Suab coj |

German Stimmführung, Lus Askiv. part-sau, voice-leading (nyob USA), French conduite des voix

Kev txav ntawm ib tus neeg lub suab thiab txhua lub suab ua ke nyob rau hauv ib lub suab paj nruag polyphonic thaum lub sij hawm hloov ntawm ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm lub suab mus rau lwm tus, hauv lwm lo lus, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm melodic. kab (suab), los ntawm cov suab paj nruag yog tsim. ntaub (texture) ntawm kev ua haujlwm.

G. cov yam ntxwv yog nyob ntawm tus stylistic. cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm composer, tag nrho cov tsev kawm ntawv composer thiab creativity. cov lus qhia, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam rau qhov no muaj pes tsawg leeg tau sau. Hauv kev nkag siab dav, G. yog subordinate rau ob qho tib si melodic thiab harmonic. qauv. Nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm lub suab cuam tshuam nws qhov chaw nyob hauv muses. fabrics (sab saum toj, hauv qab, nruab nrab, thiab lwm yam) thiab ua. lub peev xwm ntawm qhov ntsuas, uas nws qhov kev ua tiav yog tso siab rau.

Raws li qhov sib piv ntawm cov suab, G. yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov ncaj, tsis ncaj thiab tawm tsam. Direct (variant - parallel) txav yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ib qho kev nce los yog nqis los ntawm kev txav ntawm txhua lub suab, tsis ncaj - tawm hauv ib lossis ntau lub suab tsis hloov. qhov siab, qhov opposite – txawv. cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub suab txav (hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab nws yog ua tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ob lub suab, nrog ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov suab nws yuav tsum tau ua ke nrog ncaj qha los yog indirect txav).

Txhua lub suab tuaj yeem txav mus rau hauv cov kauj ruam lossis dhia. Stepwise txav muab qhov loj tshaj smoothness thiab coherence ntawm consonances; thib ob hloov ntawm txhua lub suab tuaj yeem ua rau ntuj txawm tias qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib haum xeeb nyob deb ntawm ib leeg consonances. Qhov tshwj xeeb smoothness yog tiav nrog kev txav tsis ncaj, thaum lub suab nrov ntawm chords raug tswj xyuas, thaum lwm lub suab txav ntawm qhov ze. Nyob ntawm seb hom kev sib txuas ntawm cov suab nrov ib txhij, cov suab sib haum xeeb, heterophonic-subvocal, thiab cov suab paj nruag yog qhov txawv.

harmonic g. txuam nrog chordal, choral (saib Chorale) kev ntxhib los mos, uas yog qhov txawv los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm txhua lub suab. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws keeb kwm ntawm lub suab yog plaub, uas sib haum mus rau lub suab ntawm pawg hu nkauj: soprano, alto, tenor thiab bass. Cov kev xaiv tsa no tuaj yeem ua ob npaug. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm chords nrog kev txav tsis ncaj yog hu ua kev sib haum xeeb, nrog ncaj qha thiab tawm tsam - melodic. kev sib txuas. Feem ntau sib haum xeeb. G. yog subordinate rau lub accompaniment ntawm lub suab paj nruag (feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub sab sauv suab) thiab belongs rau lub thiaj li hu ua. homophonic sib haum xeeb. warehouse (saib Homophony).

Heterofonno-podgolosochnoe G. (saib heterophony) yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ncaj qha (feem ntau sib npaug) txav. Hauv decomp. suab suab variants ntawm tib lub suab; degree ntawm variation nyob ntawm style thiab lub teb chaws. originality ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Heterophonic-vocal lub suab yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm ntau lub suab paj nruag thiab stylistic phenomena, piv txwv li. rau Gregorian chant (Tebchaws Europe 11-14 centuries), ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov khub niam txiv. suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai (tshwj xeeb, rau lub Lavxias teb sab drawl song); pom nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm composers uas, mus rau ib tug degree los yog lwm yam, siv lub suab kab lig kev cai ntawm Nar. suab paj nruag (MI Glinka, MP Mussorgsky, AP Borodin, SV Rakhmaninov, DD Shostakovich, SS Prokofiev, IF Stravinsky thiab lwm yam).

AB Borodin. Chorus ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub opera "Prince Igor".

polyphonic g. (saib Polyphony) yog txuam nrog tib lub sijhawm. tuav ob peb ntau dua los sis tsawg dua ywj siab. suab nkauj.

R. Wagner. Overture mus rau opera "Tus Mastersingers ntawm Nuremberg".

Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm polyphonic G. yog kev ywj pheej ntawm atherosclerosis nyob rau hauv txhua lub suab nrog lawv indirect txav.

Qhov no ua kom paub zoo ntawm txhua lub suab los ntawm pob ntseg thiab tso cai rau koj ua raws lawv cov kev sib xyaw ua ke.

Xyaum ntaus suab paj nruag thiab theorists tau pib mob siab rau lub guitar txij li thaum Nrab Hnub nyoog. Yog li, Guido d'Arezzo tau hais tawm tsam Parallels. Hukbald's organum thiab hauv nws txoj kev xav tshwm sim tau tsim cov cai rau kev sib txuas cov suab hauv cadences. Txoj kev loj hlob tom ntej ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm G. ncaj qha qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm muses. art, nws lub ntsiab style. Txog rau xyoo pua 16th G. txoj cai rau decomp. lub suab sib txawv - nyob rau hauv lub countertenor koom nrog tenor thiab treble (rau instr. kev ua tau zoo), dhia, hla nrog lwm lub suab raug tso cai. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th ua tsaug rau lub suab paj nruag. fabrics thiab siv imitations tshwm sim txhais tau tias. equalization ntawm votes. Mn. cov kev cai ntawm counterpoint yog qhov tseem ceeb cov cai ntawm G. - qhov opposite zog ntawm lub suab raws li lub hauv paus, txwv tsis pub ntawm parallels. kev txav mus los thiab kev hla, qhov kev nyiam rau kev txo qis dua qhov nce ntxiv (txij li tom qab dhia, suab paj nruag txav mus rau lwm qhov zoo li ntuj), thiab lwm yam (cov cai no, rau qee qhov, khaws lawv qhov tseem ceeb hauv homophonic choral zoo nkauj). Txij li thaum xyoo pua 17th, lub npe hu ua qhov sib txawv tau tsim. nruj thiab dawb style. Cov style nruj yog tus cwj pwm, ntawm lwm yam, los ntawm non-ism. tus naj npawb ntawm cov suab nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm, nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb style, nws tsis tu ncua hloov (nrog rau lub thiaj li hu tiag tiag lub suab, complementary suab thiab suab tshwm), ntau "kev ywj pheej" tau tso cai los ntawm G. Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm lub bass thaj tsam, G. maj mam tso nws tus kheej los ntawm cov kev cai nruj ntawm counterpoint; Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub suab sab sauv los ua lub feem ntau melodically tsim, thaum tus so tuav ib tug subordinate txoj hauj lwm. Ib qho piv txwv zoo sib xws yog khaws cia ntau txawm tias tom qab cov ntses bass thaj tsam tsis siv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv piano. thiab suab paj nruag orchestral (feem ntau "sau" lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub suab nruab nrab), txawm tias thaum pib. 20th caug xyoo tus nqi ntawm polyphonic G. nce ntxiv.

References: Skrebkov S., Polyphonic tsom xam, M., 1940; nws tus kheej, Phau ntawv ntawm polyphony, M., 1965; nws, Harmony in modern music, M., 1965; Mazel L., O melody, M., 1952; Berkov V., Harmony, textbook, part 1, M., 1962, 2 under the title: Phau ntawv ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, M., 1970; Protopopov Vl., keeb kwm ntawm polyphony nyob rau hauv nws cov phenomena tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Lavxias teb sab classical thiab Soviet suab paj nruag, M., 1962; nws, keeb kwm ntawm polyphony nyob rau hauv nws cov phenomena tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Western European classics ntawm XVIII-XIX centuries, M., 1965; Sposobin I., Musical form, M., 1964; Tyulin Yu. thiab Privano N., Theoretical Foundations of Harmony, M., 1965; Stepanov A., Harmony, M., 1971; Stepanov A., Chugaev A., Polyphony, M., 1972.

FG Arzamanov