Domenico Scarlatti |

Domenico Scarlatti: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim?

… tso dag thiab ua si, hauv nws cov suab paj nruag uas tsis txaus ntseeg thiab tsis txaus ntseeg dhia, nws tsim cov duab tshiab… K. Kuznetsov

Ntawm tag nrho Scarlatti dynasty - ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm suab paj nruag - Giuseppe Domenico, tus tub ntawm Alessandro Scarlatti, tib lub hnub nyoog li JS Bach thiab GF Handel, tau txais koob meej loj tshaj plaws. D. Scarlatti nkag mus rau hauv annals ntawm suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai feem ntau yog ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm piano suab paj nruag, tus creator ntawm virtuoso harpsichord style.

Scarlatti yug hauv Naples. Nws yog ib tug tub ntxhais kawm ntawm nws txiv thiab tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag G. Hertz, thiab thaum muaj hnub nyoog 16 xyoo nws tau los ua ib tus kws sau nkauj thiab sau nkauj ntawm Neapolitan Royal Chapel. Tab sis tsis ntev leej txiv xa Domenico mus rau Venice. A. Scarlatti piav qhia txog cov laj thawj ntawm nws qhov kev txiav txim siab hauv tsab ntawv rau Duke Alessandro Medici: “Kuv yuam nws tawm hauv Naples, qhov chaw muaj chaw txaus rau nws lub peev xwm, tab sis nws lub peev xwm tsis yog rau qhov chaw zoo li no. Kuv tus tub yog ib tug dav dawb hau uas nws tis tau loj hlob ..." 4 xyoo ntawm kev kawm nrog lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws Italian composer F. Gasparini, paub thiab kev phooj ywg nrog Handel, kev sib txuas lus nrog tus naas ej B. Marcello - tag nrho cov no yuav tsis tau tab sis ua lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv shaping. Scarlatti's musical txuj ci.

Yog tias Venice hauv lub neej ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tseem qee zaum qhia thiab txhim kho, tom qab ntawd hauv Rome, qhov chaw nws tsiv mus ua tsaug rau kev txhawb nqa ntawm Cardinal Ottoboni, lub sijhawm ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob muaj tswv yim tau pib. Scarlatti lub voj voog ntawm kev sib txuas suab paj nruag suav nrog B. Pasquini thiab A. Corelli. Nws sau operas rau exiled Polish poj huab tais Maria Casimira; Los ntawm 1714 nws tau los ua ib tug bandmaster ntawm lub Vatican, nws tsim ib tug ntau ntawm cov dawb ceev suab paj nruag. Los ntawm lub sijhawm no, lub yeeb koob ntawm Scarlatti tus neeg ua yeeb yam tau sib sau ua ke. Raws li cov memoirs ntawm Irish organist Thomas Rosengrave, uas tau ua rau muaj koob meej ntawm lub suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv teb chaws Askiv, nws yeej tsis hnov ​​​​cov lus thiab cov teebmeem uas tau dhau los ntawm ib qho kev zoo tag nrho, "zoo li muaj ib txhiab dab ntxwg nyoog tom qab qhov ntsuas." Scarlatti, kev hais kwv txhiaj virtuoso harpsichordist, tau paub thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe. Naples, Florence, Venice, Rome, London, Lisbon, Dublin, Madrid - qhov no tsuas yog nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub geography ntawm lub suab paj nruag ceev ceev txav nyob ib ncig ntawm lub capitals ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Cov tsev hais plaub nyob sab Europe muaj hwj chim tshaj plaws tau txhawb nqa cov neeg ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj, cov neeg pov thawj tau qhia lawv txoj kev xav. Raws li cov memoirs ntawm Farinelli, ib tug phooj ywg ntawm composer, Scarlatti muaj ntau harpsichords ua nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws. Tus kws sau npe hu ua txhua qhov cuab yeej tom qab qee tus kws kos duab Italian nto moo, raws li tus nqi nws muaj rau tus kws ntaus nkauj. Scarlatti tus nyiam harpsichord tau hu ua "Raphael ntawm Urbino".

Xyoo 1720, Scarlatti tau tawm hauv tebchaws Ltalis mus ib txhis thiab mus rau Lisbon mus rau lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Infanta Maria Barbara ua nws tus kws qhia ntawv thiab tus kws ntaus nkauj. Hauv qhov kev pabcuam no, nws tau siv tag nrho ib nrab ntawm nws lub neej: tom qab ntawd, Maria Barbara tau los ua tus poj huab tais Spanish (1729) thiab Scarlatti raws nws mus rau Spain. Ntawm no nws tau sib tham nrog tus kws sau nkauj A. Soler, los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Scarlatti cuam tshuam rau Spanish clavier art.

Ntawm tus kws sau cov keeb kwm uas nws kim heev (20 operas, ca. 20 oratorios thiab cantatas, 12 instrumental concertos, masses, 2 "Miserere", "Stabat mater") clavier tej hauj lwm tau khaws cia muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nkauj. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lawv hais tias tus ntse heev ntawm Scarlatti manifested nws tus kheej nrog tseeb fullness. Qhov kev sau ua tiav tshaj plaws ntawm nws ib leeg-tsav sonatas muaj 555 sau. Tus kws sau ntawv nws tus kheej hu lawv cov kev tawm dag zog thiab tau sau nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia rau nws lub neej ib tsab: "Tsis txhob tos - txawm tias koj yog ib tus neeg nyiam ua haujlwm lossis tus kws tshaj lij - hauv cov haujlwm no ntawm kev npaj sib sib zog nqus; coj lawv los ua kev ua kis las kom coj koj tus kheej mus rau cov txheej txheem ntawm harpsichord. " Cov bravura thiab witty tej hauj lwm yog tag nrho ntawm kev txaus siab, brilliance thiab invention. Lawv evoke koom haum nrog cov duab ntawm opera-buffa. Ntau ntawm no yog los ntawm cov neeg Italians niaj hnub violin, thiab los ntawm pej xeem seev cev suab paj nruag, tsis tsuas yog Italian, tab sis kuj Spanish thiab Portuguese. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus pej xeem yog peculiarly ua ke nyob rau hauv lawv nrog gloss ntawm aristocracy; improvisation - nrog prototypes ntawm daim ntawv sonata. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog clavier virtuosity yog tshiab kiag li: ua si sau npe, hla ob txhais tes, leaps loj loj, tawg chords, nqe lus nrog ob sau ntawv. Lub suab paj nruag ntawm Domenico Scarlatti raug kev txom nyem txoj hmoo. Tsis ntev tom qab tus kws sau ntawv tuag, nws tsis nco qab lawm; cov ntawv sau ntawm cov ntawv sau tau xaus rau hauv ntau lub tsev qiv ntawv thiab archives; cov qhab nia operatic yuav luag tag nrho irretrievably poob. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XX txaus siab rau tus cwj pwm thiab kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Scarlatti pib revive. Ntau ntawm nws cov cuab yeej cuab tam tau tshawb pom thiab luam tawm, tau paub rau cov pej xeem thiab nkag mus rau cov nyiaj kub ntawm lub ntiaj teb suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai.

I. Vetlitsyna