Ottorino Respighi (Ottorino Respighi) |

Ottorino Respighi

Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Italian suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Respighi tau nkag mus ua tus sau cov haujlwm ci ntsa iab symphonic tej hauj lwm ( paj huam "Roman Fountains", "Pins of Rome").

Tus neeg sau yav tom ntej tau yug los rau hauv tsev neeg ntawm cov kws ntaus nkauj. Nws yawg yog ib tug kws kho mob, nws txiv yog ib tug pianist, nws muaj Respighi thiab coj nws thawj zaj lus qhia piano. Xyoo 1891-99. Respighi kev tshawb fawb ntawm Music Lyceum hauv Bologna: ua si lub violin nrog F. Sarti, counterpoint thiab fugue nrog Dall Olio, muaj pes tsawg leeg nrog L. Torqua thiab J. Martucci. Txij li thaum xyoo 1899 nws tau ua yeeb yam hauv kev ua yeeb yaj kiab. Nyob rau hauv 1900 nws tau sau ib qho ntawm nws thawj zaug - "Symphonic Variations" rau orchestra.

Nyob rau hauv 1901, raws li ib tug violinist nyob rau hauv lub orchestra, Respighi tuaj ncig xyuas rau St. Petersburg nrog ib tug Italian opera troupe. Nov yog lub rooj sib tham tseem ceeb nrog N. Rimsky-Korsakov. Tus kws sau paj huam Lavxias teb sab txias tos txais tus qhua tsis paub, tab sis tom qab saib nws cov qhab nia, nws tau nyiam thiab pom zoo kawm nrog cov tub ntxhais hluas Italian. Cov chav kawm tau siv sijhawm 5 lub hlis. Nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov, Respighi sau Prelude, Chorale thiab Fugue rau orchestra. Cov ntawv sau no tau dhau los ua nws txoj haujlwm kawm tiav ntawm Bologna Lyceum, thiab nws tus kws qhia Martucci tau sau tseg: "Respighi tsis yog tub ntxhais kawm, tab sis yog tus tswv." Txawm li cas los xij, tus kws sau ntawv txuas ntxiv txhim kho: xyoo 1902 nws tau coj cov lus qhia los ntawm M. Bruch hauv Berlin. Ib xyoo tom qab, Respighi rov mus xyuas Russia nrog lub opera troupe, nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg thiab Moscow. Tau paub cov lus Lavxias, nws tau paub txog kev ua yeeb yam ntawm lub nroog no nrog kev txaus siab, txaus siab rau Moscow opera thiab ballet ua yeeb yam nrog scenery thiab costumes K. Korovin thiab L. Bakst. Kev sib raug zoo nrog Russia tsis nres txawm tias tom qab rov qab mus rau lawv lub tebchaws. A. Lunacharsky kawm nyob rau hauv University of Bologna, uas tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub 20s, qhia qhov kev xav tias Respighi yuav tuaj rau Russia dua.

Respighi yog ib tug ntawm thawj Italian composers los rediscover ib nrab-tsis nco qab nplooj ntawv ntawm Italian suab paj nruag. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1900s nws tsim ib tug tshiab orchestration ntawm "Ariadne's Lament" los ntawm C. Monteverdi, thiab cov composition tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv Berlin Philharmonic.

Xyoo 1914, Respighi twb yog tus sau peb qhov kev ua yeeb yam, tab sis kev ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam no tsis ua rau nws ua tiav. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov creation ntawm symphonic paj huam Lub Fountains ntawm Rome (1917) muab tus composer nyob rau hauv lub forefront ntawm Italian musicians. Qhov no yog thawj feem ntawm ib yam ntawm symphonic trilogy: Lub Fountains ntawm Rome, Lub Pines ntawm Rome (1924) thiab Lub Koobtsheej ntawm Rome (1928). G. Puccini, uas paub tus kws sau ntawv zoo thiab yog phooj ywg nrog nws, hais tias: “Koj puas paub leej twg yog thawj tus kawm Respighi cov qhab nia? I. Los ntawm lub tsev luam ntawv Ricordi kuv tau txais thawj daim ntawv luam ntawm txhua yam ntawm nws cov qhab nia tshiab thiab ntau thiab ntau dua qhuas nws cov txuj ci tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ntsuas.

Kev paub nrog I. Stravinsky, S. Diaghilev, M. Fokin thiab V. Nijinsky yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau Respighi txoj haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv 1919 Diaghilev pab pawg ua yeeb yam hauv London nws tus kws ntaus pob The Miracle Shop, raws li cov suab paj nruag ntawm piano los ntawm G. Rossini.

Txij li xyoo 1921, Respighi feem ntau tau ua tus thawj coj, ua nws tus kheej sau, ncig ua si pianist hauv Tebchaws Europe, Tebchaws Asmeskas, thiab Brazil. Los ntawm 1913 mus txog rau thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej, nws qhia nyob rau hauv lub Academy ntawm Santa Cecilia nyob rau hauv Rome, thiab nyob rau hauv 1924-26. yog nws tus thawj coj.

Respighi's symphonic hauj lwm tshwj xeeb ua ke nrog cov txheej txheem sau ntawv niaj hnub, cov yeeb yuj orchestration (cov lus hais saum toj no, "Brazilian Impressions"), thiab kev nyiam rau cov suab paj nruag qub, cov ntaub ntawv qub, piv txwv li cov ntsiab lus ntawm neoclassicism. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov composer tej hauj lwm tau sau nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab ntawm Gregorian chant ("Gregorian Concerto" rau violin, "Concerto nyob rau hauv Mixolydian hom" thiab 3 preludes ntawm Gregorian suab paj nruag rau piano, "Doria Quartet"). Respighi muaj kev npaj pub dawb ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab "Tus Tub txib-Madam" los ntawm G. Pergolesi, "Cov Poj Niam Tricks" los ntawm D. Cimarosa, "Orpheus" los ntawm C. Monteverdi thiab lwm yam haujlwm los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv Italian thaum ub, orchestration ntawm tsib "Etudes-Paintings" los ntawm S. Rachmaninov, ib lub cev passacaglia hauv C minor JS Bach.

V. Ilyeva

• Cov npe ntawm cov haujlwm loj los ntawm Respighi →