Belcanto, bel canto |

ital. bel canto, belcanto, lit. - hu nkauj zoo nkauj

Lub teeb ci ntsa iab thiab zoo nkauj ntawm kev hu nkauj, yam ntxwv ntawm Italian suab paj nruag ntawm nruab nrab-17th - 1st ib nrab ntawm 19th centuries; nyob rau hauv ib tug dav niaj hnub kev xav - lub melodiousness ntawm lub suab kev ua tau zoo.

Belcanto xav tau cov txheej txheem suab zoo los ntawm tus neeg hu nkauj: impeccable cantilena, thinning, virtuoso coloratura, kev xav nplua nuj zoo nkauj hu nkauj suab.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm bel canto yog txuam nrog kev loj hlob ntawm homophonic style ntawm suab paj nruag thiab tsim ntawm Italian opera (thaum ntxov 17th caug xyoo). Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, thaum tuav lub hauv paus artistic thiab zoo nkauj, Italian bel canto evolved, enriched nrog tshiab artistic cov tswv yim thiab xim. Thaum ntxov, thiaj li hu. kev mob siab rau, bel canto style (operas los ntawm C. Monteverdi, F. Cavalli, A. Chesti, A. Scarlatti) yog raws li kev nthuav qhia cantilena, elevated poetic ntawv, me me coloratura decorations tswvcuab los txhim kho qhov ua tau zoo; kev ua suab nrov tau txawv ntawm qhov rhiab heev, pathos.

Ntawm cov zoo nkauj bel canto singers ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. - P. Tosi, A. Stradella, FA Pistocchi, B. Ferri thiab lwm tus (feem ntau yog ob tus kws sau nkauj thiab cov kws qhia suab).

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. twb nyob rau hauv Scarlatti lub operas, arias pib ua nyob rau hauv ib tug dav cantilena ntawm ib tug bravura cim, siv ib tug ntev coloratura. thiaj li hu ua bravura style ntawm bel canto (ntau tshaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th thiab muaj mus txog rau thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm lub xyoo pua 1th) yog ib tug ci ntsa iab virtuoso style dominated los ntawm coloratura.

Kev kos duab ntawm kev hu nkauj nyob rau lub sijhawm no feem ntau yog subordinated rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev nthuav tawm lub suab thiab kev muaj peev xwm ntawm tus neeg hu nkauj - lub sijhawm ua pa, kev txawj ntawm thinning, muaj peev xwm ua tau qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws, cadences, trills (muaj. yog 8 hom ntawm lawv); cov neeg hu nkauj tau sib tw hauv lub zog thiab lub sijhawm ntawm lub suab nrog lub trumpet thiab lwm yam cuab yeej ntawm lub orchestra.

Nyob rau hauv "kev zoo nkauj" ntawm bel canto, tus neeg hu nkauj yuav tsum sib txawv ntawm qhov thib ob hauv aria da capo, thiab tus naj npawb thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm cov kev hloov pauv tau ua qhov qhia txog nws cov txuj ci; kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm arias yuav tsum tau hloov ntawm txhua qhov kev ua yeeb yam. Nyob rau hauv "bravura style" ntawm bel canto, qhov no feature tau dhau los ua tus tseem ceeb. Yog li, ntxiv rau cov lus txib zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub suab, kos duab ntawm bel canto xav tau kev nthuav dav suab paj nruag thiab kev kos duab los ntawm tus neeg hu nkauj, muaj peev xwm sib txawv ntawm tus neeg sau suab paj nruag, rau improvise (qhov no txuas ntxiv mus txog rau qhov pom ntawm operas los ntawm G. Rossini, uas nws tus kheej pib sau tag nrho cadenzas thiab coloratura).

Los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th Italian opera dhau los ua lub opera ntawm "hnub qub", ua raws li cov cai ntawm kev qhia lub suab muaj peev xwm ntawm cov neeg hu nkauj.

Cov neeg sawv cev zoo ntawm bel canto yog: castrato singers AM Bernacchi, G. Cresentini, A. Uberti (Porporino), Caffarelli, Senesino, Farinelli, L. Marchesi, G. Guadagni, G. Pacyarotti, J. Velluti; cov neeg hu nkauj – F. Bordoni, R. Mingotti, C. Gabrielli, A. Catalani, C. Coltelini; cov neeg hu nkauj – D. Jizzi, A. Nozari, J. David thiab lwm tus.

Cov kev cai ntawm bel canto style txiav txim siab ib qho kev qhia rau cov neeg hu nkauj. Raws li nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, composers ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th yog tib lub sij hawm cov kws qhia suab (A. Scarlatti, L. Vinci, J. Pergolesi, N. Porpora, L. Leo, thiab lwm yam). Kev kawm tau ua nyob rau hauv conservatories (uas yog cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab tib lub sijhawm dormitories uas cov kws qhia ntawv nyob nrog cov tub ntxhais kawm) rau 6-9 xyoo, nrog cov chav kawm txhua hnub txij thaum sawv ntxov txog yav tsaus ntuj. Yog hais tias tus me nyuam muaj lub suab zoo, ces nws raug castration nyob rau hauv kev cia siab ntawm kev khaws cia lub qub qualities ntawm lub suab tom qab kev hloov; Yog tias ua tiav, cov neeg hu nkauj nrog lub suab zoo thiab cov txheej txheem tau txais (saib Castratos-singers).

Lub tsev kawm suab nrov tshaj plaws yog Bologna Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm F. Pistocchi (qhib xyoo 1700). Ntawm lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv, cov nto moo tshaj plaws yog: Roman, Florentine, Venetian, Milanese thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Neapolitan, uas A. Scarlatti, N. Porpora, L. Leo ua haujlwm.

Lub sijhawm tshiab hauv kev txhim kho ntawm bel canto pib thaum lub opera rov ua nws txoj kev ntseeg ploj thiab tau txais kev txhim kho tshiab ua tsaug rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm G. Rossini, S. Mercadante, V. Bellini, G. Donizetti. Txawm hais tias lub suab hauv operas tseem overloaded nrog coloratura embellishments, cov neeg hu nkauj twb yuav tsum tau realistically qhia cov kev xav ntawm cov cim nyob; nce lub tessitura ntawm batch, bоQhov ntau dua saturation ntawm orchestral accompaniment imposes dynamic xav tau ntawm lub suab. Belcanto yog enriched nrog ib tug palette ntawm tshiab timbre thiab dynamic xim. Cov neeg hu nkauj zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm no yog J. Pasta, A. Catalani, cov viv ncaus (Giuditta, Giulia) Grisi, E. Tadolini, J. Rubini, J. Mario, L. Lablache, F. thiab D. Ronconi.

Qhov kawg ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm classical bel canto yog txuam nrog cov tsos ntawm operas los ntawm G. Verdi. Lub dominance ntawm coloratura, yam ntxwv ntawm bel canto style, ploj mus. Decorations nyob rau hauv lub suab ntawm Verdi's operas tsuas yog nyob nrog lub soprano, thiab nyob rau hauv lub composer lub xeem operas (raws li tom qab nrog cov verists - saib Verismo) lawv tsis pom kiag li. Cantilena, txuas ntxiv mus nyob hauv qhov chaw tseem ceeb, txhim kho, yog qhov ua tau zoo, ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua kev puas siab puas ntsws nuances. Zuag qhia tag nrho dynamic palette ntawm lub suab qhov chaw yog hloov nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm nce sonority; tus neeg hu nkauj yuav tsum muaj ob-octave ntau ntawm cov suab nrov zoo nrog cov ntawv sau muaj zog. Lo lus "bel canto" poob nws lub ntsiab lus qub, lawv pib qhia qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub suab txhais tau tias thiab, tseem ceeb tshaj, cantilena.

Cov neeg sawv cev zoo ntawm bel canto ntawm lub sijhawm no yog I. Colbran, L. Giraldoni, B. Marchisio, A. Cotogni, S. Gaillarre, V. Morel, A. Patti, F. Tamagno, M. Battistini, tom qab E. Caruso, L. Bori, A. Bonci, G. Martinelli, T. Skipa, B. Gigli, E. Pinza, G. Lauri-Volpi, E. Stignani, T. Dal Monte, A. Pertile, G. Di Stefano, M. Del Monaco, R. Tebaldi, D. Semionato, F. Barbieri, E. Bastianini, D. Guelfi, P. Siepi, N. Rossi-Lemeni, R. Scotto, M. Freni, F. Cossotto, G. Tucci, F . Corelli, D. Raimondi, S. Bruscantini, P. Capucilli, T. Gobbi.

Lub bel canto style cuam tshuam rau feem ntau European lub teb chaws lub suab tsev kawm ntawv, incl. nyob rau hauv Russia. Ntau tus neeg sawv cev ntawm bel canto kos duab tau ncig xyuas thiab qhia hauv Russia. Lavxias teb sab suab tsev kawm ntawv, tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug thawj txoj kev, bypassing lub sij hawm ntawm kev mob siab rau kev hu nkauj suab, siv cov txheej txheem ntawm Italian hu nkauj. Cov neeg ua yeeb yam tseem ceeb hauv tebchaws, cov kws ua yeeb yam Lavxias teb sab FI Chaliapin, AV Nezhdanova, LV Sobinov thiab lwm tus tau paub txog kev kos duab ntawm bel canto kom zoo.

Niaj hnub nimno Italian bel canto tseem yog tus qauv ntawm classical kev zoo nkauj ntawm hu nkauj suab, cantilena thiab lwm yam suab science. Kev kos duab ntawm cov neeg hu nkauj zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb (D. Sutherland, M. Kallas, B. Nilson, B. Hristov, N. Gyaurov, thiab lwm yam) yog raws li nws.

References: Mazurin K., Txoj kev hu nkauj, vol. 1-2, M., 1902-1903; Bagadurov V., Essays ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub suab methodology, vol. I, M., 1929, nr. II-III, M., 1932-1956; Nazarenko I., The Art of Singing, M., 1968; Lauri-Volpi J., Vocal Parallels, trans. los ntawm Italian, L., 1972; Laurens J., Belcanto thiab mission italien, P., 1950; Duey Ph. A., Belcanto nyob rau hauv nws lub hnub nyoog golden, NU, 1951; Maragliano Mori R., I maestri dei belcanto, Roma, 1953; Valdornini U., Belcanto, P., 1956; Merlin, A., Lebelcanto, P., 1961.

LB Dmitriev