Txoj kev |

French ouverture, los ntawm lat. apertura - qhib, pib

Ib qho kev qhia txog kev ua yeeb yam nrog suab paj nruag (opera, ballet, operetta, ua yeeb yam), rau lub suab seev suab paj nruag xws li cantata thiab oratorio, lossis rau cov khoom siv suab paj nruag xws li suite, nyob rau xyoo pua 20th. Kuj rau cov yeeb yaj kiab. Ib hom tshwj xeeb ntawm U. - conc. kev ua si nrog qee qhov kev ua yeeb yam. tsab ntawv. Ob hom U. - ib qho kev ua si uas muaj kev taw qhia. muaj nuj nqi, thiab muaj kev ywj pheej. prod. nrog ib tug txhais figurative thiab compositional. cov khoom - lawv cuam tshuam rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim kho ib hom ntawv (piv txwv li ntawm xyoo pua 19th). Ib qho tshwj xeeb yog ntau dua lossis tsawg dua kev ua yeeb yam. qhov xwm txheej ntawm U., "kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov yam ntxwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm txoj kev npaj hauv lawv daim ntawv zoo tshaj plaws" (BV Asafiev, Selected Works, vol. 1, p. 352).

Keeb kwm ntawm U. hnub rov qab mus rau thawj theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm opera (Ltalis, tig ntawm lub 16th-17th centuries), txawm hais tias lub sij hawm nws tus kheej tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab. Xyoo 2th nyob Fab Kis teb thiab tom qab ntawd tau nthuav dav. Lub toccata hauv Opera Orfeo los ntawm Monteverdi (17) yog suav tias yog thawj zaug. Cov suab paj nruag fanfare qhia txog cov kev lig kev cai qub ntawm kev qhib kev ua yeeb yam nrog kev caw cov kiv cua. Tom qab Italian. opera introductions, uas yog ib ntus ntawm 1607 seem - ceev, qeeb thiab ceev, nyob rau hauv lub npe. "symphonies" (sinfonia) tau kho nyob rau hauv lub operas ntawm lub Neapolitan opera tsev kawm ntawv (A. Stradella, A. Scarlatti). Cov ntu huab cua feem ntau suav nrog kev tsim kho fugue, tab sis qhov thib peb feem ntau muaj ib hom kev seev cev hauv tsev. tus cwj pwm, thaum nruab nrab ib qho txawv ntawm melodiousness, lyricism. Nws yog kev cai hu rau xws li operatic symphonies Italian U. Nyob rau hauv parallel, ib tug txawv hom ntawm 3-ib feem U. tsim nyob rau hauv Fabkis, lub classic. cov qauv ntawm kev txiav tau tsim los ntawm JB Lully. Rau Fabkis U. feem ntau yog ua raws li qhov kev qhia qeeb, zoo heev, qhov nrawm nrawm, thiab kev tsim kho qeeb kawg, rov hais dua cov khoom siv ntawm kev taw qhia lossis zoo li nws tus cwj pwm hauv cov ntsiab lus dav dav. Hauv qee qhov qauv tom qab, ntu kawg raug tshem tawm, raug hloov los ntawm kev tsim cadenza ntawm qhov qeeb qeeb. Ntxiv nrog rau cov Fabkis composers, ib hom Fabkis. W. siv nws. composers ntawm 3st pem teb. 1th caug xyoo (JS Bach, GF Handel, GF Telemann thiab lwm tus), cia siab tias nrog nws tsis yog operas, cantatas thiab oratorios, tab sis kuj instr. suites (nyob rau hauv rooj plaub tom kawg, lub npe U. tej zaum txuas mus rau tag nrho suite voj voog). Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tau khaws cia los ntawm opera U., lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub swarm ua rau muaj ntau qhov kev xav tsis sib haum xeeb. Qee lub suab paj nruag. cov duab (I. Mattheson, IA Shaibe, F. Algarotti) muab tso rau pem hauv ntej qhov kev thov rau ib tug ideological thiab suab paj nruas-figurative kev twb kev txuas ntawm opera thiab opera; nyob rau hauv lub department Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, composers ua qhov kev sib txuas ntawm lawv cov twj paj nruag (Handel, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog JF Rameau). Qhov kev txiav txim siab hloov pauv hauv U. txoj kev loj hlob tuaj hauv pem teb 18. Xyoo pua 2th ua tsaug rau kev pom zoo ntawm sonata-symphony. cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev txhim kho, nrog rau kev hloov kho cov dej num ntawm KV Gluck, uas tau txhais U. raws li "enter. tshuaj xyuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm opera. Cyclic. hom muab txoj hauv kev rau ib feem U. nyob rau hauv sonata daim ntawv (qee zaum nrog luv luv qhia), uas feem ntau qhia lub suab nrov ntawm cov yeeb yam thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm lub ntsiab. teeb meem ("Alceste" los ntawm Gluck), uas nyob rau hauv lub department. rooj plaub yog concretized los ntawm kev siv suab paj nruag hauv U. sib raug. operas ("Iphigenia hauv Aulis" los ntawm Gluck, "Lub Abduction los ntawm Seraglio", "Don Giovanni" los ntawm Mozart). txhais tau tias. Cov kws sau ntawv ntawm Great Fab Kis lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho opera opera. kiv puag ncig, feem ntau L. Cherubini.

Tshem tawm. L. Beethoven txoj haujlwm tau ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev txhim kho hom wu. Txhim kho cov suab paj nruag-thematic. Kev sib txuas nrog opera nyob rau hauv 2 ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws versions ntawm W. mus rau "Fidelio", nws xav txog nyob rau hauv lawv muses. txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub sijhawm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua yeeb yam (ntau tshaj hauv Leonora No. 2, coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm daim ntawv symphonic - hauv Leonora No. 3). Ib hom kev ua yeeb yam zoo sib xws. Beethoven kho qhov kev pab cuam overture hauv suab paj nruag rau yeeb yam (Coriolanus, Egmont). German Romantic composers, tsim cov kab lig kev cai ntawm Beethoven, saturate W. nrog cov ntsiab lus operatic. Thaum xaiv rau U. qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws muses. dluab ntawm opera (feem ntau - leitmotifs) thiab raws li nws symphony. Raws li cov chav kawm dav dav ntawm kev ua yeeb yam tsim, W. dhau los ua ib qho kev ywj pheej "instrumental ua yeeb yam" (piv txwv li, W. mus rau operas Tus Dawb Gunner los ntawm Weber, Flying Dutchman, thiab Tannhäuser los ntawm Wagner). Hauv Italian. suab paj nruag, suav nrog G. Rossini, yeej khaws cov qub hom U. - yam tsis muaj kev ncaj qha. kev sib txuas nrog cov thematic thiab cov phiaj xwm kev loj hlob ntawm opera; Qhov tshwj xeeb yog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg rau Rossini's opera William Qhia (1829), nrog rau nws ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab kev nthuav dav ntawm cov suab paj nruag tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm ua yeeb yam.

European achievements. Symphony suab paj nruag tag nrho thiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, kev loj hlob ntawm kev ywj pheej thiab lub tswv yim ua tiav ntawm operatic symphonies tau pab txhawb rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws cov yeeb yam tshwj xeeb, qhov kev hais kwv txhiaj symphony (lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem no tau ua los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm H. Berlioz thiab F. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy). Nyob rau hauv lub sonata daim ntawv ntawm xws li U., muaj ib tug pom kev nyiam mus rau ib tug ncua symphony. txoj kev loj hlob (yav tas los operatic paj huam yog feem ntau sau nyob rau hauv sonata daim ntawv tsis elaboration), uas tom qab ntawd coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm symphonic paj huam nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm ntawm F. Liszt; tom qab no hom ntawv no muaj nyob rau hauv B. Smetana, R. Strauss, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th. U. ntawm kev siv xwm txheej tau txais kev muaj koob npe - "tseem ceeb", "zoo siab", "ib xyoos" (ib qho piv txwv thawj yog Beethoven's "Npe Hnub" overture, 1815). Ib hom ntawv U. yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm symphony hauv Lavxias. suab paj nruag rau MI Glinka (nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, overtures los ntawm DS Bortnyansky, EI Fomin, VA Pashkevich, nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 19th caug xyoo - los ntawm OA Kozlovsky, SI Davydov). Muaj nuj nqis pab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm decomp. Hom U. tau qhia los ntawm MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, MA Balakirev, thiab lwm tus, uas tau tsim ib hom tshwj xeeb ntawm lub teb chaws tus yam ntxwv U., feem ntau siv cov ntsiab lus pej xeem (piv txwv li, Glinka's "Spanish" overtures, "Overture ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm peb zaj nkauj Lavxias "los ntawm Balakirev thiab lwm tus). Qhov ntau yam no txuas ntxiv txhim kho hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Soviet composers.

Hauv pem teb 2. Xyoo 19th Composers tig mus rau W. hom ntawv tsawg dua. Nyob rau hauv lub opera, nws yog maj hloov los ntawm ib tug luv luv qhia tsis raws li sonata cov hauv paus ntsiab lus. Nws yog feem ntau sustained nyob rau hauv ib tug cwj pwm, txuam nrog cov duab ntawm ib tug heroes ntawm lub opera ("Lohengrin" los ntawm Wagner, "Eugene Onegin" los ntawm Tchaikovsky) los yog, nyob rau hauv ib tug purely expositional txoj kev npaj, qhia ntau yam ua dluab ("Carmen"). los ntawm Wiese); Cov xwm txheej zoo sib xws tau pom nyob rau hauv ballets (Coppelia los ntawm Delibes, Swan Lake los ntawm Tchaikovsky). Nkag mus. ib qho kev txav hauv opera thiab ballet ntawm lub sij hawm no feem ntau hu ua kev taw qhia, kev taw qhia, prelude, thiab lwm yam. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev npaj rau kev xaav ntawm ib qho opera supplants lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug symphony. retelling ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus, R. Wagner pheej sau txog qhov no, maj mam tawm hauv nws txoj haujlwm los ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev txuas ntxiv programmatic U. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog rau cov lus qhia luv luv los ntawm otd. ci piv txwv ntawm sonata U. txuas ntxiv mus tshwm hauv muses. theatre 2 pem teb. 19th caug xyoo ("Lub Nuremberg Meistersingers" los ntawm Wagner, "Force of Destiny" los ntawm Verdi, "Pskovite" los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov, "Prince Igor" los ntawm Borodin). Raws li kev cai lij choj ntawm sonata daim ntawv, W. hloov mus rau hauv ntau dua lossis tsawg dua kev npau suav ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, qee zaum zoo li potpourri (qhov kawg yog ntau dua ntawm operetta; qhov piv txwv classic yog Strauss 'Die Fledermaus). Qee zaus muaj U. nyob ywj siab. cov khoom siv thematic (ballet "Lub Nutcracker" los ntawm Tchaikovsky). Hauv conc. theem U. tab tom muab txoj hauv kev rau symphony. paj huam, symphonic duab lossis fantasy, tab sis txawm nyob ntawm no cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm lub tswv yim qee zaum coj mus rau lub neej ze ua yeeb yam. ntau yam ntawm hom W. (Bizet's Motherland, W. fantasies Romeo thiab Juliet thiab Tchaikovsky's Hamlet).

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th U. nyob rau hauv sonata daim ntawv yog tsawg (piv txwv li, J. Barber's overture rau Sheridan's "Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Scandal"). Conc. ntau yam, txawm li cas los xij, txuas ntxiv mus rau gravitate ntawm sonata. Ntawm lawv, feem ntau yog nat.- yam ntxwv. (ntawm pej xeem cov ntsiab lus) thiab solemn U. (ib qho piv txwv ntawm tom kawg yog Shostakovich's Festive Overture, 1954).

References: Seroff A., Der Thcmatismus der Leonoren-Ouvertère. Eine Beethoven-Studie, “NZfM”, 1861, Bd 54, No 10-13 (Russian translation – Thematism (Thematismus) of the overture to the opera “Leonora”. Etude about Beethoven, in the book: Serov AN, Critical articles, vol. 3, St. Petersburg, 1895, tib yam, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: Serov AN, Xaiv cov khoom, vol. 1, M.-L., 1950); Igor Glebov (BV Asafiev), Overture "Ruslan thiab Lyudmila" los ntawm Glinka, hauv phau ntawv: Suab paj nruag Chronicle, Sat. 2, P., 1923, ib yam, hauv phau ntawv: Asafiev BV, Izbr. ua, vol. 1, M., 1952; ib. Nws tus kheej, Nyob rau Fabkis classical overture thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub Cherubini overtures, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: Asafiev BV, Glinka, M., 1947, tib yam, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: Asafiev BV, Izbr. ua, vol. 1, M., 1952; ib. Koenigsberg A., Mendelssohn Overtures, M., 1961; Krauklis GV, Opera overtures los ntawm R. Wagner, M., 1964; Tsendrovsky V., Overtures thiab introductions rau Rimsky-Korsakov's operas, M., 1974; Wagner R., De l'ouverture, Revue et Gazette musicale de Paris, 1841, Janvier, Ks 3-5 tib yam, hauv phau ntawv: Richard Wagner, Cov Khoom thiab Cov Khoom, Moscow, 1841).

GV Krauklis