Ethnography suab paj nruag |

Ethnography suab paj nruag (los ntawm Greek ethnos - cov neeg thiab grapo - kuv sau) - scientific. kev qhuab qhia, dawb ceev txoj kev kawm ntawm pej xeem suab paj nruag. Paub nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws thiab txawv. keeb kwm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub npe: suab paj nruas folklore, suab paj nruag. ethnology (nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm German thiab Slavic lus), piv. musicology (nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm Western European lub teb chaws), ethnomusicology (nyob rau hauv lus Askiv-hais lus, tam sim no kuj nyob rau hauv lub Fabkis-hais lus kab lig kev cai), thiab ethnomusicology (nyob rau hauv lub USSR). Thaum pib, E. m. yog ib qho kev piav qhia txog science, kho qhov tshwj xeeb. cov ntaub ntawv ntawm suab paj nruag ntawm qhov ncauj kev lig kev cai rau theoretical. thiab tshawb fawb keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws European science ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, preim. Ua ntej Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 2, ethnography dav dav tau muab faib rau hauv thaj chaw kawm ntawm nws cov neeg (German - Volkskunde; Fabkis - kev coj noj coj ua pej xeem; Lus Askiv - lus dab neeg), uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev nce ntawm lub teb chaws liberation. kev txav mus los hauv Tebchaws Europe thaum pib. xyoo pua 19th; los sib piv txoj kev kawm ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws, feem ntau yog cov neeg European, cov neeg (German - Völkerkunde; Fabkis - ethnologie; Lus Askiv - social anthropology), uas tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab. XIX xyoo pua nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog lub colonial expansion ntawm cov teb chaws Europe. xeev-hauv. E. m. ua raws li qhov kev faib no. Hauv kev lig kev cai hais lus Fab Kis, em - ethnomusicology. Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, ib tug kev taw qhia tshwm E. m., kawm lub thiaj li hu. prehistoric music, – Frühgeschichte der Musik (V. Viora).

Yav dhau los, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb bourgeois suav hais tias yog ethnomusicology li kev tshawb fawb tsuas yog hais txog sab nraud Europe. suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai, tam sim no ib tug qauv mus rau ib haiv neeg broad kev nkag siab ntawm nws.

Mn. Cov kws tshaj lij, thiab tshaj txhua yam hauv USSR, siv cov lus "E. m", "Music. folkloristics", "ethnomusicology" sib npaug, raws li qhov tseeb tias E. m., zoo li txhua yam kev tshawb fawb, undergoes decomp. theem, nyiam qhov txawv. cov txheej txheem thiab muaj qhov sib txawv. kev lag luam tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, lo lus "muz. folkloristics ", tib lub sij hawm, lo lus "ethnomusicology", tsim los ntawm lub sij hawm "ethnomusicology", qhia nyob rau hauv 1950 los ntawm J. Kunst (Netherlands) thiab dhau los ua tsaug rau Amer. xyaum.

E. m. yog ib feem ntawm cov suab paj nruag dav dav, tab sis nws yog tib lub sijhawm. txuam nrog ethnography, folklore, sociology. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm E. m. yog ib txwm. tsev neeg (thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, folklore) suab paj nruag. kab lis kev cai. nyob rau theem sib txawv ntawm haiv neeg. Kev loj hlob nws koom rau dec. lub luag haujlwm. Nws tseem ceeb heev uas Nar. music creativity txawv. haiv neeg thiab haiv neeg thoob plaws hauv lawv keeb kwm, suav nrog lub sijhawm niaj hnub no. social formations, characterized los ntawm haiv neeg. tshwj xeeb. E. m. study Nar. suab paj nruag tib lub sij hawm, firstly, raws li ib tug "lus", piv txwv li, raws li ib tug tshwj xeeb system. suab paj nruag-hais lus txhais tau tias, suab paj nruag-linguistic qauv, thiab thib ob - raws li "speech", uas yog, raws li tshwj xeeb. coj cwj pwm. Qhov no piav qhia txog qhov tsis tuaj yeem ntawm qhov tseeb kis tau tus mob Nar. suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv daim ntawv music ib leeg.

Production Recording. suab paj nruag yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm E. m. "Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb thiab txhim khu kev qha tshaj plaws rau keeb kwm ntawm Nar. music nyob Nar. melodies kaw tsis ntev los no… Recording Nar. melody tsis yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm tsis siv neeg: kev kaw cia yog tib lub sijhawm qhia tias tus neeg sau nkag siab txog cov qauv ntawm cov suab paj nruag, nws ntsuas nws li cas… Theoretical. cov tswv yim thiab kev txawj ntse tsis tuaj yeem tab sis muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv cov ntaub ntawv" (KV Kvitka). Cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv, kho cov qauv ntawm folklore tshwm sim ch. arr. nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm expeditions. ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg nyob deb nroog thiab nroog. Suab paj nruag, hais lus, suab kaw yog nqa tawm nrog nws cov ntawv sau tom ntej (txoj cai), cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov neeg ua yeeb yam thiab keeb kwm (kev sib raug zoo, haiv neeg thiab kab lis kev cai) ntawm kev sib haum xeeb uas cov nkauj, seev cev, suab paj nruag muaj nyob. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov muses raug ntsuas, kos duab thiab yees duab. cov cuab yeej raug ntes nyob rau hauv zaj duab xis seev cev. Thaum kho ritual lossis game khoom. cov kab ke sib raug zoo thiab nws cov neeg koom tau piav qhia meej.

Tom qab kaw, cov ntaub ntawv yog systematized, nws archival processing thiab daim card indexing nyob rau hauv ib los yog lwm qhov system txais (los ntawm ib tug neeg ntoj ke mus kawm, los ntawm kev nyob thiab cheeb tsam, ua yeeb yam thiab ua yeeb yam pab pawg neeg, ib hom ntawv nyeem thiab zajlus, melodic hom, modal thiab rhythmic cov ntaub ntawv, txoj kev thiab xwm. ntawm kev ua haujlwm). Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov systematization yog tsim cov catalogs bearing analytical. xwm thiab tso cai rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub computer. Raws li kev sib txuas ntawm fixation, systematization thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm Nar. suab paj nruag yog suab paj nruag-ethnographic. cov ntawv tshaj tawm – suab paj nruag anthologies, lub regional, ib hom ntawv los yog thematic. collections, monographs nrog cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws daim ntawv pov thawj, cov lus pom, ib qho kev nthuav dav ntawm indexes, tam sim no nrog suab kaw. Cov ntaub ntawv Ethnographic nrog rau cov lus piav qhia, cov suab paj nruag transcriptions, duab illustrations thiab ib daim ntawv qhia txog cheeb tsam. Suab paj nruag thiab ethnographic kuj yog dav. tsos.

Suab paj nruag-ethnographic. cov kev tshawb fawb, ntau hom thiab hom phiaj, suav nrog tshwj xeeb. kev tsom xam suab paj nruag (suab paj nruag, hom, suab paj nruag, daim ntawv, thiab lwm yam). Lawv kuj siv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntsig txog. cov cheeb tsam (folkloristics, ethnography, aesthetics, sociology, psychology, versification, linguistics, thiab lwm yam), nrog rau cov txheej txheem ntawm cov sciences tseeb ( lej, txheeb cais, acoustics) thiab daim ntawv qhia.

E. m. kawm nws cov kev kawm raws li cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg (thaum ntxov suab paj nruag, cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tsis ncaj ncees thiab cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov neeg taug kev, annals, chronicles, thiab lwm yam), raws li cov ntaub ntawv archaeological. excavations thiab khaws cia kev lig kev cai. cov cuab yeej suab paj nruag, kev soj ntsuam ncaj qha thiab kev ntoj ke mus kawm. cov ntaub ntawv. Kho cov suab paj nruag ntawm qhov ncauj kev lig kev cai hauv nws qhov xwm txheej. nyob ib puag ncig yog ch. khoom siv E.m. Niaj hnub. cov ntaub ntawv ua rau nws muaj peev xwm rov tsim kho cov qauv qub ntawm bunks. suab paj nruag.

Keeb kwm ntawm E. m. txuam nrog M. Montaigne (16th caug xyoo), J. G. Russo thiab kuv. G. Herder (XVIII caug xyoo). Keeb kwm E. m. raws li kev tshawb fawb rov qab mus rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm F. G. Fetisa et al. (Xyoo pua 19). Thawj luam tawm collections ntawm Nar. nkauj, raws li txoj cai, tsis tau caum los ntawm scientific. cov hom phiaj. Lawv tau sau los ntawm ethnographers, amateur local historians. Tom qab ntawd mus rau cov khoom siv Nar. composers tig mus rau creativity, siv zog tsis tau tsuas yog kom paub cov suab paj nruag ntawm lawv haiv neeg, thiab lwm yam. cov neeg, tab sis kuj los txhais nws rau hauv lawv cov khoom. Composers pab txhais tau tias. pab txhawb rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm E. m., lawv tsis tsuas yog ua bunks. nkauj, tab sis kuj tshawb txog lawv: B. Bartok, 3. Kodály (Hungary), I. Kron (Finland), J. Tierso (Fabkis), D. Hristov (Bulgaria), R. Vaughan Williams (Great Britain). Feem ntau cov kws tshaj lij ntawm 19-20 centuries. feem ntau txaus siab rau haiv neeg dab neeg: M. A. Balakirev, N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, P. THIAB. Tchaikovsky A. TO. Lyadov thiab lwm tus. (Russia), O. Kolberg (Poland), F. Kuhach (Yugoslavia), S. Sharp (UK), B. Stoin (Bulgaria). Ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb yog nyob los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm L. Teb chaws Cuba (Czech koom pheej), uas sau suab paj nruag. pej xeem pl. cov neeg muaj koob meej. Qhov pib ntawm keeb kwm ntawm E. m. Yuav ua li cas sciences feem ntau yog ntaus nqi rau lub sij hawm ntawm lub invention ntawm lub phonograph (1877). Nyob rau hauv 1890 lub suab paj nruag ntawm Amer. Cov neeg Khab, hauv pem teb 2. 1890s thawj lub suab kaw tau tsim nyob hauv Europe (hauv Hungary thiab Russia). Xyoo 1884-85 A. J. Ellis pom tias tib neeg siv cov nplai uas tsis paub rau cov neeg European, thiab tau thov kom ntsuas lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm lawv cov kauj ruam hauv xees - pua pua ntawm cov tempered semitone. Qhov loj tshaj plaws phonogram archives tau tsim nyob rau hauv Vienna thiab Berlin. Nyob rau hauv lawv lub hauv paus, scientific. tsev kawm ntawv E. m. Txij li thaum xyoo 1929 muaj ib chav archive. Cov lus dab neeg hauv Bucharest (Archives de la folklore de la Société des Compositeurs roumains), txij li xyoo 1944 - Intern. archive thiab al. suab paj nruag hauv Geneva (Archives internationales de musique populaire au Musée d'ethnographie de Geníve; ob qho tib si tsim los ntawm ib chav zoo heev. ice folklorist K. Brailoyu) thiab Department of Ethnomusicology ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Art. Kev ua yeeb yam thiab kev coj noj coj ua hauv Paris (Département d'ethnomusicologie du Musée national des Arts et Traditions populaires). Txij li thaum 1947 tus Intern. Council of people music at UNESCO – International Folk Music Council (IFMC), uas muaj nat. pawg thawj coj hauv ntau lub teb chaws hauv ntiaj teb, tshaj tawm tshwj xeeb. magazine "Journal of the IFMC" thiab luam tawm phau ntawv xyoo "Yearbook of the IFMC" (txij li xyoo 1969), hauv Tebchaws Meskas - Lub Koom Haum ntawm Ethnomusicology, uas luam tawm phau ntawv journal. "Ethnomusicology". Hauv Yugoslavia, Union of Folklorists Society (Savez udruzenja folklorista Jugoslavije) tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1954. Ua Haujlwm Archive about-va English. Nar Dance thiab Nkauj (Hmong Folk Dance and Song Society, London), Archives of the Museum of Man (Musée de l'Homme, Paris), Archives Nar. pesni Biblioteki kongresa (Archive of Folk song of the Library of Congress, Washington), Traditional Archive. Suab paj nruag ntawm Indiana University (Indiana University Archives of Traditional Music) thiab Ethnomusicological. archive ntawm University of California, archives ntawm lwm tus. iab. un-tov, archive of the Intern. in-ta sib piv. suab paj nruag kev tshawb fawb (Archives ntawm International Institute rau kev sib piv suab paj nruag kev tshawb fawb thiab cov ntaub ntawv, Zap. Berlin), thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem niaj hnub E. m. ethnocentrism thiab kev taw qhia rau haiv neeg nqaim cov khoom raug kov yeej ntawm qhov kev sib piv ntawm keeb kwm dav dav. kev tshawb fawb. Methodist. kev tshawb nrhiav yog tsom rau kev txhawb nqa suab paj nruag hauv nws cov dynamic, keeb kwm tsim kev kos duab. tshwj xeeb - tus ua yeeb yam tiag tiag. txheej txheem. Cov txheej txheem niaj hnub E. m. siv ib qho kev qhia dav thiab kev ua kom zoo rau cov suab paj nruag. kab lis kev cai, uas tso cai rau koj mus kawm Nar. suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv nws syncretic thiab hluavtaws. kev sib koom siab nrog lwm tus. folklore Cheebtsam. Niaj hnub nimno E. m. suav hais tias pej xeem yog art. kev sib txuas lus (K. Chistov - USSR; D. Shtokman - GDR; D. Ben-Amos - Tebchaws USA, thiab lwm yam); Kev saib xyuas tseem ceeb yog them rau kev kawm ntawm nws qhov ua tau zoo (ie. Mr. pawg nkauj E. Clusen - Lub teb chaws Yelemees; t. Mr. Cov pab pawg me ntawm Ben-Amos; t. Mr. Cov pab pawg me me Sirovatki - Czechoslovakia). Raws li T. Toodorova (NRB), uas yog orientation E. m. nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawm folklore raws li ib tug kos duab ua rau tsim ntawm E. m.

Nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm pre-revolutionary AN Serov, VF Odoevsky, PP Sokalsky, Yu. N. Melgunov, AL Maslov, EE Lineva, SF Lyudkevich, FM Kolessa, Komitas, DI Arakishvili thiab lwm yam. Ntawm cov owls tseem ceeb. VM Belyaev, VS Vinogradov, E. Ya. Vitolin, U. Gadzhibekov, EV Gippius, BG Erzakovich, AV Zataevich, and KV Kvitka, XS Kushnarev, LS Mukharinskaya, FA Rubtsov, XT Tampere, VA Uspensky, Ya. nar. suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai.

Nyob rau hauv Russia, sau thiab kawm ntawm Nar. suab paj nruag creativity yog concentrated nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag thiab Ethnographic Commission thiab ethnographic. department ntawm Rus. Geographic txog-va. Tom qab lub kaum hli ntuj kiv puag ncig yog tsim: ethnographic. ntu State. Lub koom haum ntawm Music Sciences (1921, Moscow, ua haujlwm txog 1931), Leningrad. phonogram archive (1927, txij li xyoo 1938 - nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm Lavxias teb sab Literature ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub USSR), chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub Nar. music nyob rau hauv Moscow. Conservatory (1936), lus dab neeg ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Technology, Suab paj nruag thiab Cinematography (1969, Leningrad), All-Union Commission ntawm cov neeg. suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv lub USSR Committee ntawm lub USSR, lub commission ntawm musicology thiab folklore ntawm lub RSFSR Committee ntawm lub USSR, thiab lwm yam.

Thaum pib. 1920s BV Asafiev, leej twg to taub lub suab paj nruag. intonation raws li tshwj xeeb. muaj. ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm kev sib txuas lus suab, tawm tswv yim txoj kev kawm ntawm nar. suab paj nruag art-va raws li kev muaj tswv yim nyob. txheej txheem. Nws tau hu rau kev kawm txog cov lus dab neeg "raws li lub suab paj nruag ntawm ib puag ncig kev sib raug zoo, hloov pauv tas li hauv nws cov qauv." Thawj txhais tau tias. EV Evald cov haujlwm (ntawm cov nkauj ntawm Belarusian Polesie, 1934, 2nd ed. 1979) yog qhov ua tiav ntawm E. m. nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia no. Owls. E. m. tsim los ntawm Marxist-Leninist methodology. Owls. suab paj nruag ethnographers tau tiav txhais tau tias. kev vam meej hauv kev kawm hauv zos style thiab kos duab. tsoos systems. thiab niaj hnub nar. suab paj nruag, hauv kev siv cov ntaub ntawv suab paj nruag thiab lus dab neeg ua ib qhov chaw rau kev kawm txog cov teeb meem ntawm ethnogenesis.

Kev loj hlob ntawm niaj hnub E. m. raws li ib tug science coj mus rau lub creation ntawm ib tug tshiab txoj kev xav ntawm kos duab. kev ncaj ncees ntawm Nar. suab paj nruag thiab organic systemic neeg. suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai.

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