Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov |
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Tsis yog nws lub peev xwm, lossis nws lub zog, lossis nws txoj kev ua siab zoo rau nws cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov phooj ywg, tsis muaj zog. Lub neej zoo kawg nkaus thiab kev ua haujlwm hauv lub tebchaws ntawm tus neeg zoo li no yuav tsum yog peb txoj kev txaus siab thiab kev xyiv fab. ... Ntau npaum li cas tuaj yeem taw qhia nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov keeb kwm ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm cov xwm txheej siab, xws li cov kws ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj thiab cov neeg txawv txawv li Rimsky-Korsakov? V. Stasov
Yuav luag 10 xyoo tom qab qhib thawj Lavxias teb sab conservatory nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm 1871, ib tug tshiab xib fwb ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab orchestration tshwm nyob rau hauv nws cov phab ntsa. Txawm tias nws cov hluas - nws nyob rau hauv nws nees nkaum-yim xyoo - nws twb tau koob meej raws li tus sau ntawm thawj compositions rau orchestra: Overtures ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntxhais, Fantasies ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm Serbian pej xeem nkauj, ib tug symphonic daim duab raws li nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab epic " Sadko" thiab suite ntawm zaj dab neeg ntawm oriental fairy taleas "Antar". Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau romances tau sau, thiab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv keeb kwm opera Tus Maid ntawm Pskov nyob rau hauv tag nrho viav vias. Tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem xav txog (tsawg kawg ntawm txhua tus thawj coj ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej, uas tau caw N. Rimsky-Korsakov) tias nws tau los ua tus kws sau nkauj uas yuav luag tsis muaj kev cob qhia suab paj nruag.
Rimsky-Korsakov yug hauv tsev neeg nyob deb ntawm kev nyiam ua yeeb yam. Cov niam txiv, raws li tsev neeg kev lig kev cai, tau npaj tus tub rau kev ua haujlwm hauv Navy (tus txiv ntxawm thiab tus tij laug yog cov neeg tsav nkoj). Txawm hais tias muaj peev xwm ua suab paj nruag tau tshwm sim thaum ntxov, tsis muaj leej twg los kawm tiag hauv lub nroog me me. Piano zaj lus qhia tau muab los ntawm ib tus neeg nyob ze, tom qab ntawd tus thawj coj paub thiab tus tub kawm ntawm kev tswj hwm no. Cov kev xav suab paj nruag tau ntxiv los ntawm pej xeem cov nkauj ua los ntawm ib tus niam thiab txiv ntxawm thiab kev hu nkauj hauv Tikhvin Monastery.
Nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, qhov twg Rimsky-Korsakov tuaj rau npe nyob rau hauv lub Naval Corps, nws mus saib lub tsev opera thiab concerts, paub Ivan Susanin thiab Glinka lub Ruslan thiab Lyudmila, Beethoven lub symphonies. Nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, thaum kawg nws muaj ib tug kws qhia ntawv tiag tiag – ib tug zoo heev pianist thiab kev kawm tshuab raj F. Canille. Nws qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv uas muaj txiaj ntsig los sau suab paj nruag nws tus kheej, qhia nws rau M. Balakirev, ib puag ncig cov neeg sau nkauj hluas - M. Mussorgsky, C. Cui, tom qab A. Borodin tau koom nrog lawv (Balakirev lub voj voog mus rau hauv keeb kwm hauv lub npe "Mighty Handful. ”).
Tsis muaj leej twg ntawm "Kuchkists" tsis tau kawm cov suab paj nruag tshwj xeeb. Lub kaw lus uas Balakirev tau npaj lawv rau kev ywj pheej muaj tswv yim ua haujlwm yog raws li hauv qab no: nws tam sim ntawd tau npaj lub luag haujlwm lub luag haujlwm, thiab tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv nws kev coj noj coj ua, kev sib tham sib koom ua ke, nrog rau kev kawm txog cov haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau ntawv loj, txhua qhov teeb meem tshwm sim. nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sau tau daws.
Kaum xya-xyoo-laus Rimsky-Korsakov tau qhia los ntawm Balakirev kom pib nrog symphony. Lub caij no, tus kws sau ntawv hluas, uas kawm tiav los ntawm Naval Corps, yuav tsum tau tawm mus ncig thoob ntiaj teb. Nws rov qab mus rau suab paj nruag thiab kos duab cov phooj ywg tsuas yog tom qab 3 xyoos. Cov txuj ci txawj ntse tau pab Rimsky-Korsakov sai sai ua lub suab paj nruag, thiab ci ntsa iab orchestration, thiab sau cov tswv yim, hla lub tsev kawm ntawv lub hauv paus. Tau tsim cov qhab nia symphonic nyuaj thiab ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, tus kws sau ntawv tsis paub txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb suab paj nruag thiab tsis paub txog cov ntsiab lus tsim nyog. Thiab mam li nco dheev ib qho kev qhia los qhia ntawm lub conservatory! .. "Yog tias kuv kawm tau me ntsis, yog tias kuv paub me ntsis ntau dua qhov kuv paub tiag tiag, ces nws yuav ua rau kuv paub meej tias kuv ua tsis tau thiab tsis muaj cai los coj cov lus qhia uas tau hais los ua ib tus xibfwb. yuav yog ob qho tib si ruam thiab tsis ua raws li kuv txoj haujlwm, "Rimsky-Korsakov rov qab los. Tab sis tsis yog kev ua tsis ncaj ncees, tab sis lub luag haujlwm siab tshaj plaws, nws tau qhia, pib kawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus uas nws yuav tsum tau qhia.
Cov kev xav zoo nkauj thiab kev pom ntiaj teb ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1860. nyob rau hauv lub "Mighty Handful" thiab nws ideologist V. Stasov. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub hauv paus hauv tebchaws, kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev ywj pheej, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab cov duab ntawm nws txoj haujlwm tau txiav txim siab. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo caum tom ntej, Rimsky-Korsakov cov kev ua ub no yog multifaceted: nws qhia nyob rau hauv lub conservatory, txhim kho nws tus kheej composing txheej txheem (sau canons, fugues), tuav txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus soj ntsuam ntawm tooj dag bands ntawm lub Naval Department (1873-84) thiab ua symphony. concerts, hloov tus thawj coj ntawm lub Free Music School Balakirev thiab npaj rau kev tshaj tawm (ua ke nrog Balakirev thiab Lyadov) cov qhab nia ntawm Glinka's operas, cov ntaub ntawv thiab harmonizes pej xeem nkauj (thawj sau yog luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1876, lub thib ob - nyob rau hauv 1882).
Kev rov hais dua rau Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag folklore, nrog rau kev kawm ntxaws ntxaws ntawm Glinka cov qhab nia opera hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj lawv rau kev tshaj tawm, pab tus kws sau ntawv kov yeej qhov kev xav ntawm qee yam ntawm nws cov ntawv sau, uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev tshawb fawb hnyav hauv cov txheej txheem sib xyaw. Ob lub operas sau tom qab Tus Maid ntawm Pskov (1872) - Tsib Hlis Ntuj (1879) thiab Snow Maiden (1881) - embodied Rimsky-Korsakov txoj kev hlub rau pej xeem rituals thiab pej xeem song thiab nws pantheistic worldview.
Creativity ntawm lub composer ntawm lub 80s. Feem ntau sawv cev los ntawm symphonic tej hauj lwm: "The Tale" (1880), Sinfonietta (1885) thiab Piano Concerto (1883), nrog rau cov nto moo "Spanish Capriccio" (1887) thiab "Scheherazade" (1888). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Rimsky-Korsakov ua haujlwm hauv Tsev Hais Plaub Choir. Tab sis nws mob siab rau feem ntau ntawm nws lub sijhawm thiab lub zog los npaj rau kev ua yeeb yam thiab tshaj tawm cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm nws cov phooj ywg lig - Mussorgsky's Khovanshchina thiab Borodin's Prince Igor. Nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm hnyav ntawm cov qhab nia ua yeeb yam tau coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias Rimsky-Korsakov tus kheej ua haujlwm tau tsim nyob rau xyoo no hauv symphonic sphere.
Tus kws sau ntawv rov qab mus rau opera nkaus xwb nyob rau hauv 1889, tau tsim lub enchanting Mlada (1889-90). Txij li thaum nruab nrab 90s. Ib qho tom qab lwm qhov yog ua raws li Hmo Ua Ntej Christmas (1895), Sadko (1896), cov lus tshaj tawm rau Tus Maid ntawm Pskov - ib qho yeeb yam Boyar Vera Sheloga thiab Tsar's Bride (ob leeg 1898). Nyob rau xyoo 1900, Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Tsar Saltan (1900), Servilia (1901), Pan Governor (1903), Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Invisible City of Kitezh (1904) thiab Golden Cockerel (1907) tau tsim.
Thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej muaj tswv yim, tus kws sau nkauj kuj tig mus rau lub suab nkauj. Nyob rau hauv 79 ntawm nws romances, paj huam ntawm A. Pushkin, M. Lermontov, AK Tolstoy, L. May, A. Fet, thiab los ntawm txawv teb chaws sau J. Byron thiab G. Heine.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov txoj hauj lwm muaj ntau haiv neeg: nws kuj qhia cov pej xeem-keeb kwm lub ntsiab ("Tus poj niam ntawm Pskov", "Cov lus dab neeg ntawm lub Invisible City ntawm Kitezh"), sphere ntawm lyrics ("Lub Tsar's Bride", ". Servilia”) thiab kev ua yeeb yam niaj hnub (“Pan Voyevoda”), qhia txog cov duab ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj (“Antar”, “Scheherazade”), embodied cov yam ntxwv ntawm lwm yam suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai (“Serbian Fantasy”, “Spanish Capriccio”, thiab lwm yam.) . Tab sis ntau tus yam ntxwv ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov yog fantasy, zoo heev, muaj kev sib txuas nrog pej xeem kos duab.
Tus kws sau nkauj tau tsim tag nrho cov duab tshwj xeeb hauv nws qhov ntxim nyiam, dawb huv, maj mam lyrical poj niam cov duab - ob qho tib si tiag tiag thiab zoo heev (Pannochka hauv "May Night", Snegurochka, Martha hauv "Tus Tsar's Bride", Fevronia hauv "Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Lub Nroog Tsis Pom Zoo ntawm Kitezh"), cov duab ntawm pej xeem neeg hu nkauj (Lel nyob rau hauv "Lub Snow Maiden", Nezhata nyob rau hauv "Sadko").
Tsim nyob rau hauv 1860s. tus kws sau ntawv tseem muaj kev ntseeg siab rau cov kev coj noj coj ua zoo nyob hauv nws lub neej. Nyob rau hnub ua ntej ntawm thawj Lavxias teb sab kiv puag ncig ntawm 1905 thiab nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas ua raws li nws, Rimsky-Korsakov tau sau lub operas Kashchei lub Immortal (1902) thiab Golden Cockerel, uas tau pom tias yog ib tug denunciation ntawm nom tswv stagnation uas kav nyob rau hauv lub operas. Russia.
Txoj kev muaj tswv yim ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tau siv sijhawm ntau dua 40 xyoo. Nkag mus rau nws raws li kev ua tiav rau cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Glinka, nws thiab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XX. txaus sawv cev rau Lavxias teb sab kos duab nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai. Rimsky-Korsakov lub tswv yim thiab suab paj nruag-public kev ua ub no yog multifaceted: composer thiab conductor, tus sau ntawm theoretical tej hauj lwm thiab xyuas, editor ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm Dargomyzhsky, Mussorgsky thiab Borodin, nws muaj ib tug muaj zog lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag.
Tshaj li 37 xyoo ntawm kev qhia nyob rau hauv lub conservatory, nws qhia ntau tshaj 200 composers: A. Glazunov, A. Lyadov, A. Arensky, M. Ippolitov-Ivanov, I. Stravinsky, N. Cherepnin, A. Grechaninov, N. Myaskovsky, S. Prokofiev thiab lwm tus. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntsiab lus oriental los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov ("Antar", "Scheherazade", "Golden Cockerel") yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai ntawm Transcaucasia thiab Central Asia, thiab ntau yam seascapes ("Sadko", "Sheherazade". "," Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Tsar Saltan ", lub voj voog ntawm kev sib hlub "Los ntawm Hiav Txwv", thiab lwm yam) tau txiav txim siab ntau hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm Fabkis tus txiv neej C. Debussy thiab Italian O. Respighi.
E. Gordeeva
Cov hauj lwm ntawm Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov yog ib tug tshwj xeeb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai. Lub ntsiab lus tsis yog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub enormous artistic qhov tseem ceeb, colossal ntim, tsis tshua muaj versatility ntawm nws ua hauj lwm, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov composer cov hauj lwm yuav luag tag nrho cov dynamic era nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm - los ntawm cov neeg pluag kev hloov kho mus rau lub sij hawm ntawm revolutions. Ib qho ntawm thawj cov hauj lwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais suab paj nruag yog qhov instrumentation ntawm Dargomyzhsky qhov nyuam qhuav ua tiav Lub Pob Zeb Qhua, qhov kawg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tus tswv, Golden Cockerel, hnub rov qab mus rau 1906-1907: opera tau tsim ib txhij nrog Scriabin's Poem of Ecstasy, Rachmaninov thib ob Symphony; Tsuas yog plaub xyoos cais lub premiere ntawm The Golden Cockerel (1909) los ntawm lub premiere ntawm Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring, ob los ntawm Prokofiev qhov debut ua ib tug composer.
Yog li, kev ua haujlwm ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus chronological, tsim, raws li nws yog, cov tub ntxhais ntawm Lavxias teb sab classical suab paj nruag, txuas qhov txuas ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Glinka-Dargomyzhsky thiab lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Synthesizing lub achievements ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv St. Petersburg los ntawm Glinka mus rau Lyadov thiab Glazunov, absorbing ntau los ntawm cov kev paub ntawm Muscovites - Tchaikovsky, Taneyev, composers uas ua nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm lub thib ob thiab thib nees nkaum xyoo pua, nws yeej ib txwm qhib rau tshiab artistic tiam sis, domestic thiab txawv teb chaws.
Lub ntsiab lus, systematizing tus cwj pwm yog muaj nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov txoj hauj lwm - composer, xib fwb, theorist, conductor, editor. Nws lub neej ua haujlwm tag nrho yog lub ntiaj teb nyuaj, uas kuv xav hu ua "Rimsky-Korsakov cosmos". Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev ua ub no yog los sau, tsom mus rau cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm lub teb chaws suab paj nruag thiab, ntau dua, kev nco qab zoo nkauj, thiab thaum kawg los tsim cov duab tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev pom (ntawm chav kawm, hauv nws tus kheej, "Korsakovian" refraction). Qhov kev sib sau no yog inextricably txuas nrog tus kheej, tus sau txoj kev hloov pauv, ib yam li cov txheej txheem ntawm kev qhia, kev qhia - tsis yog cov tub ntxhais kawm ncaj qha, tab sis tag nrho cov suab paj nruag ib puag ncig - nrog rau kev kawm tus kheej, kev kawm tus kheej.
AN Rimsky-Korsakov, tus kws sau ntawv tus tub, hais txog kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm ntau yam haujlwm uas tau daws los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov, tau piav qhia txog lub neej ntawm tus kws kos duab zoo li "puffer-like interweaving of threads." Nws, xav txog qhov ua rau tus kws ntaus nkauj zoo nkauj tau mob siab rau ib feem loj ntawm nws lub sijhawm thiab lub zog rau "sab" hom kev kawm, taw qhia rau "kev nco qab meej ntawm nws lub luag haujlwm rau Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag thiab cov kws ntaus nkauj." “Service"- lo lus tseem ceeb hauv lub neej ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov, ib yam li "kev lees txim" - hauv lub neej ntawm Mussorgsky.
Nws ntseeg tau hais tias Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 1860 kom meej meej yuav assimilate cov achievements ntawm lwm yam txuj ci kawm rau nws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov ntaub ntawv: li no nyiam rau "hais lus" hom (los ntawm romance, song mus rau opera, lub crown ntawm lub opera. muaj tswv yim kev ntshaw ntawm tag nrho cov composers ntawm lub xyoo pua), thiab nyob rau hauv instrumental - ib tug dav txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm programming. Txawm li cas los xij, tam sim no tau dhau los ua ntau pom tseeb tias daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsim los ntawm Lavxias teb sab classical suab paj nruag tsis zoo ib yam rau cov ntawv nyeem, painting lossis architecture. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab composer tsev kawm ntawv yog txuas nrog ob qho tib si nrog rau cov kev tshwj xeeb ntawm suab paj nruag raws li ib tug kos duab daim ntawv thiab nrog rau tshwj xeeb txoj hauj lwm ntawm suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws kab lis kev cai ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX, nrog nws cov hauj lwm tshwj xeeb hauv kev nkag siab lub neej.
Cov xwm txheej keeb kwm thiab kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws Russia tau txiav txim siab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg uas, raws li Glinka, "tsim suab paj nruag" thiab cov neeg uas xav "tsim" nws. Qhov kev puas tsuaj yog qhov tob, tragically irreversible, thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig tau xav txog niaj hnub no. Tab sis, ntawm qhov tod tes, cov txheej txheem ntau txheej auditory kev paub ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg muaj inexhaustible possibilities rau lub zog thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kos duab. Tej zaum, hauv suab paj nruag, "kev tshawb pom ntawm Russia" tau nthuav tawm nrog lub zog loj tshaj plaws, txij li lub hauv paus ntawm nws cov lus - intonation - yog qhov kev tshwm sim zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tib neeg thiab haiv neeg, ib qho kev nthuav qhia ntawm sab ntsuj plig kev paub ntawm tib neeg. "ntau tus qauv" ntawm lub teb chaws intonation ib puag ncig nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua ua ntej kawg yog ib tug ntawm cov prerequisites rau lub innovation ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag tsev kawm ntawv. Sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm multidirectional tiam sis - hais lus, los ntawm pagan, Proto-Slavic cov hauv paus hniav mus rau cov tswv yim tshiab ntawm Western European suab paj nruag romanticism, cov txheej txheem siab tshaj plaws ntawm suab paj nruag technology - yog ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag ntawm ib nrab ntawm lub thib ob. XNUMX xyoo pua. Thaum lub sijhawm no, nws thaum kawg tso lub zog ntawm kev siv lub zog thiab dhau los ua lub ntiaj teb pom hauv suab.
Feem ntau hais lus txog rau caum xyoo ntawm Mussorgsky, Balakirev, Borodin, peb zoo li tsis nco qab tias Rimsky-Korsakov belongs rau tib lub sijhawm. Lub caij no, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau nrhiav tau ib tug kws ua yeeb yam uas muaj kev ncaj ncees rau lub siab tshaj plaws thiab ntshiab lub hom phiaj ntawm nws lub sijhawm.
Cov neeg uas paub Rimsky-Korsakov tom qab - nyob rau hauv lub 80s, 90s, 1900s - yeej tsis nkees ntawm kev xav tsis thoob ntawm qhov hnyav npaum li cas nws prosaiced nws tus kheej thiab nws txoj hauj lwm. Yog li cov kev txiav txim tsis tu ncua txog qhov "dryness" ntawm nws qhov xwm txheej, nws "kev kawm", "rationalism", thiab lwm yam. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov sixties, ua ke nrog kev zam ntawm ntau yam pathos nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau ib tus kheej tus cwj pwm, yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug kws kos duab Lavxias. Ib tug ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov cov tub ntxhais kawm, MF Gnesin, qhia lub tswv yim tias tus kws kos duab, nyob rau hauv ib qho kev tawm tsam tsis tu ncua nrog nws tus kheej thiab nrog cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig nws, nrog rau cov saj ntawm nws lub sijhawm, qee zaum zoo li nyuaj, dhau los ua qee qhov ntawm nws cov lus txawm tias qis dua. tshaj nws tus kheej. Qhov no yuav tsum tau khaws cia rau hauv siab thaum txhais cov neeg sau cov lus. Thaj, cov lus hais ntawm lwm tus tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov, AV Ossovsky, tsim nyog yuav tsum tau saib ntau dua: qhov hnyav, kev tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm kev xav, kev tswj tus kheej, uas tsis sib xws nrog txoj hauv kev ntawm tus kws kos duab, yog li ntawd tus neeg muaj peev xwm tsawg dua tuaj yeem ua tau. Tsis txhob sawv ntawm cov "so", cov kev sim uas nws niaj hnub teeb tsa rau nws tus kheej: tus sau ntawm Tus Maid ntawm Pskov, zoo li ib tug tub kawm ntawv, zaum rau cov teeb meem hauv kev sib raug zoo, tus sau ntawm Snow Maiden tsis nco ib qho kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Wagner operas. , tus sau ntawm Sadko sau Mozart thiab Salieri, tus xibfwb qhia ntawv tsim Kashchei, thiab lwm yam. Thiab qhov no, dhau lawm, tuaj ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov tsis tsuas yog los ntawm xwm, tab sis kuj los ntawm lub sijhawm.
Nws txoj kev sib raug zoo yeej ib txwm muaj siab heev, thiab nws txoj haujlwm tau ua tiav los ntawm kev tsis txaus siab thiab tsis muaj kev sib koom siab rau lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua haujlwm rau pej xeem. Tab sis, tsis zoo li Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov tsis yog "populist" hauv qhov tshwj xeeb, keeb kwm ntawm lub sijhawm. Nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem ntawm cov neeg, nws ib txwm, pib nrog tus Maid ntawm Pskov thiab paj huam Sadko, tsis pom ntau npaum li cas cov keeb kwm thiab kev sib raug zoo li indivisible thiab nyob mus ib txhis. Piv nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Tchaikovsky los yog Mussorgsky nyob rau hauv cov ntawv ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov, nyob rau hauv nws Chronicle muaj ob peb nqe lus hais txog kev hlub rau cov neeg thiab rau Russia, tab sis raws li ib tug artist nws muaj ib tug colossal kev txiav txim zoo ntawm lub teb chaws lub meej mom, thiab nyob rau hauv lub messianism. Lavxias teb sab kos duab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog suab paj nruag, nws tsis muaj kev ntseeg tsawg tshaj li Mussorgsky.
Txhua tus Kuchkists tau pom los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lub xyoo caum raws li kev xav tsis thoob rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub neej, kev ntxhov siab nyob mus ib txhis ntawm kev xav. Nyob rau hauv Rimsky-Korsakov, nws tsom mus rau qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov xwm, to taub raws li kev sib sau ntawm lub ntsiab thiab txiv neej, thiab nyob rau hauv kos duab raws li lub siab tshaj plaws embodiment ntawm xws kev sib sau. Zoo li Mussorgsky thiab Borodin, nws tsis tu ncua rau "zoo", "zoo" kev paub txog lub ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv nws lub siab xav mus kawm tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm suab paj nruas science, nws pib los ntawm txoj hauj lwm - nyob rau hauv uas (zoo li Mussorgsky) nws ntseeg ruaj khov heev, qee zaum mus rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm naivety - uas nyob rau hauv kos duab muaj cov cai (cov qauv) uas yog raws li lub hom phiaj. , universal raws li nyob rau hauv science. tsis yog saj nyiam xwb.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev ua kom zoo nkauj thiab theoretical ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov tau txais yuav luag txhua qhov chaw ntawm kev paub txog suab paj nruag thiab tsim los ua kom tiav. Nws cov ntsiab lus yog: cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev ntsuas (ob qho tib si hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm loj), kev zoo nkauj thiab daim ntawv (cov ntawv sau ntawm xyoo 1890, cov ntawv tseem ceeb), lus dab neeg (sau ntawm kev npaj ntawm pej xeem cov nkauj thiab cov piv txwv ntawm kev nkag siab zoo. ntawm pej xeem motives nyob rau hauv compositions), kev qhia txog hom (ib tug loj theoretical ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm raug rhuav tshem los ntawm tus sau, tab sis ib tug luv luv version ntawm nws muaj sia nyob, nrog rau cov piv txwv ntawm kev txhais ntawm ancient hom nyob rau hauv kev npaj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj chants), polyphony (kev txiav txim siab hais hauv cov ntawv, hauv kev sib tham nrog Yastrebtsev, thiab lwm yam, thiab muaj tswv yim piv txwv), kev kawm suab paj nruag thiab lub koom haum ntawm lub neej suab paj nruag (cov ntawv, tab sis feem ntau yog kev kawm thiab kev ua ub no). Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov cheeb tsam no, Rimsky-Korsakov qhia bold lub tswv yim, lub novelty uas yog feem ntau tsis pom zoo los ntawm ib tug nruj, nruj daim ntawv ntawm kev nthuav qhia.
"Tus tsim ntawm Pskovityanka thiab Golden Cockerel tsis yog qhov rov qab los. Nws yog tus tsim kho tshiab, tab sis ib tus uas mob siab rau kev ua tiav classical thiab kev faib ua feem ntawm cov suab paj nruag "(Zuckerman VA). Raws li Rimsky-Korsakov, txhua yam tshiab tuaj yeem ua tau nyob rau hauv txhua qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib txuas caj ces nrog yav dhau los, logic, semantic conditionality, thiab architectonic lub koom haum. Xws li yog nws cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm functionality ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, nyob rau hauv uas lub logic functions yuav sawv cev los ntawm consonances ntawm ntau yam qauv; xws li yog nws cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm instrumentation, uas qhib nrog cov kab lus: "Tsis muaj ib tug phem sonorities nyob rau hauv lub orchestra." Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm suab paj nruag uas tau hais los ntawm nws yog qhov txawv txav, uas hom kev kawm tau cuam tshuam feem ntau nrog rau cov tub ntxhais kawm qhov khoom plig thiab muaj qee txoj hauv kev ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag.
Lub epigraph rau nws phau ntawv hais txog tus kws qhia ntawv MF Gnesin muab cov lus los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov tsab ntawv rau nws niam: "Saib lub hnub qub, tab sis tsis txhob saib thiab tsis poob." Qhov no seemingly random kab lus ntawm ib tug tub ntxhais hluas cadet ntawm Naval Corps remarkably characterizes txoj hauj lwm ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov raws li ib tug artist yav tom ntej. Tej zaum zaj lus piv txwv ntawm txoj moo zoo ntawm ob tug tub txib haum nws tus cwj pwm, ib tug hais tam sim ntawd “Kuv yuav mus” – thiab tsis mus, thiab ib tug thaum xub thawj hais tias “Kuv yuav tsis mus” – thiab mus (Matt., XXI, 28- 31).
Qhov tseeb, thaum lub sijhawm Rimsky-Korsakov txoj haujlwm, muaj ntau qhov tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm "cov lus" thiab "kev ua". Piv txwv li, tsis muaj leej twg thuam Kuchkism thiab nws cov kev tsis txaus siab (suffice nws kom nco qab lub exclamation los ntawm ib tsab ntawv rau Krutikov: "Au, Lavxias teb sab compositeоry - Stasov qhov tseem ceeb - lawv tshuav lawv qhov tsis muaj kev kawm rau lawv tus kheej! ", tag nrho cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg nyob rau hauv Chronicle txog Mussorgsky, hais txog Balakirev, thiab lwm yam.) - thiab tsis muaj leej twg tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas, tiv thaiv cov ntsiab lus zoo nkauj ntawm Kuchkism thiab tag nrho nws cov kev muaj tswv yim ua tiav: xyoo 1907, ob peb lub hlis ua ntej. Nws tuag, Rimsky-Korsakov hu nws tus kheej "tus ntseeg Kuchkist tshaj plaws." Ob peb tus neeg tau hais txog "lub sijhawm tshiab" feem ntau thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshiab tshwm sim ntawm suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai thaum tig ntawm lub xyoo pua thiab thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 80th - thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm yog li ntawd tob thiab tag nrho teb cov lus thov ntawm sab ntsuj plig. tshiab era ("Kashchey", "Kitezh", "Golden Cockerel" thiab lwm yam nyob rau hauv lub tom qab tej hauj lwm ntawm lub composer). Rimsky-Korsakov nyob rau hauv lub 90s - thaum ntxov XNUMXs tej zaum kuj hais hnyav heev txog Tchaikovsky thiab nws cov kev taw qhia - thiab nws tsis tu ncua kawm los ntawm nws antipode: txoj hauj lwm ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov, nws pedagogical kev ua si, undoubtedly, yog lub ntsiab txuas ntawm St. Petersburg thiab Moscow. tsev kawm ntawv. Korsakov qhov kev thuam ntawm Wagner thiab nws txoj kev hloov kho kev ua haujlwm yog qhov ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntau dua, thiab lub sijhawm no, ntawm cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag Lavxias, nws tau lees paub Wagner cov tswv yim thiab muaj tswv yim teb rau lawv. Thaum kawg, tsis muaj ib tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag Lavxias teb sab tsis tu ncua hais txog lawv txoj kev ntseeg kev ntseeg hauv cov lus, thiab ob peb tau tswj hwm los tsim cov duab sib sib zog nqus ntawm pej xeem txoj kev ntseeg hauv lawv txoj haujlwm.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov txoj kev ua yeeb yam thoob ntiaj teb yog "kev xav thoob ntiaj teb" (nws tus kheej qhia) thiab kev nkag siab dav dav ntawm mythologism ntawm kev xav. Nyob rau hauv tshooj los ntawm Chronicle mob siab rau Snow Maiden, nws tsim nws cov txheej txheem muaj tswv yim raws li nram no: "Kuv tau mloog cov suab ntawm xwm thiab pej xeem kev kos duab thiab xwm thiab coj qhov lawv hu nkauj thiab tawm tswv yim los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kuv txoj haujlwm." Tus kws kos duab tau tsom mus rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws tshwm sim ntawm lub cosmos - lub ntuj, hiav txwv, lub hnub, lub hnub qub, thiab nyob rau hauv lub zoo phenomena nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub neej - yug, kev hlub, kev tuag. Qhov no sib haum mus rau tag nrho cov aesthetic terminology ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nws nyiam lo lus - "xav tsis sib haum". Nws sau ntawv ntawm kev zoo nkauj qhib nrog kev lees paub ntawm kev kos duab raws li "sphere ntawm kev xav txog kev ua haujlwm", qhov twg lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev xav yog "lub neej ntawm tib neeg ntsuj plig thiab xwm, qhia nyob rau hauv lawv kev sib raug zoo". Ua ke nrog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm tib neeg tus ntsuj plig thiab qhov xwm txheej, tus kws kos duab lees paub kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhua hom kev kos duab (hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, nws tus kheej ua haujlwm yeej syncretic, txawm hais tias nyob rau ntau qhov chaw, piv txwv li, kev ua haujlwm ntawm Mussorgsky, leej twg kuj tau sib cav hais tias kev kos duab txawv ntawm cov khoom, tab sis tsis yog hauv cov dej num thiab lub hom phiaj). Rimsky-Korsakov tus kheej cov lus tuaj yeem muab tso ua ib lub ntsiab lus rau tag nrho cov hauj lwm ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov: "Tus sawv cev ntawm qhov zoo nkauj yog cov sawv cev ntawm infinite complexity." Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tsis yog neeg txawv teb chaws rau lub sijhawm nyiam ntawm Kuchkism thaum ntxov - "qhov tseeb kos duab", nws tawm tsam tsuas yog tawm tsam qhov kev nkag siab ntawm qhov nqaim, dogmatic ntawm nws.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev zoo nkauj ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov coj mus rau qhov tsis sib xws ntawm nws txoj haujlwm thiab kev nyiam rau pej xeem. Nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau nws, nws tsuas yog raws li txoj cai los hais lus ntawm incomprehensibility, raws li nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau Mussorgsky. Mussorgsky, ntau tshaj li Rimsky-Korsakov, sib haum mus rau nws era nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm hom txuj ci, nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev txaus siab (feem ntau hais lus, keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg thiab cov kev puas siab puas ntsws ntawm tus neeg), tab sis lub radicalism ntawm nws cov kev txiav txim siab tig tawm. kom dhau lub peev xwm ntawm nws lub sijhawm. Nyob rau hauv Rimsky-Korsakov kev nkag siab yuam kev tsis yog mob heev, tab sis tsis muaj tsawg dua.
Nws lub neej zoo li muaj kev zoo siab heev: tsev neeg zoo, kev kawm zoo, kev mus ncig thoob ntiaj teb, kev vam meej ntawm nws thawj zaug, kev ua neej zoo li qub, lub sijhawm rau mob siab rau nws tus kheej rau suab paj nruag, tom qab ntawd kev hwm thiab kev xyiv fab. kom pom kev loj hlob ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm txawj ntse nyob ib puag ncig nws. Txawm li cas los xij, pib ntawm qhov thib ob opera thiab mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub 90s, Rimsky-Korsakov tau ntsib nrog ib tug tsis to taub ntawm ob "nws" thiab "lawv". Cov Kuchkists suav hais tias nws tsis yog tus kws sau nkauj ua yeeb yam, tsis txawj ua yeeb yam thiab sau suab. Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm muaj ib lub tswv yim hais txog qhov tsis muaj thawj melody nyob rau hauv nws. Rimsky-Korsakov tau lees paub rau nws cov txuj ci, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm lub orchestra, tab sis tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv. Qhov kev nkag siab tsis txaus no yog qhov tseeb, qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev kub ntxhov hnyav uas tau ntsib los ntawm tus kws sau nkauj hauv lub sijhawm tom qab kev tuag ntawm Borodin thiab qhov kawg tawg ntawm Mighty Handful raws li kev muaj tswv yim. Thiab tsuas yog los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub 90s, lub kos duab ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov tau ntau thiab ntau nyob rau hauv tune nrog lub era thiab tau ntsib nrog kev lees paub thiab kev nkag siab ntawm cov tshiab Lavxias teb sab intelligentsia.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev paub txog cov tswv yim ntawm cov kws kos duab los ntawm pej xeem kev nco qab tau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov xwm txheej tom ntej hauv keeb kwm ntawm Russia. Tau ntau xyoo, kos duab ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov tau txhais (thiab embodied, yog hais tias peb tham txog theem realizations ntawm nws operas) nyob rau hauv ib tug heev simplistic txoj kev. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv nws - lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib sau ntawm tib neeg thiab lub cosmos, lub tswv yim ntawm kev pe hawm kev zoo nkauj thiab paub tsis meej ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tseem raug faus nyob rau hauv cov lus txhais tsis tseeb ntawm "nationality" thiab "realism". Txoj hmoo ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov cov cuab yeej cuab tam hauv qhov kev nkag siab no yog, ntawm chav kawm, tsis txawv: piv txwv li, Mussorgsky's operas tau raug kev cuam tshuam ntau dua. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias nyob rau lub sijhawm tsis ntev los no tau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb nyob ib puag ncig daim duab thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Mussorgsky, cov keeb kwm ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov tau nyob rau hauv qhov tsis txaus ntseeg nyob rau hauv kaum xyoo dhau los. Nws tau lees paub rau tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kawm ntawv, tab sis zoo li poob tawm ntawm pej xeem kev nco qab. Rimsky-Korsakov lub suab paj nruag yog ua si infrequently; Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no thaum nws operas ntaus rau theem, feem ntau ntawm cov dramatizations - zoo nkauj ntshiab, nplooj los yog nrov-zoo kawg nkaus - ua tim khawv rau ib tug txiav txim tsis meej pem ntawm lub composer lub tswv yim.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tias yog tias muaj cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub loj loj ntawm Mussorgsky hauv txhua hom lus nyob sab Europe loj, cov haujlwm loj ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov muaj tsawg heev. Ntxiv rau cov phau ntawv qub los ntawm I. Markevich, R. Hoffmann, N. Giles van der Pals, cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm nrov, nrog rau ntau cov ntawv nthuav tawm los ntawm Asmeskas thiab Askiv cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag txog cov teeb meem ntawm cov neeg sau ua haujlwm, ib tus tuaj yeem sau npe tsuas yog tus lej. ntawm cov hauj lwm los ntawm lub ntsiab Western tshwj xeeb ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov, Gerald Abraham . Qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws txoj kev kawm ntau xyoo yog, pom tseeb, ib tsab xov xwm hais txog tus kws sau ntawv rau qhov tshiab ntawm Grove's Encyclopedic Dictionary (1980). Nws cov kev cai tseem ceeb yog raws li nram no: raws li ib tug opera composer, Rimsky-Korsakov raug kev txom nyem los ntawm ib tug ua tiav tsis muaj kev ua yeeb yam flair, tsis muaj peev xwm los tsim cov cim; es tsis txhob siv suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam, nws tau sau cov suab paj nruag zoo nkauj thiab cov lus dab neeg; es tsis txhob ntawm cov cim, charming zoo heev menyuam roj hmab ua nyob rau hauv lawv; nws symphonic tej hauj lwm tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li "xim ci mosaics", thaum nws tsis txawj sau suab txhua.
Nyob rau hauv nws cov monograph ntawm Glinka, OE Levasheva sau tib yam tshwm sim ntawm incomprehension nyob rau hauv relation to Glinka lub suab paj nruag, classically harmonious, sau thiab tag nrho ntawm noble kev txwv, deb heev los ntawm primitive tswv yim txog "Lavxias teb sab exoticism" thiab zoo li "tsis txaus lub teb chaws" rau txawv teb chaws thuam. . Kev xav hauv tsev hais txog suab paj nruag, nrog rau qee qhov kev zam, tsis tsuas yog tsis tawm tsam qhov kev xav ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov - ntau heev nyob rau hauv Russia ib yam nkaus - tab sis feem ntau ua rau nws hnyav dua, hais txog kev xav txog kev xav ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov thiab cog lus cuav. kev tawm tsam rau Mussorgsky qhov kev tsim kho tshiab.
Tej zaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev lees paub rau kev kos duab ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov tseem ua ntej, thiab lub sijhawm yuav los thaum cov neeg ua yeeb yam, uas tsim ib qho tseem ceeb, tag nrho cov duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb tau npaj raws li cov cai ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev zoo nkauj. , yuav nrhiav tau lawv tus kheej, Lavxias teb sab Bayreuth, uas Rimsky-Korsakov lub contemporaries npau suav ntawm lub ua ntej ntawm 1917.
M. Rakhmanova
- Symphonic creativity →
- Instrumental creativity →
- Choral art →
- Romances →
