Dutch tsev kawm ntawv |

Dutch tsev kawm ntawv - coj tswv yim kev taw qhia rau wok. hu nkauj. polyphony 15th-16th centuries Nws tsim nyob rau hauv lub Netherlands (keeb kwm; united lub niaj hnub Netherlands, Belgium, North-East Fabkis thiab Luxembourg); II. sh. kuj hu ua Burgundian thiab Flemish, Franco-Flemish. N. sh. suav nrog ntau tiam neeg ntawm netherl. composers uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws Europe. lub teb chaws uas nws cov kab lig kev cai tau pom, uas ua rau muaj kev nce hauv zos polyphonics. tsev kawm ntawv. Nws yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm theem siab ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm Dutch suab paj nruag. Kev siv nkauj hmoob. kev creativity, N. sh. summed txog cov achievements ntawm teb chaws Europe. wok-choir polyphony 9 - ntxov. Xyoo pua 15th (Lus Askiv thiab Fab Kis, kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj noj coj ua) thiab cim lub hnub qub ntawm cov classic. hu nkauj. polyphony. N. sh. tsim ib tug universal system ntawm txoj cai ntawm polyphony - ib tug complex counterpoint ntawm ib tug nruj style, tsim ib tug classic. samples wok.-choir. polyphonic hom, pawg ntseeg thiab secular – pawg, motet, chanson, madrigal thiab tau pom zoo rau dominance ntawm ib tug tag nrho-sounding 4-lub suab, lub suab ntawm uas tau sib npaug, thiab tsim cov kab lig kev cai ntawm 3-lub hom phiaj suab paj nruag. lub tsev khaws khoom. Composers N. sh. txawv los ntawm kev txawj counterpoint txheej txheem, ncav cuag kev cais tawm. virtuosity nyob rau hauv lub creation ntawm chorus. polygonal khoom. (lawv coj tus naj npawb ntawm kev pov npav ywj pheej rau 30), cia siab tias yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam. nkauj ntawm cov nram qab no eras. Suab paj nruag ntawm tus tswv ntawm N. sh. npaj ua ntej. rau pawg hu nkauj. Pen. ib cappella. Cov cuab yeej accompaniment tau suav nrog hauv kev ua koob tsheej. (solemnis) pawg thiab motets, ob npaug rau wok. tog (ch. arr. bass), thiab feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv secular polyphonic. nkauj.

Center. hom suab paj nruag N. sh. – hu nkauj. ib cappella mass, typ. qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm swarm yog txiav txim los ntawm lub embodiment ntawm philosophical thiab contemplative tswv yim ntawm nws lub sij hawm (txog ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no loj loj, hais txog kev sib haum xeeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, thiab lwm yam). Lub complex suab tsim ntawm pawg, uas muaj tag nrho-suab lub hwj chim thiab impressive cuam tshuam, sib xws rau qhov zoo ntawm Gothic. cathedrals, qhov chaw uas lawv tau ua nyob rau hnub solemn kev ntseeg. kev ua koob tsheej. Kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov suab paj nruag, nws cov cwj pwm sib sib zog nqus thiab kev tshoov siab tau pom los ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg sau npe siab thiab cov xim ntshiab ntawm cov tub hluas thiab cov txiv neej hu nkauj. cuav; kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo thiab kev siv yooj yim ntawm melodic. kab, kev zoo nkauj ntawm lawv pob tshab counterpointing, filigree precision ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Secular lyrics yuav luag tsis txawv ntawm sab ntsuj plig; nws nar. melodic lub hauv paus thiab cus ciav kev xav tau dav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm lub composers ntawm lub N. sh., tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th. Txawm hais tias pawg neeg feem ntau hnov ​​​​cov npe ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab uas siv rau hauv lawv ("Armed Man", "Pleet Face", thiab lwm yam).

Lub npe "N. sh.” qhia los ntawm R. G. Kizevetter (hauv nws txoj haujlwm "Kev Pabcuam ntawm Netherlands rau Art of Music", 1828), uas tau thov kom muaj kev faib ua feem rau hauv 3 (lossis 4) N. sh. raws li lub spheres ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm nws cov thawj coj sawv cev. 1st N. sh., Burgundian, sawv hauv nruab nrab. 15 c ua. ntawm lub tsev hais plaub Burgundian hauv Dijon, txawv los ntawm lub tsev hais plaub zoo heev. kab lis kev cai thiab tsim Fabkis. kev lig kev cai. Lub tsev kawm ntawv no kuj tau ntsib qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev muaj tswv yim tshiab ntawm lus Askiv. polyphonists, ch. sij hawm tuaj txog. lus Askiv zoo. Komi. J. Dunstable, uas ua haujlwm nyob rau Fabkis (qhia Burgundian musicians). 1st N.sh. coj los ntawm J. Binchois, uas tau ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Duke of Burgundy, Philip tus Zoo (tus tsim ntawm kev txawj ntse kev hlub chanson) thiab G. Dufay (tseem ua haujlwm hauv Ltalis thiab Fab Kis; tus tsim ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv polyphonic hauv Cambrai), uas yog nto moo rau ballads, rondels, masses, motets, ho txhim kho polyphony. txheej txheem thiab suab paj nruag notation. 2 thiab 3 N. sh. (tom ntej tiam ntawm composers) naz. Flemish. Lawv cov thawj coj: J. Okegem (ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev hais plaub Fab Kis) - ib txwm muaj npe. nws "tus thawj coj ntawm counterpoint" rau nws qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov txheej txheem los ntawm kev coj ua, uas kuj tau siv rau hauv qhov majestic mystical. pawg neeg, thiab nyob rau hauv lub advent. lyric tej yam me me; J. Obrecht (nyob hauv Netherlands, Fabkis, Ltalis) - nws Op. Qhov txawv los ntawm kev ua kom zoo nkauj thiab tsim txiaj, kev xav thiab cov yeeb yuj nthuav tawm ntawm cov suab paj nruag nrog qhov tseeb ntawm thematic, siv Nar. melodies (flam., German, Italian) thiab seev cev. rhythms, nws pawg neeg nto moo, mob siab rau. Virgin Mary, tus thiaj li hu. parodic pawg, nplaim taws. chanson thiab lawv instr. trance. seev cev; Josquin Despres (ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntau lub nroog ntawm Ltalis thiab Northern Fabkis) - tus sau ntawm zoo heev cult tej hauj lwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog paub rau nws kos duab ntawm kev nthuav qhia ntau haiv neeg ntawm sab ntsuj plig kev paub nyob rau hauv elegant polyphonics ntawm ntau yam cwj pwm. nkauj thiab motets imbued nrog humanistic cwj pwm, yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj sau ntawm polyphonic. instr. plays yuav depict. cim. 4th N. sh., uas kis mus rau hauv pem teb 2. 16th caug xyoo nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, coj los ntawm Orlando di Lasso (nyob rau hauv ltalis, Fabkis, England, Bavaria), nto moo rau nws "Penitential Psalms", Sat. motets "Great music creation", pawg ntseeg. prod., as well as tsim rau ntawm Nar. raws li cov nkauj zoo nkauj, scenes, cov yeeb yuj villanelles yuav piav qhia. tus cwj pwm, madrigals rau paj huam los ntawm paj huam ntawm Renaissance thiab antiquity. Great masters ntawm N. sh. muaj ntau tus followers, zoo heev contrapuntalists, uas raug caw mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv decomp. European lub zos; Venetian polyphonic. lub tsev kawm ntawv tau tsim los ntawm A. Willart, Roman ib los ntawm J. Arkadelt, F. le Bel (nws yog ib tug xib fwb ntawm Palestrina); G. Isak ua haujlwm hauv Florence, Innsbruck, Augsburg, A. Brumel - hauv Ferrara. Nyob rau hauv ltalis, composers N. sh. tau tsim lub hauv paus rau Italian lyric madrigal. Ntawm lwm tus paub zoo tus tswv ntawm N. sh. -A. Bunois, P. de la Rau, L. Comper, J. Mouton, A. de Feven, N. Gombert, J. Clemens - "tsis yog txiv", F. Verdelot, F.

Tshem tawm. kev vam meej N.sh. yog vim muaj txuj ci siab. cov txuj ci ntawm nws cov creators, uas tuaj ntawm ib lub teb chaws ntawm kev coj noj coj ua, uas tau vam meej ua tsaug rau cov neeg European. kev lag luam thiab kev sib raug zoo; ntawm no, thawj zaug hauv Tebchaws Europe, cov kws sau ntawv tau txais prof. kev kawm hauv meters. Kev loj hlob thiab kev faib tawm ntawm N. sh. kuj tau pab txhawb kev txhim kho cov suab paj nruag thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov suab paj nruag. Lub hnub qub ntawm N. sh. polyphony hnub rov qab mus rau lub hnub qub ntawm Netherlands. painting (ib lub tsev kawm txuj ci zoo sib xws), siv kos duab, architecture, kev xav thiab lej. Hauv kev tsim monumental polygons. compositions ntawm lub Netherlands. cov tswv tau tso siab rau cov lus qhia txog kev xav ntawm Neoplatonists, nrog rau kev suav nruj, DOS. ntawm kev ua lej tob. kev paub (ntau tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag Renaissance, suav nrog Dunstable thiab, tejzaum nws, Okegem thiab Obrecht, yog ib txhij ua lej, philosophers, astronomers thiab astrologers). Cov txheej txheem ntawm txoj cai ntawm polyphony tsim los ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv wok. Ib hom ntawv sau nruj, raws li ib qho cantus firmus (liturgical lossis ntau zaus pej xeem) thiab nws cov kev hloov kho, ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "kev sib koom ua ke hauv ntau haiv neeg" (raws li kev xav hauv ntiaj teb ntawm lub sijhawm). Nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm motets thiab masses, nyob rau hauv kev xaiv ntawm lub cantus firmus thiab nws kev ua koob tsheej, ib tug tej yam symbolism tau qhia. Allegorical xav ntawm lub era, nws lej. kev txawj ntse tau pom tseeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev nthuav tawm ntawm enigmatic canons (kev txawj ntse ntawm cov txheej txheem contrapuntal ntawm cov epigones ntawm N. sh. qee zaum muaj nuj nqis rau qhov kev ua si muaj txiaj ntsig nrog kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo heev).

Kev kos duab. kev ua tiav ntawm cov neeg sau nkauj zoo ntawm N. sh., cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag polyphonic pom zoo los ntawm lawv. compositions tau dhau los ua universal rau kev txhim kho tom ntej ntawm decomp. styles ntawm kev sau dawb, twb raws li lwm yam zoo nkauj. cov hauv paus ntsiab lus, thiab yog lub hauv paus rau kev vam meej ntxiv ntawm tag nrho cov teb chaws Europe. suab paj nruag, wok thiab instr., tsis tsuas yog polyphonic, tab sis kuj homophonic (saib Homophony), thiab lawv cov tswv yim ntawm inversion, conversion, imitation, thiab lwm yam, nkag mus rau cov txheej txheem ntawm dodecaphony. Raws li qhov tshwm sim stylistic, N. sh. pib ua tiav lub sijhawm ntawm kev tswj hwm hauv Tebchaws Europe. nkauj ntseeg pawg ntseeg. (Catholic) wok.-choir. hom thiab xav txog nyob rau hauv lawv philosophical thiab kev cai dab qhuas. worldview (tom qab ntawd nws manifested nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv Protestant wok-instr. suab paj nruag, lub ncov ntawm uas yog ua hauj lwm ntawm JS Bach).

References: Bulychev V., Suab paj nruag ntawm ib tug nruj style thiab classical lub sij hawm ..., M., 1909; Kiesewetter B., Die Verdienste der Niederländer um die Tonkunst, W., 1828; Wolff H., Die Musik der alten Niederländer, Lpz., 1956; Backers, S., Nederlandsche componisten van 1400 tot op onzen tijd, s'-Gravenhage, 1942, 1950; Borren Ch. van den, Dufay thiab nws lub tsev kawm ntawv, nyob rau hauv The new Oxford history of music, v. 3, L. – NY – Toronto, 1960; Bridgman N., Lub hnub nyoog ntawm Ockeghem thiab Josquin, ibid.; saib bibl. mus Art. Dutch suab paj nruag, Mass, Counterpoint, Polyphony, nruj style.

LG Berger