Txo |
lat. tsawg tsawg; German Diminution, Verkleinerung; Fabkis thiab Askiv. txo qis; ital. txo qis
1) Ib yam li diminution.
2) Ib txoj hauv kev los hloov cov suab paj nruag, lub ntsiab lus, kev xav, kev sib dhos. kos duab lossis daim duab, nrog rau kev ncua los ntawm kev ua si nrog cov suab (pauses) ntawm lub sijhawm luv. Distinguish U. tseeb, tsis muaj kev hloov pauv osn. atherosclerosis nyob rau hauv qhov kev faib ua feem (piv txwv li, ib qho kev taw qhia los ntawm lub opera "Ruslan thiab Lyudmila" los ntawm Glinka, tus xov tooj 28), tsis raug, reproducing lub ntsiab. rhiab heev (lub ntsiab lus) nrog ntau yam suab paj nruag. los yog melodic. Kev hloov pauv (piv txwv li, aria ntawm Swan-Bird, No. 11 los ntawm 2nd act of Rimsky-Korsakov's opera The Tale of Tsar Saltan, number 117), thiab suab paj nruag, los yog tsis yog-thematic, nrog krom melodic. Daim duab yog khaws cia li kwv yees li (thaum pib ntawm kev taw qhia rau opera Sadko los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov), los yog tsis khaws cia tag nrho (lub suab ntawm ib sab nyob rau hauv U. nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub thib 1 zog ntawm Shostakovich lub 5th symphony).
J. Dunstable. Cantus firmus los ntawm motet Christe sanctorum decus (counterpunctuated voices omitted).
J. Spataro. Motet.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm U. (thiab nce) raws li lub suab paj nruag nthuav qhia thiab kev teeb tsa txheej txheem txhais tau hais tias hnub rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev siv cov lus qhia mensural thiab cuam tshuam nrog kev txhim kho ntawm polyphonic. polyphony. X. Riemann qhia tias thawj U. siv motet I. de Muris hauv tenor. Isorhythmic motet - lub ntsiab. U. txoj kev nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 14th: rov ua dua, zoo ib yam li ostinato, ua suab nrov. cov duab yog lub hauv paus ntawm suab paj nruag. cov ntaub ntawv, thiab U. yog qhov tseeb muse. qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm nws lub koom haum (tsis zoo li feem ntau lwm cov ntaub ntawv txhais los ntawm lub ntsiab arr. ntawv). Nyob rau hauv lub motets ntawm G. de Macaux (Amaro valde, Speravi, Fiat voluntas tua, Ad te suspiramus) suab. daim duab yog rov ua dua hauv U. txhua zaus nrog lub suab nkauj tshiab. filling; hauv isorhythmic motets J. Dunstable rhythmic. daim duab yog rov ua dua (ob zaug, peb zaug) nrog lub suab nkauj tshiab, tom qab ntawd txhua yam yog rov tsim dua nrog kev khaws cia ntawm cov suab paj nruag. kos ib thiab ib nrab, ces 3-fold U. (saib kab 720). Ib qho xwm txheej zoo sib xws tau pom hauv qee pawg ntawm Netherlands. contrapuntalists ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, qhov twg cantus firmus nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej seem yog tuav nyob rau hauv U., thiab cov suab paj nruag coj mus rau lub cantus firmus thaum kawg ntawm cov hauj lwm. suab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv uas nws muaj nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub (saib ib qho piv txwv nyob rau hauv Art. Polyphony, kab 354-55). Masters ntawm ib tug nruj style siv W. cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv lub thiaj li hu. mensural (proportional) canons, qhov twg lub suab zoo tib yam hauv cov qauv muaj qhov sib txawv. kev faib ua feem ntawm lub cev (saib piv txwv hauv Art. Canon, kab 692). Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau qhov nce, U. tsis pab rau kev sib cais ntawm cov dav dav polyphonic. ntws ntawm lub suab uas nws siv. Txawm li cas los xij, U. zoo tso tawm lwm lub suab yog tias nws txav los ntawm lub suab ntev dua; Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv masses thiab motets ntawm lub 15th-16th centuries. nws tau dhau los ua kev cai los nrog cov tsos ntawm cantus firmus nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab (tenor) lub suab nrog imitation hauv lwm lub suab raws li U. ntawm tib lub cantus firmus (saib kab lus 721).
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tawm tsam tus thawj coj thiab lub suab nrov dua lub suab contrapunctuating nws tau khaws cia ntev npaum li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cantus firmus muaj nyob. Qhov kev kos duab no tau mus txog nws qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv cov suab paj nruag JS Bach; saib, piv txwv li, nws lub org. Kev npaj ntawm chorale "Aus tiefer Not", BWV 686, qhov twg txhua kab lus ntawm chorale ua ntej los ntawm nws lub hom phiaj 5. exposition nyob rau hauv U., kom tag nrho yog tsim nyob rau hauv strophic. fugue (6 lub suab, 5 qhov nthuav tawm; saib piv txwv hauv Art. Fugue). Nyob rau hauv Ach Gott und Herr, BWV 693, tag nrho cov suab nrov yog ob npaug thiab plaub-quadruple W. chorale, piv txwv li tag nrho kev ntxhib los mos yog thematic:
JS Bach. Choral organ npaj "Ach Gott und Herr".
Reachercar con. 16th-17th centuries thiab ze rau nws tiento, fantasy - ib cheeb tsam uas U. (raws li txoj cai, nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog ib tug nce thiab thim rov qab ntawm lub ntsiab) tau pom dav daim ntawv thov. W. pab txhawb rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub siab dawb huv instr. dynamics ntawm daim ntawv thiab, siv rau tus kheej cov ntsiab lus (nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub thematism ntawm ib tug nruj style), tau los ua ib tug txheej txheem uas embodies lub tswv yim tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev txhawb siab kev loj hlob rau lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub sij hawm tom ntej.
Yog. P. Sweelinck. "Chromatic Fantasy" (ib qho excerpt los ntawm ntu kawg; lub ntsiab lus yog nyob rau hauv ob- thiab plaub-fold txo).
Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm U. qhov kev nthuav qhia raws li cov txheej txheem yog li ntawd, ntxiv rau isorhythmic. motet ib co op. 20th caug xyoo tsis muaj lwm yam ntaub ntawv uas nws yuav yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Canon hauv U. as ywj siab. ua si (AK Lyadov, "Canons", Tsis muaj 22), teb rau U. hauv fugue ("The Art of the Fugue" los ntawm Bach, Contrapunctus VI; kuj pom ntau yam kev sib txuas nrog U. nyob rau hauv qhov kawg fugue los ntawm pianoforte quartet, op 20 Taneyev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov lej 170, 172, 184) yog qhov tsis tshua muaj kev zam. U. qee zaum pom kev siv hauv fugue strettas: piv txwv li, hauv kev ntsuas 26, 28, 30 ntawm E-dur fugue los ntawm 2nd ntim ntawm Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier; Hauv kev ntsuas 117 ntawm fugue Fis-dur op. 87 Tsis muaj 13 Shostakovich; nyob rau hauv bar 70 los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub concerto rau 2 fp. Stravinsky (tus yam ntxwv tsis raug imitation nrog kev hloov ntawm accents); nyob rau hauv kev ntsuas 63 los ntawm 1st scene ntawm 3rd ua yeeb yam ntawm opera "Wozzeck" los ntawm Berg (saib piv txwv nyob rau hauv Strett tsab xov xwm). W., cov txheej txheem uas yog polyphonic nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, pom ib qho kev sib txawv heev hauv cov ntawv tsis yog polyphonic. suab paj nruag ntawm 19th thiab 20th centuries. Hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej, U. yog ib txoj hauv kev txhawb nqa lub koom haum hauv ib lub ntsiab lus, piv txwv li:
SI Taneev. Cov ntsiab lus los ntawm 3rd txav ntawm c-moll symphony.
(Saib thawj tsib kab ntawm qhov kawg ntawm Beethoven's sonata No. 23 hauv piano; lub orchestral qhia txog Ruslan's aria, No. 8 ntawm Glinka's Ruslan thiab Ludmila; Tsis muaj. 10, b-moll los ntawm Prokofiev's Fleeting, thiab lwm yam). Lub polyphonization ntawm suab paj nruag yog dav. fabrics nrog kev pab los ntawm U. Thaum nthuav tawm lub ntsiab lus (cov nkauj hu ua "Dispersed, tshem tawm" hauv qhov chaw ze Kromy los ntawm Mussorgsky's Opera Boris Godunov; hom txheej txheem no tau siv los ntawm N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov - 1st act of the opera The Legend of the Invisible City Kitezh", tus lej 5 thiab 34, thiab S. V. Rachmaninov - ib feem ntawm zaj paj huam "Lub Tswb", tus naj npawb 1, variation X nyob rau hauv "Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini"), thaum lub sij hawm nws deployment (me me canon los ntawm Berg lub violin concerto, bar 12; raws li ib tug ntawm cov tshwm sim ntawm lub neoclassical orientation ntawm style - U. nyob rau hauv tshooj 4 ntawm lub violin sonata los ntawm K. Karaev, bar 13), at the climax. thiab xaus. Kev tsim kho (code los ntawm kev taw qhia ntawm opera Ruslan thiab Lyudmila los ntawm Glinka; 2nd ib feem ntawm Rachmaninov's Lub Tswb, ob ntsuas mus txog rau 52; 4th ib feem ntawm Taneyev's 6th quartet, tus xov tooj 191 thiab ntxiv mus; kawg ntawm lub ballet "Lub Firebird" Stravinsky ). U. raws li ib txoj kev ntawm kev hloov lub ntsiab lus yog siv nyob rau hauv variations (2nd, 3rd variations nyob rau hauv Arietta los ntawm Beethoven lub 32nd piano sonata; piano etude "Mazeppa" los ntawm Liszt), nyob rau hauv kev hloov pauv kev tsim kho (basso ostinato thaum tsiv mus rau lub coda ntawm lub symphony's finale c- moll Taneyev, tus naj npawb 101), nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev hloov pauv ntawm opera leitmotifs (reworking ntawm thunderstorm leitmotif mus rau tom qab lyrical ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub 1st act ntawm Wagner lub opera Valkyrie; cais cov motif ntawm cov noog thiab ntau yam motifs ntawm Snow Maiden los ntawm Lub ntsiab lus ntawm Caij nplooj ntoos hlav nyob rau hauv "Snow Maiden" los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov; ib tug grotesque distortion ntawm lub Countess lub leitmotif nyob rau hauv lub thib ob scene ntawm lub opera "Tus poj huab tais ntawm Spades", tus xov tooj 2 thiab tshaj), thiab cov piv txwv hloov tau nrog U. s kev koom tes tuaj yeem yog cardinal (lub tenor nkag mus rau Tuba mirum los ntawm Mozart's Requiem, ntsuas 62; leitmotif hauv coda ntawm qhov kawg ntawm Rachmaninoff's 18rd symphony, 3th ntsuas tom qab tus lej 5; nruab nrab txav, tus lej 110, f rom Taneyev's scherzo symphony hauv c-moll). U. yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab sonata kev loj hlob ntawm lub 19th thiab 20th centuries. U. nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm overture rau Wagner's Nuremberg Mastersingers (bar 122; triple fugato, bar 138) yog kev zoo siab thuam ntawm kev kawm tsis muaj kev kawm (txawm li cas los xij, kev sib xyaw ntawm lub ntsiab lus thiab nws U. nyob rau hauv tuav 158, 166 yog lub cim ntawm kev txawj ntse, kev txawj ntse). Nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm 1 feem ntawm 2nd fp. concerto Rachmaninov UA lub ntsiab ntawm lub ntsiab tog yog siv raws li ib tug dynamizing cuab tam (tus naj npawb 9). Hauv kev tsim khoom D. D. Shostakovich UA yog siv los ua ib qho khoom siv ntse (imitations ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib sab nyob rau hauv 1st ib feem ntawm lub 5th symphony, tooj 22 thiab 24; nyob rau hauv tib qhov chaw ntawm lub culmination, tus xov tooj 32; qhov kawg ostinato canon ntawm lub suab ntawm lub leitmotif nyob rau hauv 2-th ib feem ntawm lub 8th quartet, tus naj npawb 23; lub 1st ib feem ntawm lub 8th symphony yog tsis raug U.
Yog Stravinsky. “Symphony of Psalms”, 1st zog (pib ntawm qhov rov tshwm sim).
U. muaj kev nthuav qhia nplua nuj. thiab piav qhia. cib fim. Lub "zoo ringing" los ntawm Mussorgsky's "Boris Godunov" (hloov kev sib haum xeeb los ntawm ib tug ntaus, ib nrab ib tug ntaus, ib tug peb lub hlis twg ntawm ib tug ntaus) yog txawv los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb dynamism. Ib daim duab yuav luag pom (Sigmund's Notung, tawg los ntawm kev tawm tsam Wotan's hmuv) tshwm nyob rau hauv 5th scene los ntawm 2nd act ntawm Wagner's Valkyrie. Ib qho tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim ntawm lub suab-visual polyphony yog fugato piav txog lub hav zoov hauv lub zos thib 3 ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov's "The Snow Maiden" (plaub lub suab sib txawv ntawm lub ntsiab lus, tus lej 253). Cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws tau siv hauv qhov xwm txheej nrog tus neeg vwm Grishka Kuterma hauv 2nd scene ntawm 3rd act. "Cov lus dab neeg ntawm lub nroog tsis pom ntawm Kitezh" (kev txav mus rau hauv yim, peb caug, kaum rau, tus lej 225). Nyob rau hauv lub cim code Rachmaninoff zaj paj huam "Isle of the Dead" combines tsib variants ntawm Dies irae (bar 11 tom qab tus xov tooj 22).
Nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th lub tswv yim ntawm W. feem ntau dhau mus rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm kev poob qis; Qhov no feem ntau siv rau lub suab nrov. lub koom haum topic. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm U. lossis kev nce qib hauv qee qhov haujlwm ua haujlwm tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv mus rau cov qauv ntawm tag nrho cov khoom. los yog txhais tau tias. nws qhov chaw (1st ntawm 6 daim rau harp thiab hlua, quartet op. 16 los ntawm Ledenev). Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntev ntawm lub ntsiab lus thiab nws cov lus hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. yog hloov mus rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib txuas cov duab zoo sib xws, thaum kev sib haum xeeb yog tsim los ntawm lub suab ntawm tib lub suab paj nruag-rhythmic ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv. turnover (piv txwv li, "Petrushka" los ntawm Stravinsky, tus naj npawb 3).
Cov txheej txheem no yog siv nyob rau hauv ib nrab aleatoric, qhov twg cov neeg ua yeeb yam improvise ntawm lub suab, txhua tus ntawm lawv tus kheej pace (qee qhov ua haujlwm los ntawm V. Lutoslavsky). O. Messiaen tau kawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm U. thiab nce ntxiv (saib nws phau ntawv "The Technique of My Musical Language"; saib ib qho piv txwv hauv Art. Nce).
References: saib ntawm Art. Nce.
VP Frayonov
