Kev hloov pauv |
los ntawm lat. variation - hloov, ntau yam
Ib daim ntawv suab paj nruag uas lub ntsiab lus (qee zaum ob lossis ntau lub ntsiab lus) tau nthuav tawm ntau zaus nrog kev hloov pauv hauv kev ntxhib los mos, hom, tonality, kev sib haum xeeb, qhov sib piv ntawm cov suab tsis sib haum, timbre (instrumentation), thiab lwm yam. Hauv txhua V., tsis yog ib qho khoom siv xwb. (piv txwv li, ., kev ntxhib los mos, kev sib haum xeeb, thiab lwm yam), tab sis kuj muaj ntau yam khoom hauv cov aggregate. Ua raws li ib qho tom qab, V. tsim ib lub voj voog sib txawv, tab sis hauv daim ntawv dav dav lawv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog c.-l. lwm yam thematic. khoom, ces lub thiaj li hu. dispersed variational voj voog. Hauv ob qho xwm txheej, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub voj voog yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev sib koom ntawm thematics tshwm sim los ntawm ib qho kev kos duab. tsim, thiab ua tiav kab ntawm muses. kev loj hlob, dictating siv nyob rau hauv txhua V. ntawm tej yam kev hloov thiab muab ib tug logic. kev sib txuas ntawm tag nrho. V. tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov khoom lag luam ywj pheej. (Tema con variazioni – ntsiab lus nrog V.), thiab ib feem ntawm lwm yam loj instr. lub wok. cov ntaub ntawv (operas, oratorios, cantatas).
V.'s form has nar. keeb kwm. Nws keeb kwm rov qab mus rau cov qauv ntawm cov nkauj pej xeem thiab instr. suab paj nruag, qhov twg lub suab hloov nrog couplet repetitions. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog haum rau kev tsim ntawm V. chorus. nkauj, nyob rau hauv uas, nrog tus kheej los yog zoo sib xws ntawm lub ntsiab. melody, muaj qhov hloov tsis tu ncua ntawm lwm lub suab ntawm choral kev ntxhib los mos. Xws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev hloov pauv yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsim polygols. kab lis kev cai - Russian, cargo, thiab ntau lwm yam. thiab lwm yam hauv cheeb tsam ntawm nar. instr. suab paj nruag variation manifested nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv khub bunks. seev cev, uas tom qab ntawd los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev seev cev. suites. Txawm hais tias kev hloov pauv hauv Nar. suab paj nruag feem ntau tshwm sim improvisationally, qhov no tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim ntawm kev hloov pauv. lub voj voog.
Hauv prof. Western European music kab lis kev cai variant. cov txheej txheem pib coj cov duab ntawm composers uas sau nyob rau hauv contrapuntal. nruj style. Cantus firmus tau nrog polyphonic. cov suab uas qiv nws cov intonations, tab sis nthuav tawm lawv nyob rau hauv ntau hom - nyob rau hauv ib tug txo, nce, hloov dua siab tshiab, nrog ib tug hloov rhythmic. kev kos duab, thiab lwm yam. Ib lub luag haujlwm npaj tseem yog cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv hauv lute thiab clavier suab paj nruag. Ntsiab lus nrog V. nyob rau hauv niaj hnub. Qhov kev nkag siab ntawm daim ntawv no tau tshwm sim, pom tseeb, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, thaum lub passacaglia thiab chaconnes tshwm sim, sawv cev rau V. ntawm ib qho tsis hloov pauv ntses bass thaj tsam (saib Basso ostinato ). J. Frescobaldi, G. Purcell, A. Vivaldi, JS Bach, GF Handel, F. Couperin thiab lwm tus kws sau ntawv ntawm 17th-18th centuries. dav siv daim ntawv no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov ntsiab lus suab paj nruag tau tsim los ntawm cov nkauj uas tau qiv los ntawm cov suab paj nruag nrov (V. ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm zaj nkauj "Tus Tsav Tsheb" los ntawm W. Byrd) lossis tsim los ntawm tus sau V. (JS Bach, Aria los ntawm 30th. xyoo pua). Qhov no genus V. tau nthuav dav hauv pem teb 2. 18th thiab 19th centuries nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm J. Haydn, WA Mozart, L. Beethoven, F. Schubert thiab tom qab composers. Lawv tsim ntau yam khoom ywj pheej. nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm V., feem ntau ntawm cov ntsiab lus qiv, thiab V. tau nkag mus rau hauv sonata-symphony. cycles raws li ib qho ntawm cov khoom (nyob rau hauv xws li mob, lub ntsiab lus feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm tus composer nws tus kheej). Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov yam ntxwv yog siv V. nyob rau hauv lub kawg kom tiav lub cyclic. Cov ntaub ntawv (Haydn's symphony No. 31, Mozart's quartet in d-moll, K.-V. 421, Beethoven's symphonies No. 3 and No. 9, Brahms' No. 4). Hauv kev hais kwv txhiaj xyaum 18 thiab 1 pem teb. 19th centuries V. tas li ua ib daim ntawv ntawm improvisation: WA Mozart, L. Beethoven, N. Paganini, F. Liszt thiab ntau lwm tus. lwm tus brilliantly improvised V. ntawm lub ntsiab lus xaiv.
Qhov pib ntawm kev hloov pauv. cycles nyob rau hauv Russia prof. suab paj nruag yuav tsum pom nyob rau hauv polygoal. kev npaj ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm znamenny thiab lwm yam chants, nyob rau hauv uas harmonization varied nrog couplet repetitions ntawm chant (lig 17th - thaum ntxov 18th centuries). Cov ntaub ntawv no tau tso lawv cov cim ntawm kev tsim khoom. partes style thiab hu nkauj. concert 2 pem teb. XVIII caug xyoo (MS Berezovsky). Hauv con. 18 – lus. 18th centuries ntau V. tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab. nkauj - rau pianoforte, rau violin (IE Khandoshkin), thiab lwm yam.
Nyob rau hauv lub lig tej hauj lwm ntawm L. Beethoven thiab nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no lub sij hawm, txoj kev tshiab tau pom nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm variations. lub voj voog. Hauv Western Europe. V. suab paj nruag pib txhais tau ntau dua li ua ntej, lawv qhov kev vam khom ntawm lub ntsiab lus poob qis, hom ntawv tshwm sim hauv V., variations. lub voj voog yog piv rau ib chav suite. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab classical suab paj nruag, pib nyob rau hauv wok., thiab tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv instrumental, MI Glinka thiab nws cov thwjtim tau tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb ntawm variation. lub voj voog, nyob rau hauv uas cov suab paj nruag ntawm lub ntsiab tseem tsis hloov pauv, thaum lwm yam sib txawv. Cov qauv ntawm cov kev hloov pauv no tau pom nyob rau sab hnub poob los ntawm J. Haydn thiab lwm tus.
Nyob ntawm qhov piv ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub ncauj lus thiab V., muaj ob qho yooj yim. hom variant. cycles: thawj, nyob rau hauv uas lub ntsiab lus thiab V. muaj tib lub qauv, thiab qhov thib ob, qhov twg cov qauv ntawm lub ntsiab lus thiab V. yog txawv. Thawj hom yuav tsum suav nrog V. ntawm Basso ostinato, classic. V. (qee zaum hu ua nruj) ntawm cov ntsiab lus nkauj thiab V. nrog lub suab tsis hloov pauv. Nyob rau hauv nruj V., ntxiv rau cov qauv, meter thiab harmonic feem ntau yog khaws cia. cov ntsiab lus npaj, yog li nws yog qhov yooj yim pom txawm tias muaj qhov sib txawv hnyav tshaj plaws. Ib vari. Nyob rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm hom thib ob (lub thiaj li hu ua dawb V.), kev sib txuas ntawm V. nrog cov ntsiab lus pom tsis muaj zog thaum lawv nthuav tawm. Txhua tus V. feem ntau muaj nws tus kheej ntsuas thiab sib haum xeeb. npaj thiab nthuav tawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm k.-l. ib hom ntawv tshiab, uas cuam tshuam rau qhov xwm txheej ntawm thematic thiab muses. kev loj hlob; qhov commonality nrog lub ntsiab yog khaws cia ua tsaug rau lub intonation. kev sib koom siab.
Kuj tseem muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus no. cov cim ntawm kev hloov pauv. daim ntawv. Yog li, hauv V. ntawm thawj hom, cov qauv qee zaum hloov pauv hauv kev sib piv nrog cov ntsiab lus, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ntxhib los mos lawv tsis mus dhau qhov txwv ntawm hom no; hauv vari. Hauv cov voj voog ntawm hom thib ob, cov qauv, ntsuas, thiab kev sib haum xeeb yog qee zaum khaws cia hauv thawj V. ntawm lub voj voog thiab hloov pauv tsuas yog tom qab. Raws li kev sib txuas sib txawv. hom thiab ntau yam ntawm variations. cycles, daim ntawv ntawm ib co khoom yog tsim. lub sijhawm tshiab (qhov kawg piano sonata No 2 los ntawm Shostakovich).
Composition Variations. Lub voj voog ntawm thawj hom yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev sib sau ntawm cov ntsiab lus piv txwv: V. nthuav tawm cov txuj ci. qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm lub ntsiab lus thiab nws cov ntsiab lus nthuav tawm, vim li ntawd, nws tsim, ntau yam, tab sis koom ua ke los ntawm qhov xwm ntawm muses. duab. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm V. nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub muab ib tug gradual acceleration ntawm lub rhiab heev. kev txav mus los (Handel's Passacaglia hauv g-moll, Andante los ntawm Beethoven's sonata op. 57), nyob rau hauv lwm tus - ib qho kev hloov tshiab ntawm polygonal fabrics (Bach's aria nrog 30 variations, qeeb zog los ntawm Haydn's quartet op. 76 Tsis muaj 3) los yog kev txhim kho systematic. intonations ntawm lub ntsiab lus, thawj zaug tau txav mus los, thiab tom qab ntawd sib sau ua ke (1st txav ntawm Beethoven's sonata op. 26). Cov tom kawg yog kev cob cog rua nrog ib tug ntev kev lig kev cai ntawm finishing variations. lub voj voog los ntawm kev tuav lub ntsiab lus (da capo). Beethoven feem ntau siv cov txheej txheem no, nqa cov kev ntxhib los mos ntawm ib qho kev hloov pauv kawg (32 V. c-moll) los ze zog rau lub ntsiab lus los yog kho lub ntsiab lus hauv qhov xaus. qhov chaw ntawm lub voj voog (V. ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub peb hlis ntuj los ntawm "Ruins of Athens"). Qhov kawg (kawg) V. feem ntau yog dav nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thiab sai nyob rau hauv tempo tshaj lub ntsiab, thiab ua lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib coda, uas yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsim nyog nyob rau hauv kev ywj pheej. tej hauj lwm sau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm V. Rau qhov sib piv, Mozart qhia ib tug V. ua ntej lub finale nyob rau hauv lub tempo thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm Adagio, uas pab txhawb rau ib tug ntau tseem ceeb xaiv ntawm lub ceev kawg V. Cov kev taw qhia ntawm ib tug hom-contrasting V. los yog pawg V. nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub voj voog tsim ib tug tripartite qauv. Cov kev vam meej tshwm sim: me - loj - me (32 V. Beethoven, qhov kawg ntawm Brahms 'symphony No. 4) los yog loj - me - loj (sonata A-dur Mozart, K.-V. 331) enriches cov ntsiab lus ntawm variations. lub voj voog thiab coj kev sib haum xeeb rau nws daim ntawv. Hauv qee qhov kev hloov pauv. cycles, modal contrast yog qhia 2-3 zaug (Beethoven qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub ntsiab lus los ntawm ballet "The Forest Girl"). Nyob rau hauv Mozart lub voj voog, tus qauv ntawm V. yog enriched nrog textural contrasts, qhia qhov twg lub ntsiab tsis muaj lawv (V. nyob rau hauv lub piano sonata A-dur, K.-V. 331, nyob rau hauv lub serenade rau orchestra B-dur, K.-V. 361 ib.). Ib hom "thib ob txoj kev npaj" ntawm daim ntawv yog noj cov duab, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau cov xim sib txawv thiab qhov dav ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv dav dav. Hauv qee qhov kev tsim khoom. Mozart koom ua ke V. nrog kev sib txuas ntawm kev sib haum xeeb. kev hloov pauv (attaca), yam tsis muaj kev sib txawv ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub ncauj lus. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov kua dej sib xyaw ua ke yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub voj voog, suav nrog B.-Adagio thiab qhov kawg feem ntau nyob rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub voj voog ("Je suis Lindor", "Salve tu, Domine", K. -V. 354, 398, ib.). Kev taw qhia ntawm Adagio thiab qhov xaus nrawm qhia txog kev sib txuas nrog cov voj voog sonata, lawv cov kev cuam tshuam rau lub voj voog ntawm V.
Lub tonality ntawm V. nyob rau hauv classical. suab paj nruag ntawm 18th thiab 19th centuries. Feem ntau cov tib yam yog khaws cia raws li nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus, thiab modal contrast tau qhia nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug ntau tonic, tab sis twb F. Schubert nyob rau hauv loj variations. cycles pib siv lub tonality ntawm VI theem qis rau V., tam sim ntawd tom qab tus me, thiab yog li mus dhau qhov txwv ntawm ib qho tonic (Andante los ntawm Trout quintet). Hauv cov neeg sau ntawv tom qab, tonal diversity nyob rau hauv variations. lub voj voog yog txhim kho (Brahms, V. thiab fugue op. 24 ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm Handel) los yog, conversely, tsis muaj zog; nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tom kawg, kev nplua nuj ntawm harmonics ua raws li kev them nyiaj. thiab timbre variation ("Bolero" los ntawm Ravel).
Wok. V. nrog tib lub suab nkauj hauv Lavxias. composers kuj sib sau ua ke lit. ntawv uas nthuav tawm ib zaj lus piav qhia. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm xws li V., cov duab qee zaum tshwm sim. Lub sijhawm sib raug rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv nyeem (Persian hu nkauj los ntawm opera "Ruslan thiab Lyudmila", Varlaam zaj nkauj los ntawm opera "Boris Godunov"). Qhib-kawg variations kuj ua tau nyob rau hauv lub opera. cycles, yog hais tias xws li ib daim ntawv yog dictated los ntawm playwright. Qhov xwm txheej (qhov xwm txheej hauv lub tsev pheeb suab "Yog li, Kuv nyob" los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam "Ivan Susanin", cov nkauj hu ua "Auj, qhov teeb meem yog los, tib neeg" los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam "Cov Lus Dab Neeg ntawm Lub Nroog Invisible Kitezh").
Rau vari. cov ntaub ntawv ntawm hom 1 yog nyob ib sab ntawm V.-ob, uas ua raws li lub ntsiab lus thiab tsuas yog txwv rau ib qho ntawm nws cov kev nthuav qhia sib txawv (tsis tshua muaj ob). Variants. lawv tsis tsim ib lub voj voog, vim lawv tsis muaj kev ua tiav; tus coj tuaj yeem mus coj II, thiab lwm yam hauv instr. suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th V.-ob feem ntau suav nrog hauv suite, sib txawv ib lossis ob peb. seev cev (partita h-moll Bach for violin solo), wok. Nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag, lawv tshwm sim thaum lub couplet rov ua dua (Triquet's couplets los ntawm opera "Eugene Onegin"). A V.-ob npaug tuaj yeem suav tias yog ob qhov kev tsim kho uas nyob ib sab, koom ua ke los ntawm cov qauv thematic. cov ntaub ntawv (orc. kev taw qhia los ntawm II daim duab ntawm lub prologue nyob rau hauv lub opera "Boris Godunov", No1 los ntawm Prokofiev lub "Fleeting").
Composition Variations. cycles ntawm hom 2nd ("dawb V.") yog qhov nyuaj dua. Lawv keeb kwm hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 17th, thaum lub monothematic suite tau tsim; Qee zaum, cov seev cev yog V. (I. Ya. Froberger, "Auf die Mayerin"). Bach hauv partitas - V. ntawm cov ntsiab lus choral - siv qhov kev nthuav qhia pub dawb, fastening lub stanzas ntawm choral melody nrog interludes, tej zaum dav heev, thiab yog li deviating los ntawm tus thawj qauv ntawm lub choral ("Sei gegrüsset, Jesu gütig", "Allein Gott in der Höhe sei Ehr", BWV 768, 771 etc.). Nyob rau hauv V. ntawm hom 2nd, yos rov qab mus rau 19th thiab 20th centuries, modal-tonal, ib hom ntawv nyeem, tempo, thiab metrical qauv yog ho txhim khu kev qha. contrasts: yuav luag txhua V. sawv cev rau ib yam dab tsi tshiab ntawm no hwm. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub voj voog yog txhawb los ntawm kev siv intonations ntawm lub ntsiab lus. Los ntawm cov no, V. txhim kho nws cov ntsiab lus, uas muaj qee yam kev ywj pheej thiab muaj peev xwm los tsim. Li no qhov kev siv nyob rau hauv V. ntawm ib tug reprise ob-, peb-ib feem, thiab dav daim ntawv, txawm tias lub ntsiab lus tsis muaj nws (V. op. 72 Glazunov rau piano). Nyob rau hauv rallying daim ntawv, qeeb V. plays lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub cim ntawm Adagio, Andante, nocturne, uas feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv pem teb 2. lub voj voog, thiab qhov kawg, rub ua ke ntau yam intonations. khoom ntawm tag nrho lub voj voog. Feem ntau qhov kawg V. muaj ib tug pompously kawg ua cim (Schumann's Symphonic Etudes, qhov kawg ntawm 3rd suite rau orchestra thiab V. ntawm Tchaikovsky's rococo ntsiab); yog V. muab tso rau qhov kawg ntawm sonata-symphony. lub voj voog, nws muaj peev xwm ua ke lawv horizontally lossis vertically nrog thematic. cov khoom ntawm lub zog yav dhau los (Tchaikovsky's trio "Nyob rau hauv nco txog lub Great Artist", Taneyev lub quartet No. 3). Qee qhov kev hloov pauv. cov cycles nyob rau hauv lub finals muaj ib tug fugue (symphonic V. op. 78 los ntawm Dvořák) los yog muaj xws li ib tug fugue nyob rau hauv ib tug pre-kawg V. (33 V. op. 120 los ntawm Beethoven, 2nd ib feem ntawm lub Tchaikovsky trio).
Qee zaum V. tau sau rau ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus, tsis tshua muaj peb. Hauv ob lub voj voog tsaus ntuj, ib qho V. rau txhua lub ntsiab lus hloov pauv tsis tu ncua (Andante nrog Haydn's V. hauv f-moll rau piano, Adagio los ntawm Beethoven's Symphony No 9) lossis ob peb V. (slow part of Beethoven's trio op. 70 No 2 ). Daim ntawv kawg yog yooj yim rau kev hloov pauv dawb. compositions ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus, qhov twg V. yog kev cob cog rua los ntawm kev sib txuas qhov chaw (Andante los ntawm Beethoven's Symphony No. 5). Nyob rau hauv qhov kawg ntawm Beethoven's Symphony No. 9, sau nyob rau hauv vari. foos, ch. qhov chaw belongs rau thawj lub ntsiab lus ("lub ntsiab ntawm kev xyiv fab"), uas tau txais ib tug dav variation. kev loj hlob, suav nrog tonal variation thiab fugato; lub ntsiab lus thib ob tshwm nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm qhov kawg ntawm ob peb txoj kev xaiv; nyob rau hauv dav dav fugue reprise, cov ntsiab lus yog counterpointed. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tag nrho cov kawg yog li dawb heev.
Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab V. classics ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus yog kev cob cog rua nrog tradits. V.'s daim ntawv mus rau ib qho kev hloov suab paj nruag: txhua lub ntsiab lus tuaj yeem sib txawv, tab sis qhov sib xyaw ua ke tag nrho hloov mus rau qhov tsis pub dawb vim muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm tonal, txuas kev tsim kho thiab counterpointing ntawm cov ntsiab lus ("Kamarinskaya" los ntawm Glinka, " Nyob rau hauv Central Asia" los ntawm Borodin, ib tug kab tshoob ceremony los ntawm lub opera "Lub Snow Maiden"). Txawm tias ntau dawb yog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob rau hauv tsis tshua muaj piv txwv ntawm V. ntawm peb lub ntsiab lus: qhov yooj yim ntawm kev hloov thiab plexus ntawm thematicism yog nws indispensable mob (qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub reserved hav zoov los ntawm lub opera Snow Maiden).
V. ntawm ob hom hauv sonata-symphony. prod. feem ntau yog siv los ua ib daim ntawv ntawm kev qeeb qeeb (tshwj tsis yog rau cov haujlwm uas tau hais los saum toj no, saib Kreutzer Sonata thiab Allegretto los ntawm Beethoven's Symphony No. 7, Schubert's Maiden thiab Death Quartet, Glazunov's Symphony No. 6, piano concertos los ntawm Prokofiev's Scriabin thiab No. Symphony No 3 thiab los ntawm Violin Concerto No 8), qee zaum lawv raug siv los ua qhov 1st txav los yog qhov kawg (piv txwv li tau hais los saum no). Nyob rau hauv Mozart variations, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub voj voog sonata, xws li B.-Adagio tsis tuaj (sonata rau violin thiab pianoforte Es-dur, quartet d-moll, K.-V. 1, 481), lossis xws li lub voj voog nws tus kheej. tsis muaj qhov qeeb (sonata rau piano A-dur, sonata rau violin thiab piano A-dur, K.-V. 421, 331, thiab lwm yam). V. ntawm 305st hom feem ntau suav nrog ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv daim ntawv loj dua, tab sis tom qab ntawd lawv tsis tuaj yeem tau txais kev ua tiav, thiab kev hloov pauv. lub voj voog tseem qhib rau kev hloov mus rau lwm qhov thematic. ntu. Cov ntaub ntawv hauv ib ntu, V. muaj peev xwm sib piv nrog lwm cov thematic. seem ntawm ib daim ntawv loj, tsom rau kev loj hlob ntawm ib muses. duab. Variation ntau. cov ntaub ntawv nyob ntawm kev kos duab. ntau lawm tswv yim. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub thib 1 ib feem ntawm Shostakovich lub Symphony No. 1, V. qhia ib tug grandiose duab ntawm tus yeeb ncuab ntxeem tau, tib lub ntsiab lus thiab plaub V. nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub 7st ib feem ntawm Myaskovsky lub Symphony No. 1 kos ib tug calm. daim duab ntawm tus cwj pwm epic. Los ntawm ntau hom polyphonic, V. voj voog yuav siv sij hawm zoo nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm qhov kawg ntawm Prokofiev's Concerto No 25. Cov duab ntawm tus cwj pwm playful tshwm sim hauv V. los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm scherzo trio op. 3 Tanev. Qhov nruab nrab ntawm Debussy's nocturne "Kev Ua koob tsheej" yog tsim los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntsiab lus, uas qhia txog kev txav ntawm cov yeeb yuj carnival procession. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, V. yog kos rau hauv ib lub voj voog, thematically contrasting nrog cov seem nyob ib ncig ntawm daim ntawv.
Daim ntawv V. yog qee zaum xaiv rau qhov tseem ceeb lossis theem nrab hauv sonata allegro (Glinka's Jota ntawm Aragon, Balakirev's Overture ntawm Cov Ntsiab Lus ntawm Peb Cov Lus Lavxias) lossis rau qhov chaw huab cua ntawm daim ntawv peb ntu (2nd ib feem ntawm Rimsky -Korsakov's Scheherazade). Ces V. raug. cov seem tau khaws nyob rau hauv lub rerise thiab ib tug dispersed variation yog tsim. Lub voj voog, qhov teeb meem ntawm kev ntxhib los mos hauv Krom tau muab faib ua ke rau ob qho tib si nws qhov chaw. Frank's "Prelude, Fugue thiab Variation" rau lub cev yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib qho kev hloov pauv hauv Reprise-B.
Distributed variant. lub voj voog loj hlob raws li txoj kev npaj thib ob ntawm daim ntawv, yog tias c.-l. lub ntsiab nws txawv nrog repetition. Hauv qhov no, rondo muaj lub sijhawm zoo tshwj xeeb: lub ntsiab lus rov qab los. nws cov ntsiab lus tau ntev tau ib yam khoom ntawm kev hloov pauv (qhov kawg ntawm Beethoven's sonata op. 24 rau violin thiab piano: muaj ob V. ntawm lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv kev rov ua dua). Nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv complex peb feem, tib possibilities rau tsim ib tug dispersed variation. Lub voj voog raug qhib los ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm lub ntsiab lus pib - lub sijhawm (Dvorak - nruab nrab ntawm 3rd ib feem ntawm lub quartet, op. 96). Qhov rov qab ntawm lub ntsiab lus tuaj yeem hais txog nws qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim thematic. cov qauv ntawm cov khoom, thaum kev hloov pauv, hloov qhov kev ntxhib los mos thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm lub suab, tab sis khaws cia lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntsiab lus, tso cai rau koj kom tob rau nws cov lus qhia. lub ntsiab lus. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub trio ntawm Tchaikovsky, lub tragic. ch. lub ntsiab lus, rov qab los rau hauv 1st thiab 2nd qhov chaw, nrog kev pab ntawm variation yog coj mus rau ib tug culmination - qhov kawg qhia ntawm lub iab ntawm kev poob. Nyob rau hauv Largo los ntawm Shostakovich lub Symphony No. 5, lub ntsiab tu siab (Ob., fl.) tom qab, thaum ua nyob rau hauv lub climax (Vc), tau txais ib tug acutely ua cim, thiab nyob rau hauv lub coda nws suab nyob kaj siab lug. Lub voj voog sib txawv absorbs ntawm no cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Largo lub tswv yim.
Dispersed variations. cycles feem ntau muaj ntau tshaj ib lub ntsiab lus. Nyob rau hauv qhov sib piv ntawm xws li voj voog, versatility ntawm kev kos duab tau tshwm sim. cov ntsiab lus. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv zoo li no hauv cov nkauj tshwj xeeb yog qhov zoo heev. prod. Tchaikovsky, to-rye muaj ntau V., khaws cia ch. melody-lub ntsiab lus thiab hloov nws accompaniment. Lyric. Andante Tchaikovsky txawv heev ntawm nws tej hauj lwm, sau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub ntsiab lus nrog V. Variation nyob rau hauv lawv tsis ua rau c.-l. hloov nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv nyeem thiab xwm ntawm lub suab paj nruag, txawm li cas los, los ntawm variation ntawm lub lyric. daim duab nce mus rau qhov siab ntawm symphony. generalizations (slow txav ntawm symphonies No. 4 thiab No. 5, pianoforte concerto No. 1, quartet No. 2, sonatas op. 37-bis, nruab nrab ntawm symphonic fantasy "Francesca da Rimini", lub ntsiab ntawm kev hlub nyob rau hauv "Lub Tempest ", Joanna's aria los ntawm opera "Maid of Orleans", thiab lwm yam). Qhov tsim ntawm ib tug dispersed variation. lub voj voog, ntawm ib sab, yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv. txheej txheem hauv suab paj nruag. daim ntawv, ntawm qhov tod tes, tso siab rau qhov tseeb ntawm thematic. cov qauv ntawm cov khoom, nws cov ntsiab lus nruj. Tab sis txoj kev sib txawv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm thematism yog qhov dav thiab ntau yam uas nws tsis tas yuav ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv. cycles nyob rau hauv lub literal siab ntawm lo lus thiab yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv ib tug heev dawb daim ntawv.
Los ntawm Ser. 19th caug xyoo V. ua lub hauv paus ntawm ntau yam symphonic loj thiab kev hais kwv txhiaj ua haujlwm, siv lub tswv yim dav dav, qee zaum nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Cov no yog Liszt's Dance of Death, Brahms 'Variations on a Theme of Haydn, Franck's Symphonic Variations, R. Strauss's Don Quixote, Rakhmaninov's Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini, Variations on a Theme of Rus. nar. cov nkauj "Koj, kuv daim teb" los ntawm Shebalin, "Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Purcell" by Britten and a number of other compositions. Nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lawv thiab lwm tus neeg nyiam lawv, ib tug yuav tsum tham txog synthesis ntawm variation thiab kev loj hlob, hais txog qhov sib txawv-thematic systems. kev txiav txim, thiab lwm yam, uas ua raws li los ntawm cov cim thiab complex kos duab. lub hom phiaj ntawm txhua yam khoom.
Variation raws li txoj cai los yog txoj kev thematically. txoj kev loj hlob yog ib lub tswv yim dav heev thiab suav nrog txhua qhov kev hloov kho dua tshiab uas txawv ntawm txhua txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb los ntawm thawj qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm lub ncauj lus. Lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no dhau los ua ib tug kuj ywj siab suab paj nruag. ib qho kev tsim kho uas muab cov khoom siv rau kev hloov pauv. Hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, nws tuaj yeem yog thawj kab lus ntawm lub sijhawm, qhov txuas txuas ntev hauv ib ntu, ib qho operatic leitmotif, Nar. nkauj, thiab lwm yam. Lub essence ntawm variation lies nyob rau hauv preservation ntawm thematic. fundamentals thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub enrichment, kho tshiab ntawm ntau yam kev tsim kho.
Muaj ob hom kev hloov pauv: a) hloov pauv ntawm thematic. cov ntaub ntawv thiab b) qhia cov ntsiab lus tshiab rau hauv nws, tshwm sim los ntawm cov tseem ceeb. Schematically, thawj hom yog denoted li a + a1, qhov thib ob li ab + ac. Piv txwv li, hauv qab no yog cov seem ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm WA Mozart, L. Beethoven thiab PI Tchaikovsky.
Hauv qhov piv txwv los ntawm Mozart's sonata, qhov zoo sib xws yog melodic-rhythmic. kos ob qho kev tsim kho tso cai rau peb sawv cev rau qhov thib ob ntawm lawv raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm thawj zaug; Hauv qhov sib piv, hauv Beethoven's Largo, cov kab lus txuas nrog tsuas yog los ntawm kev pib suab paj nruag. intonation, tab sis nws txuas ntxiv hauv lawv txawv; Tchaikovsky's Andantino siv tib txoj kev raws li Beethoven's Largo, tab sis nrog qhov nce ntawm qhov ntev ntawm kab lus thib ob. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, tus cwj pwm ntawm lub ntsiab yog khaws cia, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws yog enriched los ntawm nyob rau hauv los ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm nws thawj intonations. Qhov loj thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov tsim thematic tsim hloov pauv nyob ntawm cov duab kos duab. lub hom phiaj ntawm tag nrho cov khoom.
PI Tchaikovsky. 4th symphony, zog II.
Kev hloov pauv yog ib qho ntawm cov qauv qub tshaj plaws ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, nws dominates hauv Nar. suab paj nruag thiab cov ntaub ntawv ancient prof. foob. Variation yog yam ntxwv ntawm Western Europe. romantic composers. tsev kawm ntawv thiab rau Russians. classics 19 - thaum ntxov. 20 centuries, nws permeates lawv "dawb daim ntawv" thiab nkag mus rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tau txais los ntawm Viennese classics. Kev tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no yuav txawv. Piv txwv li, MI Glinka los yog R. Schumann tsim ib tug kev loj hlob ntawm sonata daim ntawv los ntawm loj sequential units (overture los ntawm lub opera "Ruslan thiab Lyudmila", thawj feem ntawm lub quartet op. 47 los ntawm Schumann). F. Chopin coj ch. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm E-dur scherzo yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob, hloov nws modal thiab tonal kev nthuav qhia, tab sis tswj tus qauv, F. Schubert nyob rau hauv thawj feem ntawm lub sonata B-dur (1828) tsim ib lub ntsiab lus tshiab nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob, coj nws. ua ntu zus (A-dur – H-dur), thiab tom qab ntawd tsim ib kab lus plaub-bar los ntawm nws, uas kuj txav mus rau cov yuam sij sib txawv thaum tswj kev ua suab paj nruag. daim duab. Cov piv txwv zoo sib xws hauv suab paj nruag. lit-re yog inexhaustible. Kev hloov pauv, yog li, tau dhau los ua ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb hauv thematic. txoj kev loj hlob nyob qhov twg lwm cov qauv hauv paus ntsiab lus predominate, piv txwv li. sonata. Hauv kev tsim khoom, gravitating ntawm Nar. cov ntaub ntawv, nws muaj peev xwm ntes cov haujlwm tseem ceeb. Symphony lub painting "Sadko", "Hmo ntuj ntawm Bald Roob" los ntawm Mussorgsky, "Yim Lavxias teb sab Folk Songs" los ntawm Lyadov, thaum ntxov ballets los ntawm Stravinsky tuaj yeem ua pov thawj ntawm qhov no. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov suab paj nruag C. Debussy, M. Ravel, SS Prokofiev yog qhov tshwj xeeb. DD Shostakovich siv kev hloov pauv hauv txoj kev tshwj xeeb; rau nws nws yog txuam nrog kev qhia txog cov tshiab, txuas ntxiv mus rau hauv lub ntsiab lus paub (hom "b"). Feem ntau, nyob qhov twg nws yog tsim nyog los tsim, txuas ntxiv, hloov kho lub ntsiab lus, siv nws tus kheej intonations, composers tig mus rau variation.
Variant forms adjoin variational forms, tsim kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke thiab kev sib koom ua ke raws li kev sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Variant txoj kev loj hlob implies ib qho kev ywj pheej ntawm melodic. thiab tonal txav nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug zoo nkauj sib xws nrog lub ntsiab (nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm variation txiav txim, ntawm qhov tsis tooj, qhov kev ntxhib los mos undergoes hloov nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw). Lub ntsiab lus, ua ke nrog cov variants, tsim ib daim ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev nthuav tawm cov duab suab paj nruag tseem ceeb. Sarabande los ntawm 1 Fabkis suite los ntawm JS Bach, Pauline's romance "Nyob Zoo Cov Phooj Ywg" los ntawm opera "Tus Poj huab tais ntawm Spades", zaj nkauj ntawm Varangian qhua los ntawm opera "Sadko" tuaj yeem ua piv txwv ntawm cov ntawv sib txawv.
Variation, nthuav qhia qhov muaj peev xwm nthuav dav ntawm lub ntsiab lus thiab ua rau kev tsim ntawm qhov tseeb. kos duab. daim duab, yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov txawv ntawm cov koob hauv niaj hnub dodecaphone thiab serial suab paj nruag. Hauv qhov no, kev hloov pauv hloov mus rau qhov zoo sib xws rau qhov tseeb hloov pauv.
References: Berkov V., Glinka's variational development of harmony, hauv nws phau ntawv: Glinka's Harmony, M.-L., 1948, ch. VI; Sosnovtsev B., Variant form, in collection: Saratov State University. Conservatory, Scientific thiab Methodological Notes, Saratov, 1957; Protopopov Vl., Variations nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab classical opera, M., 1957; nws, Variation method of development of thematism in the music of Chopin, in Sat: F. Chopin, M., 1960; Skrebkova OL, Ntawm qee txoj kev ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov, hauv: Cov Lus Nug ntawm Musicology, vol. 3, M., 1960; Adigezalova L., Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm kev tsim cov nkauj ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Soviet symphonic suab paj nruag, nyob rau hauv: Cov lus nug ntawm Kawm Txuj Ci, L., 1963; Müller T., Ntawm lub voj voog ntawm daim ntawv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab pej xeem nkauj kaw los ntawm EE Lineva, nyob rau hauv: Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Yeeb Yam ntawm Moscow. xeev conservatory lawv. PI Tchaikovsky, vol. 1, Moscow, 1960; Budrin B., Variation cycles nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Shostakovich, nyob rau hauv: Cov lus nug ntawm suab paj nruas daim ntawv, vol. 1, M., 1967; ib. Protopopov Vl., Variational processes in music form, M., 1967; Nws tus kheej, Ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv Shebalin lub suab paj nruag, hauv kev sau: V. Ya. Shebalin, M., 1970
Vl. V. Protopopov
