshiab." Hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab cov lus tseem ceeb ntawm xyoo tas los no hais txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lwm cov kws sau ntawv niaj hnub no, nws tawm tsam tsis txaus ntseeg qhov tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus, intricacies ntawm daim ntawv, txhob txwm ua nyuaj ntawm cov suab paj nruag, tus yam ntxwv ntawm ntau tus neeg sawv cev ntawm kev kos duab niaj hnub ntawm Western Europe hauv lig XNUMXth. thiab thaum ntxov xyoo pua XNUMX. Nws hais yog lawm: "Raws li txoj cai dav dav, txhua lub hom phiaj ua kom nyuaj rau daim ntawv thiab kev xav pom tias tus sau tsis muaj dab tsi hais." "Lub suab paj nruag ua nyuaj txhua zaus nws tsis nyob ntawd." Lub siab cus ciav thiab muaj tswv yim ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tsis tau nkees nrhiav kev sib txuas nrog lub neej los ntawm cov suab paj nruag yam uas tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm kev kawm qhuav thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Cov kev cia siab no tsis tau txais kev txuas ntxiv tiag tiag los ntawm Debussy vim muaj qee qhov kev txwv kev xav ntawm bourgeois ib puag ncig hauv lub sijhawm muaj kev kub ntxhov no, vim qhov nqaim ntawm kev nyiam muaj tswv yim, tus yam ntxwv txawm tias cov kws ua yeeb yam loj li nws tus kheej.

B. Ionin

• Piano ua haujlwm ntawm Debussy →
• Symphonic tej hauj lwm ntawm Debussy →
• Fabkis suab paj nruag impressionism →

Cov khoom xyaw:

Ua yeeb yam - Rodrigue thiab Jimena (1891-92, tsis xaus), Pelléas thiab Mélisande (lyrical ua yeeb yam tom qab M. Maeterlinck, 1893-1902, staged hauv 1902, Opera Comic, Paris); pov pob – Games (Jeux, lib. V. Nijinsky, 1912, post. 1913, tr Champs Elysees, Paris), Kamma (Khamma, 1912, piano score; orchestrated by Ch. Kouklen, final performance 1924, Paris), Toy Box (La. boîte à joujoux, Children's ballet, 1913, teem rau 2 fp., orchestrated los ntawm A. Caplet, c. 1923); rau soloists, hu nkauj thiab orchestra – Daniel (cantata, 1880-84), Caij nplooj ntoos hlav (Printemps, 1882), Hu rau (Invocation, 1883; khaws cia piano thiab vocal parts), Prodigal Son (L'enfant prodigue, lyrical scene, 1884), Diana hauv hav zoov (cantata , raws li tus heroic comedy los ntawm T. de Banville, 1884-1886, tsis tiav), The Chosen One (La damoiselle élue, lyric paj huam, raws li zaj paj huam los ntawm lus Askiv kws sau paj lug DG Rossetti, Fabkis txhais lus los ntawm G. Sarrazin, 1887-88), Ode rau Fabkis (Ode à la France, cantata, 1916-17, tsis tiav, tom qab Debussy tuag cov sketches tau ua tiav thiab luam tawm los ntawm MF Gaillard); rau orchestra - Lub Triumph ntawm Bacchus (divertimento, 1882), Intermezzo (1882), Caij nplooj ntoos hlav (Printemps, symphonic suite thaum 2 teev tsaus ntuj, 1887; re-orchestrated raws li cov lus qhia ntawm Debussy, Fabkis composer thiab conductor A. Busset, 1907) , Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun (Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune, raws li cov eclogue ntawm tib lub npe los ntawm S. Mallarme, 1892-94), Nocturnes: Huab, Festivities, Sirens (Nocturnes: Nuages , Fêtes; Sirènes, nrog poj niam hu nkauj; 1897-99 ), Hiav Txwv (La mer, 3 symphonic sketches, 1903-05), Duab: Gigues (orchestration tiav los ntawm Caplet), Iberia, Caij nplooj ntoos hlav Dances (Duab: Gigues, Ibéria, Rondes de printemps, 1906-12); rau instrument thiab orchestra - Suite rau cello (Intermezzo, c. 1880-84), Fantasia rau piano (1889-90), Rhapsody rau saxophone (1903-05, tsis tiav, ua tiav los ntawm JJ Roger-Ducas, publ. 1919), Dances (rau harp nrog string orchestra, 1904), Thawj Rhapsody rau clarinet (1909-10, Ameslikas rau clarinet thiab piano); chamber instrumental ensembles - piano trio (G-dur, 1880), string quartet (g-moll, op. 10, 1893), sonata rau flute, viola thiab harp (1915), sonata rau cello thiab piano (d-moll, 1915), sonata rau violin thiab piano (g-moll, 1916); rau piano 2 tes - Gypsy seev cev (Danse bohémienne, 1880), Ob arabesques (1888), Bergamas suite (1890-1905), Npau suav (Rêverie), Ballad (Ballade qhev), Dance (Styrian tarantella), Romantic waltz, Nocturne, Mazurka (tag nrho 6 plays – 1890), Suite (1901), Prints (1903), Island of Joy (L'isle joyeuse, 1904), Masks (Masques, 1904), Dluab (Images, 1st series, 1905; 2nd series, 1907), Children's Corner (Children's corner, piano suite, 1906-08), Twenty-Four Preludes (1st notebook, 1910; 2nd notebook, 1910-13), Heroic lullaby (Berceuse héroïque, 1914; orchestral edition, 1914 S.), thiab lwm yam; rau piano 4 tes - Divertimento thiab Andante cantabile (c. 1880), symphony (h-moll, 1 teev, 1880, pom thiab luam tawm hauv Moscow, 1933), Little Suite (1889), Scottish Lub Peb Hlis ntawm Folk Theme (Marche écossaise sur un thème populaire , 1891, kuj tau sau rau symphonic orchestra los ntawm Debussy), Rau Antique Epigraphs (Six épigraphes antiques, 1914), thiab lwm yam.; rau 2 pianos 4 tes - Lindaraja (Lindaraja, 1901), On dawb thiab dub (En blanc thiab noir, suite ntawm 3 daim, 1915); rau flute - Pan's flute (Syrinx, 1912); rau lub suab hu nkauj cappella - Peb zaj nkauj ntawm Charles d'Orleans (1898-1908); rau lub suab thiab piano - Nkauj thiab romances (lyrics los ntawm T. de Banville, P. Bourget, A. Musset, M. Bouchor, c. 1876), Peb romances (lyrics los ntawm L. de Lisle, 1880-84), Tsib paj huam los ntawm Baudelaire (1887 - 89), Tsis nco qab ariettes (Ariettes oubliées, lyrics los ntawm P. Verlaine, 1886-88), Ob tug romances (lo lus los ntawm Bourget, 1891), Peb lub suab (lo lus los ntawm Verlaine, 1891), Lyric prose (Proses lyriques, lyrics by D. ., 1892-93), Cov Nkauj ntawm Bilitis (Chansons de Bilitis, lyrics los ntawm P. Louis, 1897), Peb Zaj Nkauj ntawm Fabkis (Trois chansons de France, lyrics los ntawm C. Orleans thiab T. Hermite, 1904), Peb lub ballads ntawm cov lyrics. F. Villon (1910), Peb zaj paj huam los ntawm S. Mallarmé (1913), Christmas ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas tsis muaj chaw nyob lawm (Noël des enfants qui n'ont plus de maison, lyrics by Debussy, 1915), thiab lwm yam.; suab paj nruag rau kev ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam – King Lear (sketches thiab sketches, 1897-99), Lub Martyrdom ntawm St. Sebastian (suab paj nruag rau oratorio-tsis paub meej ntawm tib lub npe los ntawm G. D'Annunzio, 1911); transcripts - ua haujlwm los ntawm KV Gluck, R. Schumann, C. Saint-Saens, R. Wagner, E. Satie, PI Tchaikovsky (3 seev cev los ntawm ballet "Swan Lake"), thiab lwm yam.