Keeb kwm ntawm Gregorian chant: lub recitative ntawm kev thov Vajtswv yuav teb zoo li ib tug choral

Gregorian chants, Gregorian chant… Feem ntau ntawm peb tau koom nrog cov lus no nrog Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab (thiab zoo heev). Tab sis cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm no liturgical chant rov qab mus rau lub sij hawm ntawm ancient sij hawm, thaum thawj cov ntseeg nyob rau hauv Middle East.

Lub hauv paus ntawm Gregorian chant tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm 2nd-6th centuries nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm lub suab paj nruas qauv ntawm antiquity (odic chants), thiab suab paj nruag ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm sab hnub tuaj (cov neeg Yudais psalmody ancient, suab paj nruag melismatic ntawm Armenia, Syria, Egypt. ).

Qhov ntxov tshaj plaws thiab tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj qhia txog Gregorian chant txawm tias hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 3. AD Nws cuam tshuam txog kev sau cov nkauj ntseeg Vajtswv hauv Greek cov ntawv sau nyob tom qab ntawm daim ntawv qhia txog cov nplej sau rau ntawm papyrus pom ntawm Oxyrhynchus, Egypt.

Qhov tseeb, lub suab paj nruag dawb ceev no tau txais lub npe "Gregorian" los ntawm , uas yog qhov systematized thiab pom zoo lub cev tseem ceeb ntawm kev hu nkauj ntawm lub Koom Txoos Western.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Gregorian chant

Lub hauv paus ntawm Gregorian chant yog hais lus ntawm kev thov Vajtswv, pawg. Raws li cov lus thiab suab paj nruag cuam tshuam li cas hauv choral chants, ib qho kev faib ntawm Gregorian chants tau tshwm sim rau hauv:

1. suab lus (qhov no yog thaum ib lub suab ntawm cov ntawv sib raug rau ib lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub suab nkauj, qhov kev nkag siab ntawm cov ntawv nyeem yog qhov tseeb);
2. pneumatic (cov lus me me tshwm sim hauv lawv - ob lossis peb lub suab ib lub suab ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, kev nkag siab ntawm cov ntawv nyeem yooj yim);
3. melismatic (loj chants – ib tug unlimited tus naj npawb ntawm tones ib lub suab, cov ntawv nyeem yog nyuaj rau perceive).

Gregorian chant nws tus kheej yog monodic (uas yog, hauv paus ib lub suab), tab sis qhov no tsis tau txhais hais tias lub chants tsis tuaj yeem ua los ntawm pawg hu nkauj. Raws li hom kev ua yeeb yam, kev hu nkauj tau muab faib ua:

• antiphonal, nyob rau hauv uas ob pawg neeg hu nkauj alternate (tag nrho cov nkauj hu nkauj no);
• tus neeg teb xov toojthaum solo hu nkauj alternates nrog choral hu nkauj.

Hom-intonation hauv paus ntawm Gregorian chant muaj 8 modal hom, hu ua pawg ntseeg hom. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog thaum ntxov tsuas yog siv lub suab diatonic (kev siv cov ntse thiab flats tau suav tias yog kev ntxias los ntawm kev phem thiab raug txwv rau qee lub sijhawm).

Sij hawm dhau mus, lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm Gregorian chants pib tawg nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam. Qhov no suav nrog tus neeg muaj tswv yim ntawm cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag, ib txwm siv zog mus dhau cov qauv, thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov ntawv tshiab ntawm cov ntawv rau cov suab paj nruag yav dhau los. Qhov no tshwj xeeb suab paj nruag thiab poetic kev npaj ntawm yav tas los tsim compositions yog hu ua trope.

Gregorian chant thiab kev loj hlob ntawm notation

Thaum xub thawj, cov suab nkauj tau sau tseg yam tsis muaj ntawv sau tseg hauv lub npe hu ua tonars - ib yam dab tsi zoo li cov lus qhia rau cov neeg hu nkauj - thiab hauv cov ntawv nyeem, hu nkauj.

Pib los ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th, tag nrho cov ntawv sau nkauj tau tshwm sim, kaw siv tsis yog-linear non-neutral notation. Neumas yog cov cim tshwj xeeb, squiggles, uas tau muab tso rau saum cov ntawv txhawm rau ua kom yooj yim rau lub neej ntawm cov neeg hu nkauj. Siv cov cim no, cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag yuav tsum muaj peev xwm twv seb qhov kev ua suab paj nruag tom ntej yuav yog li cas.

Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, dav square-linear sau ntawv, uas logically ua tiav qhov tsis yog nruab nrab. Nws qhov kev ua tiav tseem ceeb tuaj yeem raug hu ua lub suab nrov - tam sim no cov neeg hu nkauj tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog kwv yees cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub suab paj nruag, tab sis kuj paub tseeb tias ntev npaum li cas yuav tsum tau khaws cia.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Gregorian chant rau European suab paj nruag

Gregorian chant tau los ua lub hauv paus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab ntawm cov suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog lig thiab lub Renaissance, mus los ntawm lub cev (ib qho ntawm cov qauv ntawm ob lub suab medieval) mus rau lub suab paj nruag nplua nuj ntawm High Renaissance.

Gregorian chant feem ntau txiav txim siab thematic (melodic) thiab kev tsim kho (daim ntawv ntawm cov ntawv yog npaj rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag) hauv paus ntawm Baroque suab paj nruag. Qhov no yog tiag tiag ib tug fertile teb uas cov tua ntawm tag nrho cov tom ntej cov ntaub ntawv ntawm European - nyob rau hauv lub dav dav ntawm lo lus - suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai tau sprouted.

Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus thiab suab paj nruag

Dies Irae (Hnub Wrath) - lub suab nrov tshaj plaws ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog

Keeb kwm ntawm Gregorian chant yog inextricably txuas nrog keeb kwm ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Christian. Liturgical kev ua tau zoo raws li psalmody, melismatic chant, nkauj hu nkauj thiab pawg neeg twb tau txawv nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv nyeem, uas tso cai rau Gregorian chants kom ciaj sia rau niaj hnub no.

Cov chorales kuj qhia txog kev ntseeg thaum ntxov ntawm kev ntseeg (kev hu nkauj psalmodic yooj yim hauv cov zej zog thaum ntxov) nrog rau cov lus hais txog suab paj nruag.

Lub sij hawm tau ua rau kev ua yeeb yam, thaum cov ntawv sau paj huam ntawm kev thov Vajtswv yog sib haum xeeb nrog cov suab paj nruag (ib hom kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov lus thiab suab paj nruag). Cov tsos ntawm melismatic chants - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov jubilees thaum kawg ntawm hallelujah - cim qhov kawg supremacy ntawm suab paj nruas kev sib raug zoo ntawm lo lus thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm qhia txog lub tsim ntawm lub kawg dominance ntawm cov ntseeg nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe.

Gregorian chant thiab liturgical ua yeeb yam

Gregorian suab paj nruag tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho kev ua yeeb yam. Cov nkauj ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv phau Vajlugkub thiab txoj moo zoo tau ua rau muaj kev ua yeeb yam. Cov suab paj nruag paub tsis meej no maj mam, nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj hnub so, tawm ntawm phab ntsa ntawm cathedrals thiab nkag mus rau hauv cov squares ntawm medieval nroog thiab cov chaw nyob.

Muaj kev koom ua ke nrog cov kev cai ntawm pej xeem kab lis kev cai (costume ua yeeb yam ntawm kev mus ncig acrobats, troubadours, singers, storytellers, jugglers, tightrope walkers, hluav taws swallowers, thiab lwm yam), liturgical ua yeeb yam nteg lub hauv paus rau tag nrho cov tom ntej no cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev ua yeeb yam.

Cov dab neeg uas nrov tshaj plaws ntawm liturgical ua yeeb yam yog txoj moo zoo cov dab neeg hais txog kev pe hawm cov neeg yug yaj thiab tuaj txog ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse nrog khoom plig rau tus me nyuam mos Khetos, hais txog kev phem ntawm Vajntxwv Helauj, uas tau txib kom tshem tawm tag nrho cov menyuam hauv Npelehees, thiab zaj dab neeg txog kev sawv rov los ntawm Tswv Yexus.

Nrog nws tso tawm rau "neeg," liturgical ua yeeb yam tau hloov los ntawm obligatory Latin rau cov lus hauv teb chaws, uas ua rau nws nrov dua. Lub tsev teev ntuj hierarchs twb tau nkag siab zoo tias kos duab yog txoj kev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev lag luam, qhia nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus niaj hnub no, muaj peev xwm nyiam qhov dav tshaj plaws ntawm cov pej xeem mus rau lub tuam tsev.

Gregorian chant, tau muab ntau rau niaj hnub theatrical thiab suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai, txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj dab tsi ploj, mus ib txhis tsis muaj qhov tshwm sim, ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm kev ntseeg, kev ntseeg, suab paj nruag thiab lwm yam kev kos duab. Thiab txog niaj hnub no nws fascinates peb nrog kev sib haum xeeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab lub ntiaj teb, muab pov rau hauv chorale.