Sau ntawv

Koj yuav tsum paub dab tsi ua ntej pib zaj lus qhia:

Suab paj nruag kos npe

Txhawm rau sau cov suab paj nruag, siv cov cim tshwj xeeb, uas yog hu ua sau ntawv. Cov cim qhia muaj xws li cov hauv qab no:

1. hau
2. qia (sticks) txuas nrog lub taub hau sau los ntawm sab laug lossis sab xis;
3. chij (tail), txuas mus rau qia tsuas yog rau sab xis ntawm nws los yog mating (longitudinal kab) txuas lub stems ntawm ob peb sau ntawv.

tuav

Cov ntawv sau tau muab tso rau ntawm tsib txoj kab rov tav, uas yog hu ua cov neeg ua haujlwm lossis stave. Cov thawj coj ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm yeej ib txwm suav los ntawm hauv qab mus rau sab saum toj hauv kev txiav txim, uas yog, tus kav hauv qab yog thawj, tus tom qab nws yog qhov thib ob, thiab lwm yam.

Cov ntawv sau rau ntawm stave yog nyob ntawm kab lossis nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Cov kab hauv qab ntawm stave yog Mi. Ib daim ntawv nyob rau ntawm kab no yog ua si raws li E, tsuav yog tsis muaj cov cim nce lossis nqis. Daim ntawv tom ntej (nruab nrab ntawm kab) yog daim ntawv F, thiab lwm yam. Cov ntawv sau kuj tseem tuaj yeem muab faib tawm sab nraum lub txee thiab kaw rau cov thawj coj ntxiv. Cov thawj tswj hwm sab saum toj ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm raug hu ua cov thawj tswj hwm sab saum toj thiab suav txij hauv qab mus rau sab saum toj ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm. Cov thawj coj ntxiv no sau cov suab nrov. Cov suab qis raug kaw hauv qab cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab raug hu ua tus thawj tswj hwm qis dua, thiab suav los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv qab ntawm lub stave.

Daws

Thaum pib ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, ib qho tseem ceeb yog ib txwm teeb tsa, uas txiav txim siab lub suab ntawm ib qho ntawm cov suab hauv qhov teev, los ntawm qhov uas lub suab ntawm cov suab seem raug suav.

  Lub treble clef (los yog tus yuam sij sol) txiav txim siab txoj haujlwm ntawm thawj octave sol suab ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, uas tau sau rau ntawm kab thib ob.

  Cov ntses bass thaj tsam clef (los yog clef fa) txiav txim siab txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub suab fa ntawm lub me octave, uas yog kaw nyob rau hauv plaub kab.

Ntsuas thiab lub sijhawm kos npe. Confluent thiab tsis muaj zog qhov chaw.

Rau kev yooj yim ntawm kev nyeem ntawv, cov suab paj nruag muab faib ua lub sijhawm sib npaug ntawm lub sijhawm (ntau tus neeg ntaus) - ntsuas. Ib lub bar yog ib ntu ntawm cov suab paj nruag, txwv los ntawm ob kab kab.

Thawj daim ntawv ntawm txhua qhov ntsuas muaj ib lub suab - ib lub suab. Qhov kev ntaus suab nrov no yog qhov pib ntawm kev suav hauv txhua qhov kev ntsuas. Cov tuav yog sib cais los ntawm ib leeg los ntawm txoj kab ntsug uas hla cov neeg ua haujlwm. Cov kab ntsug no hu ua barlines.

Tom qab tus yuam sij, lub sijhawm kos npe tau teem tseg. Qhov loj me yog qhia los ntawm ob tus lej, ib qho hauv qab rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib feem: 2/4; 3/6; 4/4 thiab lwm yam. Cov lej saum toj kawg nkaus qhia cov naj npawb ntawm cov neeg ntaus hauv ib lub bar, thiab tus lej hauv qab qhia lub sijhawm ntawm txhua tus ntaus (lub sijhawm ntev npaum li cas yog ib chav tsev ntawm tus as-qhauj, ib nrab, thiab lwm yam). Piv txwv li: 2/2 lub sij hawm kos npe muaj ob daim ntawv ib nrab-ntev, thiab 7/8 lub sij hawm kos npe muaj xya yim sau ntawv. Tab sis feem ntau koj yuav pom ob plaub. Hauv daim ntawv luv luv, qhov loj me no kuj tau sau los ntawm tsab ntawv C nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm cov lej. Qee zaum koj tuaj yeem pom tsab ntawv C hla nrog txoj kab ntsug - qhov no sib npaug rau qhov loj 2/2.

Raws li peb tau hais lawm, thawj zaug ntawm txhua qhov kev ntsuas sawv tawm, suab muaj zog dua li lwm lub suab - lawv tau accentuated. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov zaus ntawm lub suab nrov ntawm qhov chaw muaj zog thiab tsis muaj zog yog khaws cia, piv txwv li muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm accents. Feem ntau, ib qho kev ntsuas muaj ob peb tus neeg ntaus, thawj qhov muaj zog (nws yog cim nrog lub suab nrov> hauv lub stave) thiab ntau qhov tsis muaj zog tom qab nws. Hauv kev ntsuas ob (2/4), thawj zaug ("ib") muaj zog, qhov thib ob ("ob") tsis muaj zog. Hauv peb qhov ntsuas (3/4), thawj zaug ("ib") muaj zog, qhov thib ob ("ob") tsis muaj zog, thiab thib peb ("peb") tsis muaj zog.

Ob npaug thiab triple ntaus yog hu ua yooj yim. Quadruple ntsuas (4/4) yog complex. Nws yog tsim los ntawm ob qho yooj yim ntsuas ntawm ob lub sij hawm kos npe. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug complex bar, muaj ob tug muaj zog accents nyob rau hauv thawj thiab thib peb neeg ntaus, nrog rau cov thawj accents nyob rau hauv lub zog ntaus ntawm qhov kev ntsuas, thiab lub thib ob accents ntawm ib tug kuj weaker yeej, piv txwv li nws suab me ntsis weaker tshaj thawj.

Kev huam yuaj

Txhawm rau qhia qhov tseem ceeb ntawm daim ntawv, tiaj tus , ntse , ob-flat , ob-ntse , thiab becar kos npe yuav muab tso ua ntej daim ntawv .

Cov cim zoo li no hu ua kev sib tsoo. Yog hais tias muaj ib tug ntse nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm daim ntawv, ces daim ntawv nce los ntawm ib nrab ib lub suab, ob-ntse - los ntawm ib lub suab. Yog tias tiaj tus, ces daim ntawv yuav qis dua los ntawm semitone, thiab yog tias ob-ntse, los ntawm lub suab. Kev txo qis thiab nce cov paib tshwm sim ib zaug yog siv rau tag nrho cov qhab nia kom txog thaum lawv raug tso tseg los ntawm lwm qhov kos npe. Muaj ib qho tshwj xeeb kos npe uas tshem tawm qhov txo qis lossis nce hauv daim ntawv thiab xa rov qab mus rau nws lub suab ntuj - qhov no yog qhov rov qab. Ob chav tiaj tiaj thiab ob chav ntse tsis tshua siv.

Kev sib tsoo yog siv feem ntau hauv ob qhov xwm txheej: raws li qhov tseem ceeb thiab ua random. Cov cim tseem ceeb nyob rau sab xis ntawm tus yuam sij hauv ib qho kev txiav txim: fa – do – sol – re – la – mi – si rau sharps, rau flats – si – mi – la – re – sol – do – fa. Yog hais tias tib daim ntawv nrog ib tug ntse los yog tiaj tus yog ntsib nyob rau hauv ib qho kev ntsuas, ces lub tiaj tus los yog ntse yog teem ib zaug xwb thiab tuav nws cov nyhuv thoob plaws qhov ntsuas. Xws li sharps thiab flats yog hu ua random.

Length ntawm sau ntawv thiab pauses

Txawm hais tias daim ntawv yog ntxoov ntxoo los yog tsis, nrog rau cov sticks txuas rau lawv, piv txwv li Stems qhia lub sijhawm ntawm daim ntawv. Lub sijhawm sau ntawv tseem ceeb yog tag nrho (1) thiab qhia los ntawm lub taub hau tsis muaj qhov tsis muaj qia, nrog rau nws qhov kev faib ib nrab: ib nrab (2), peb lub hlis twg (3), yim (4), kaum rau (5), thiab lwm yam. rooj plaub no, lub sij hawm ntawm ib daim ntawv tag nrho yog tus nqi txheeb ze: nws nyob ntawm lub sijhawm tam sim no ntawm daim. Lwm tus qauv ncua sij hawm yog qhov muab ob npaug rau, qhia los ntawm ib lub duab plaub me me uas tsis muaj duab plaub nrog strokes ze ntawm cov ces kaum.

Yog tias ob peb cov ntawv sau tseg nyob rau hauv ib kab nrog lub sijhawm tsawg dua qhov thib plaub, thiab tsis muaj leej twg ntawm lawv (tshwj tsis yog, kab tias, thawj zaug) ntog rau ntawm kev sib tw muaj zog, ces lawv raug kaw hauv qab ib qho ntug lossis khov - ib lub pas txuas rau qhov kawg. ntawm stems. Ntxiv mus, yog hais tias cov ntawv yog yim, ntug yog ib leeg, yog lub kaum rau yog ob, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, muaj ib tug ua ke ntawm sau ntawv los ntawm txawv kev ntsuas, raws li zoo raws li sau ntawv uas tsis nyob rau hauv ib tug kab.

Nws tshwm sim tias koj yuav tsum sau ib daim ntawv uas kav ntev, piv txwv li, peb yim. Nws muaj ob txoj hauv kev los ua qhov no: yog tias muaj kev sib tw muaj zog rau lub sijhawm ntawm daim ntawv, ces ob daim ntawv raug coj mus, muab tag nrho peb lub yim (uas yog, ib lub hlis twg thiab ib yim) thiab khi, uas yog, a Pab koomtes tau muab tso rau nruab nrab ntawm lawv - ib qho arc, nrog nws qhov kawg yuav luag kov lub ovals ntawm cov ntawv. Yog tias qhov kev sib tw muaj zog raug tso tseg, tom qab ntawd txhawm rau txuas ntxiv daim ntawv los ntawm ib nrab ntawm nws lub suab, ib lub ntsiab lus tau muab tso rau sab xis ntawm lub oval (uas yog, qhov no, peb lub yim yog ib lub quarter nrog ib qho chaw). Dotted sau ntawv kuj tuaj yeem ua ke hauv ib ntug.

Thaum kawg, nws yuav tsim nyog los faib qee lub sijhawm tsis yog ob qho, tab sis ua peb, tsib, lossis qee qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov tsis yog ntau ntawm ob. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, triplets, pentoli thiab lwm yam zoo sib xws cov ntaub ntawv ntawm notation yog siv.

Lub suab tawg yog hu ua ib ntus. Lub sijhawm ncua sijhawm yog ntsuas tib yam li lub sijhawm ntawm lub suab (sau ntawv). Ib qho so tag nrho (8) yog sib npaug ntawm lub sijhawm rau tag nrho cov ntawv. Nws yog qhia los ntawm ib tug luv luv dash nyob rau hauv lub plaub kab ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm. Ib nrab so (9) yog sib npaug ntawm lub sijhawm mus rau ib nrab daim ntawv. Nws yog qhia los ntawm tib lub dash raws li lub quarter so, tab sis qhov khiav ceev no yog sau saum toj peb kab ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm. Quadruple ncua (10) yog sib npaug ntawm lub sijhawm rau daim ntawv thib plaub thiab qhia los ntawm kab tawg hauv qhov chaw. Lub yim (11), thib kaum rau (12) thiab peb caug-thib ob (13) so yog sib npaug nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm mus rau lub yim, kaum rau thiab peb caug-ob sau ntawv, ntsig txog, thiab yog qhia los ntawm ib tug slash nrog ib, ob los yog peb tus chij me me.

Ib lub cim rau sab xis ntawm daim ntawv lossis so ua kom nws lub sijhawm ntev li ib nrab. Ob lub dots ntawm ib daim ntawv lossis ib ntus nce lub sijhawm los ntawm ib nrab thiab lwm lub quarter.

Dots saum toj no los yog hauv qab sau ntawv qhia lub jerky xwm ntawm kev ua tau zoo los yog staccato, nyob rau hauv uas txhua lub suab poob ib feem ntawm nws lub sij hawm, ua sharper, luv dua, drier.

Ib pab koomtes (ib qho arc nkhaus nce lossis nqis) txuas cov ntawv nyob ib sab ntawm tib qhov siab, suav nrog lawv lub sijhawm. Ib pab koomtes sib txuas ob lossis ntau tshaj sau ntawv ntawm cov suab sib txawv txhais tau hais tias kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov suab no lossis legato.

Fermata - ib qho cim qhia rau tus neeg ua yeeb yam tias nws yuav tsum nce lub sijhawm ntawm daim ntawv lossis ncua ntawm nws qhov kev txiav txim siab.

Repetition marks

Thaum ua ib daim, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum rov ua nws cov fragment lossis tag nrho cov khoom. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, hauv kev ua suab paj nruag, cov cim rov ua dua yog siv - rov ua dua. Cov suab paj nruag teeb tsa ntawm cov cim no yuav tsum tau rov ua dua. Qee zaum thaum rov ua dua, muaj qhov xaus sib txawv. Hauv qhov no, thaum kawg ntawm kev rov ua dua, cov hlua khi yog siv - volts. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias thawj zaug, qhov kawg ntsuas nyob rau hauv thawj volt raug ntaus, thiab thaum lub sij hawm rov ua dua, kev ntsuas ntawm thawj volt raug hla thiab qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov thib ob volt yog ua si xwb.

pace

Music notation kuj qhia lub tempo ntawm lub composition. Tempo yog qhov ceev ntawm ib daim suab paj nruag.

Muaj peb qhov kev ua tiav loj: qeeb, nruab nrab thiab nrawm. Lub ntsiab tempo feem ntau yog qhia thaum pib ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Muaj tsib lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau cov tempos no: Maj mam - adagio (Adagio), Maj mam, maj mam - andante (Andante), Nruab nrab - moderato (Moderato), Tsis ntev - allegro (Allegro), Fast - presto (Presto). Qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov paces - moderato - sib haum mus rau qhov ceev ntawm cov kauj ruam uas ntsiag to.

Feem ntau, thaum ua ib daim suab paj nruag, koj yuav tsum ua kom nrawm lossis qeeb nws lub ntsiab tempo. Cov kev hloov pauv hauv tempo no feem ntau txhais los ntawm cov lus: Accelerando, luv luv li accel. (accelerando) – accelerating, Ritenuto, (ritenuto) abbreviated rit. - slowing down, thiab tempo (thiab tempo) - nyob rau tib lub pace (kom rov qab tau cov pace yav dhau los tom qab acceleration yav dhau los los yog deceleration).

volume

Thaum ua ib daim suab paj nruag, ntxiv rau lub tempo, qhov tsim nyog nrov (lub zog) ntawm lub suab yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account. Txhua yam uas tau ua nrog nrov nrov yog hu ua dynamic tints. Cov ntxoov ntxoo no tshwm sim hauv cov ntawv sau, feem ntau ntawm cov staves. Feem ntau siv cov npe rau lub zog suab yog raws li nram no: pp (pianisimo) - ntsiag to, p (piano) - mos, mf (mezzo-forte) - nrog lub zog nruab nrab, f (forte) - nrov, ff (fortissimo) - nrov heev. Raws li cov cim qhia < (crescendo) - maj mam nce lub suab thiab> (diminuendo) - maj mam txo lub suab.

Nrog rau cov npe saum toj no ntawm tempos, cov ntawv sau feem ntau muaj cov lus uas qhia txog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub suab paj nruag, piv txwv li: suab paj nruag, maj mam, agile, playful, nrog ci ntsa iab, decisively, thiab lwm yam.

Melisma cov cim

Melisma cov cim tsis hloov lub sijhawm lossis cov qauv sib dhos ntawm cov suab paj nruag, tab sis tsuas yog kho nws. Muaj cov nram qab no hom melisms:

• daim ntawv zoo ( ) - txhais los ntawm ib daim ntawv me me ua ntej lub ntsiab. Ib daim ntawv hlais me me qhia tau hais tias ib daim ntawv qhia luv luv, thiab ib qho tsis tau hla tawm qhia qhov ntev. Muaj ib lossis ntau cov ntawv sau suab ntawm tus nqi ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm daim ntawv tseem ceeb. Yuav luag tsis tau siv nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag niaj hnub.
• mordent ( ) - txhais tau hais tias kev hloov ntawm cov ntawv tseem ceeb nrog ib qho ntxiv lossis ib qho semitone qis lossis siab dua nws. Yog hais tias lub mordent raug hla tawm, ces lub suab ntxiv yog qis dua lub ntsiab, txwv tsis pub nws yog siab dua. Tsis tshua muaj siv nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag niaj hnub no.
• groupetto ( ). Vim lub sij hawm ntawm lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, lub sab sauv auxiliary, lub ntsiab, sab auxiliary thiab dua lub ntsiab lub suab yog ua alternately. Yuav luag tsis pom hauv kev sau ntawv niaj hnub no.
• trill ( ) - kev hloov pauv sai ntawm cov suab sib cais los ntawm lub suab lossis semitone los ntawm ib leeg. Thawj daim ntawv yog hu ua daim ntawv tseem ceeb, thiab qhov thib ob yog hu ua tus pab cuam thiab feem ntau yog sawv saum lub ntsiab. Tag nrho lub sijhawm ntawm trill yog nyob ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm daim ntawv tseem ceeb, thiab cov ntawv trill tsis tau ua si nrog lub sijhawm ntev thiab ua si sai li sai tau.
• vibrato ( tsis txhob confuse nrog ib tug trill!) - ceev ceev hloov nyob rau hauv lub suab los yog timbre ntawm lub suab. Cov txheej txheem ntau heev rau guitarists, uas yog ua tiav los ntawm wobbling ib tug ntiv tes tiv thaiv ib txoj hlua.

Ntawm no, zoo li, yog txhua yam uas txhua tus guitarist xav paub, pib. Yog tias koj xav kawm ntxiv txog kev sau suab paj nruag, koj yuav tsum xa mus rau cov ntaub ntawv kawm tshwj xeeb.