Aram Khachaturian |

Aram Khachaturian

… Aram Khachaturian txoj kev pab rau cov suab paj nruag ntawm peb lub hnub yog qhov zoo. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau overestimate qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws cov kos duab rau Soviet thiab lub ntiaj teb no suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai. Nws lub npe tau yeej qhov kev lees paub dav tshaj plaws hauv peb lub tebchaws thiab txawv teb chaws; nws muaj kaum ob ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov thwjtim uas tsim cov ntsiab cai uas nws tus kheej ib txwm muaj tseeb. D. Shostakovich

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm A. Khachaturian impresses nrog cov nplua nuj ntawm cov ntsiab lus piv txwv, qhov dav ntawm kev siv ntau hom thiab ntau hom. Nws cov suab paj nruag embodies lub siab humanistic lub tswv yim ntawm lub kiv puag ncig, Soviet patriotism thiab thoob ntiaj teb kev ntseeg, cov ntsiab lus thiab cov phiaj xwm piav qhia txog cov xwm txheej heroic thiab tragic ntawm keeb kwm deb thiab niaj hnub; vividly imprinted yeeb yuj dluab thiab scenes ntawm pej xeem lub neej, lub richest ntiaj teb no ntawm kev xav, kev xav thiab kev paub ntawm peb niaj hnub. Nrog nws kos duab, Khachaturian hu nkauj nrog kev tshoov siab lub neej ntawm nws haiv neeg thiab nyob ze rau nws Armenia.

Kev muaj tswv yim biography ntawm Khachaturian tsis yog ib txwm muaj. Txawm hais tias lub suab paj nruag zoo nkauj, nws yeej tsis tau txais kev kawm tshwj xeeb hauv suab paj nruag thiab koom nrog cov suab paj nruag tsuas yog thaum muaj hnub nyoog kaum cuaj. Lub xyoo siv nyob rau hauv cov laus Tiflis, cov suab paj nruag impressions ntawm thaum yau tau tso ib tug indelible cim nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm yav tom ntej composer thiab txiav txim siab lub hauv paus ntawm nws suab paj nruas xav.

Qhov chaw nplua nuj tshaj plaws ntawm lub neej suab paj nruag ntawm lub nroog no muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov neeg sau ua haujlwm, uas yog Georgian, Armenian thiab Azerbaijani pej xeem tunes suab ntawm txhua kauj ruam, improvisation ntawm singer-storytellers - ashugs thiab sazandars, kab lig kev cai ntawm sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob suab paj nruag intersected. .

Nyob rau hauv 1921, Khachaturian tsiv mus rau Moscow thiab nyob nrog nws tus tij laug Suren, ib tug tseem ceeb theatrical daim duab, organizer thiab lub taub hau ntawm lub Armenian ua yeeb yam studio. Lub bubbling artistic lub neej ntawm Moscow amazes tus tub hluas.

Nws mus saib ua yeeb yam, tsev cia puav pheej, yav tsaus ntuj sau ntawv, concerts, opera thiab ballet ua yeeb yam, eagerly absorbs ntau thiab ntau artistic impressions, tau paub txog tej hauj lwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb no suab paj nruas classics. M. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky, M. Balakirev, A. Borodin, N. Rimsky-Korsakov, M. Ravel, K. Debussy, I. Stravinsky, S. Prokofiev, as well as A. Spendiarov, R. Melikyan, thiab lwm yam. mus rau ib qho degree lossis lwm qhov cuam tshuam rau kev tsim ntawm Khachaturian qhov kev xav tob tob.

Raws li cov lus qhia ntawm nws tus tij laug, nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm 1922, Khachaturian nkag mus rau hauv lub biological department ntawm Moscow University, thiab ib tug me ntsis tom qab - nyob rau hauv lub Music College. Gnesins hauv chav kawm cello. Tom qab 3 xyoos, nws tawm nws txoj kev kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab mob siab rau nws tus kheej nkaus rau suab paj nruag.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tsis ua si hauv cello thiab raug xa mus rau chav kawm ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv nto moo Soviet thiab tus kws sau ntawv M. Gnesin. Sim ua kom poob lub sijhawm hauv nws thaum yau, Khachaturian ua haujlwm hnyav, ntxiv rau nws txoj kev paub. Nyob rau hauv 1929 Khachaturian nkag mus rau hauv Moscow Conservatory. Nyob rau hauv 1st xyoo ntawm nws cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg, nws txuas ntxiv nrog Gnesin, thiab los ntawm 2nd xyoo N. Myaskovsky, uas ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm Khachaturian tus muaj tswv yim cwm pwm, los ua nws tus thawj coj. Nyob rau hauv 1934, Khachaturian kawm tiav nrog honors los ntawm lub conservatory thiab txuas ntxiv txhim kho nyob rau hauv kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv. Sau raws li kev kawm tiav, Thawj Symphony ua tiav cov tub ntxhais kawm lub sijhawm ntawm tus sau phau ntawv keeb kwm muaj tswv yim. Kev loj hlob muaj tswv yim zoo tau muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo heev - yuav luag txhua qhov kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm lub sijhawm ua repertoire. Cov no yog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, Thawj Symphony, lub piano Toccata, lub Trio rau clarinet, violin thiab piano, Nkauj-poem (hauv kev hwm ntawm ashugs) rau violin thiab piano, thiab lwm yam.

Ib qho kev tsim zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Khachaturian yog Piano Concerto (1936), tsim thaum nws kawm tiav qib siab thiab coj tus kws sau nkauj thoob ntiaj teb. Ua haujlwm hauv kev ua yeeb yam, ua yeeb yam thiab suab paj nruag tsis nres. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm kev hais kwv txhiaj creation, zaj duab xis "Pepo" nrog suab paj nruag los ntawm Khachaturian yog qhia nyob rau hauv cov ntxaij vab tshaus ntawm lub teb chaws lub zos. Pepo zaj nkauj dhau los ua cov suab paj nruag nyiam hauv Armenia.

Thaum lub sij hawm xyoo ntawm kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag tsev kawm ntawv qib siab thiab lub conservatory, Khachaturian tas li mus xyuas lub tsev ntawm Culture ntawm Soviet Armenia, qhov no ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nws biography. Ntawm no nws dhau los ua ze rau tus kws sau ntawv A. Spendiarov, tus kws kos duab M. Saryan, tus thawj coj K. Saradzhev, tus hu nkauj Sh. Talyan, actor thiab thawj coj R. Simonov. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, Khachaturian sib txuas lus nrog zoo heev ua yeeb yam duab (A. Nezhdanova, L. Sobinov, V. Meyerhold, V. Kachalov), pianists (K. Igumnov, E. Beckman-Shcherbina), composers (S. Prokofiev, N. Myaskovsky). Kev sib txuas lus nrog cov luminaries ntawm Soviet suab paj nruag kos duab zoo heev enriched lub ntiaj teb sab ntsuj plig ntawm cov hluas composer. 30s lig - ntxov 40s. tau cim los ntawm cov creation ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm zoo kawg li tej hauj lwm ntawm lub composer, muaj nyob rau hauv lub golden nyiaj ntawm Soviet suab paj nruag. Ntawm lawv yog Symphonic Poem (1938), Violin Concerto (1940), suab paj nruag rau Lope de Vega's comedy The Widow of Valencia (1940) thiab M. Lermontov's drama Masquerade. Lub premiere ntawm lub tom kawg tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ua ntej ntawm pib ntawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog nyob rau lub rau hli ntuj 21, 1941 nyob rau hauv Theatre. E. Vakhtangov.

Los ntawm thawj hnub ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, qhov ntim ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev muaj tswv yim ntawm Khachaturian tau nce ntau. Raws li tus thawj coj ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Pawg Neeg Koom Tes ntawm Lub Koom Haum Koom Tes ntawm USSR, nws pom zoo kom ua haujlwm ntawm lub koom haum muaj tswv yim no los daws cov luag haujlwm ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, ua nrog cov yeeb yam ntawm nws cov khoom sib xyaw hauv cov tsev thiab tsev kho mob, thiab koom nrog tshwj xeeb. tshaj tawm xov tooj cua Committee rau pem hauv ntej. Kev ua pej xeem tsis tau tiv thaiv tus neeg sau los ntawm kev tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tense tej hauj lwm ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv thiab ib hom ntawv nyeem, ntau yam uas xav txog cov tub rog ntsiab.

Thaum lub sij hawm 4 xyoo ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, nws tsim lub ballet "Gayane" (1942), lub thib ob Symphony (1943), suab paj nruag rau peb ua yeeb yam ("Kremlin Chimes" - 1942, "Deep Intelligence" - 1943, "Hnub kawg. "- 1945), rau zaj duab xis "Tus txiv neej No. 217" thiab ntawm nws cov ntaub ntawv Suite rau ob pianos (1945), suites tau tsim los ntawm cov suab paj nruag rau "Masquerade" thiab tus ballet "Gayane" (1943), 9 zaj nkauj tau sau. , ib tug taug kev rau ib tug tooj dag band "Rau Heroes ntawm lub Patriotic ua tsov ua rog" (1942), Anthem ntawm lub Armenian SSR (1944). Tsis tas li ntawd, kev ua haujlwm tau pib ntawm Cello Concerto thiab peb qhov kev hais kwv txhiaj arias (1944), ua tiav xyoo 1946. Thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog, lub tswv yim ntawm "heroic choreodrama"—tus ballet Spartacus—piav laus.

Khachaturian kuj tau hais txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog nyob rau xyoo tom qab tsov rog: suab paj nruag rau cov yeeb yaj kiab Kev Sib Tw ntawm Stalingrad (1949), Cov Lus Nug Lavxias (1947), Lawv Muaj Lub Tebchaws (1949), Lub Hom Phiaj zais cia (1950), thiab kev ua si. South Node (1947). Thaum kawg, nyob rau lub 30th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm yeej nyob rau hauv lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog (1975), ib tug ntawm cov composer lub xeem ua hauj lwm, Solemn Fanfares rau trumpets thiab nruas, tau tsim. Cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm ua tsov rog yog tus ntaus pob "Gayane" thiab Thib Ob Symphony. Lub premiere ntawm lub ballet coj qhov chaw nyob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 3, 1942 nyob rau hauv Perm los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm khiav tawm Leningrad Opera thiab Ballet Theatre. SM Kirov. Raws li tus kws sau ntawv, "lub tswv yim ntawm Kev Sib Tw Thib Ob tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Tsov Rog. Kuv xav qhia kev npau taws, ua pauj rau txhua qhov kev phem uas German fascism ua rau peb. Ntawm qhov tod tes, symphony qhia txog kev tu siab thiab kev xav ntawm txoj kev ntseeg tob tshaj plaws hauv peb txoj kev yeej kawg. " Khachaturian mob siab rau qhov thib peb Symphony rau kev yeej ntawm cov neeg Soviet nyob rau hauv lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog, lub sij hawm rau coincide nrog kev ua koob tsheej ntawm lub 30th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm lub Great Lub kaum hli ntuj Socialist Revolution. Raws li txoj kev npaj - ib zaj nkauj rau cov neeg yeej - ib qho ntxiv 15 cov kav dej thiab ib lub cev muaj nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom qab tsov rog, Khachaturian txuas ntxiv sau nyob rau hauv ntau yam. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tus ntaus pob "Spartacus" (1954). "Kuv tsim suab paj nruag tib yam li cov neeg sau yav dhau los tau tsim nws thaum lawv tig mus rau cov ncauj lus keeb kwm: khaws lawv tus kheej style, lawv cov qauv sau ntawv, lawv tau qhia txog cov xwm txheej dhau los ntawm prism ntawm lawv txoj kev xav. Lub ballet "Spartacus" tshwm rau kuv raws li ib tug ua hauj lwm nrog ntse suab paj nruag dramaturgy, nrog dav tsim artistic dluab thiab tshwj xeeb, romantically agitated intonational hais lus. Kuv xav tias nws yuav tsum koom nrog tag nrho cov kev ua tiav ntawm cov suab paj nruag niaj hnub no txhawm rau nthuav tawm lub ntsiab lus siab ntawm Spartacus. Yog li ntawd, lub ballet yog sau ua lus niaj hnub, nrog rau kev nkag siab niaj hnub ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm cov suab paj nruag thiab ua yeeb yam, "Khachaturian tau sau txog nws txoj haujlwm ntawm kev ntaus pob.

Ntawm lwm cov hauj lwm tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom qab tsov rog yog "Ode to the Memory of VI Lenin" (1948), "Ode to Joy" (1956), sau rau xyoo kaum ob ntawm Armenian kos duab nyob rau hauv Moscow, "Greeting Overture" (1959). ) rau kev qhib ntawm XXI Congress ntawm CPSU. Raws li yav dhau los, tus kws sau paj huam qhia txog kev nyiam ua yeeb yaj kiab thiab ua yeeb yam, tsim cov nkauj. Hauv 50s. Khachaturian sau nkauj rau B. Lavrenev ua si "Lermontov", rau Shakespeare qhov xwm txheej "Macbeth" thiab "King Lear", suab paj nruag rau cov yeeb yaj kiab "Admiral Ushakov", "Ships storm the bastions", "Saltanat", "Othello", "Bonfire kev tsis txawj tuag", "Duel". Zaj nkauj "Armenian haus. Nkauj hais txog Yerevan", "Peace March", "Dab tsi cov me nyuam npau suav txog".

Lub xyoo tom qab tsov rog tau cim tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm kev tsim cov tshiab ci ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntau yam, tab sis kuj los ntawm cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv Khachaturian lub tswv yim biography. Nyob rau hauv 1950, nws raug caw mus ua ib tug xib fwb ntawm kev sau ntawv nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Moscow Conservatory thiab nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag thiab pedagogical lub koom haum. Gnesins. Tshaj li 27 xyoo ntawm nws txoj haujlwm qhia, Khachaturian tau tsim ntau tus tub ntxhais kawm, suav nrog A. Eshpay, E. Oganesyan, R. Boyko, M. Tariverdiev, B. Trotsyuk, A. Vieru, N. Terahara, A. Rybyaikov, K Volkov, M Minkov, D. Mikhailov thiab lwm tus.

Qhov pib ntawm pedagogical ua hauj lwm coincided nrog thawj thwmsim nyob rau hauv ua nws tus kheej compositions. Txhua xyoo tus naj npawb ntawm cov kws sau nkauj concerts loj tuaj. Kev mus ncig rau lub nroog ntawm Soviet Union tau sib cuam tshuam nrog kev ncig mus rau ntau lub tebchaws hauv Tebchaws Europe, Asia, thiab Asmeskas. Ntawm no nws ntsib nrog cov neeg sawv cev loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev kos duab: tus kws sau nkauj I. Stravinsky, J. Sibelius, J. Enescu, B. Britten, S. Barber, P. Vladigerov, O. Messiaen, Z. Kodai, conductors L. Stokowecki, G. Karajan, J. Georgescu, ua yeeb yam A. Rubinstein, E. Zimbalist, kws sau ntawv E. Hemingway, P. Neruda, zaj yeeb yaj kiab Ch. Chaplin, S. Lauren thiab lwm tus.

Lub sijhawm lig ntawm Khachaturian txoj haujlwm tau raug cim los ntawm kev tsim "Ballad of the Motherland" (1961) rau ntses bass thaj tsam thiab orchestra, ob lub suab seev: rhapsodic concertos rau cello (1961), violin (1963), piano (1968) thiab solo sonatas rau cello (1974), violins (1975) thiab viola (1976); lub Sonata (1961), tau mob siab rau nws tus kws qhia ntawv N. Myaskovsky, nrog rau qhov thib ob ntim ntawm "Children's Album" (2, 1965st ntim - 1) tau sau rau piano.

Cov pov thawj ntawm kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb ntawm Khachaturian txoj haujlwm yog qhov khoom plig rau nws nrog kev txiav txim thiab khoom plig muaj npe tom qab cov neeg sau nkauj txawv teb chaws loj tshaj plaws, nrog rau nws qhov kev xaiv tsa los ua tus qhuas lossis tag nrho cov tswv cuab ntawm ntau lub tsev kawm suab paj nruag hauv ntiaj teb.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Khachaturian txoj kev kos duab nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias nws muaj peev xwm los qhia cov richest possibilities ntawm symphonizing oriental monodic thematics, mus txuas, nrog rau cov composers ntawm lub fraternal republics, lub monodic kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Soviet East rau polyphony, rau ib hom ntawv nyeem thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas. yav dhau los tau tsim nyob rau hauv European suab paj nruag, qhia txoj hauv kev los txhawb lub teb chaws suab paj nruag lus. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, txoj kev ntawm improvisation, lub timbre-harmonic brilliance ntawm oriental suab paj nruas kos duab, los ntawm kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Khachaturian, muaj ib tug ceeb kev cuam tshuam rau composers - cov neeg sawv cev ntawm European suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai. Khachaturian txoj hauj lwm yog ib qho kev tshwm sim ntawm cov fruitfulness ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab lis kev cai ntawm lub suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai ntawm sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob.

D. Arutyunov